TECHNICAL REPORT
ISTC/BES/TVR/0313
ISRO-IISc Space Technology Cell
Indian Institute of Science
S T C
Bangalore
Urban Revolution: Urbanisation Pattern
and Environmental Sustainability
Analysis of Major Cities in India
*
[Final Technical Report]
T.V.Ramachandra*, CES, IISc
N.V. Joshi, CES, IISc
Bharath H. Aithal, CES, IISc
Uttam Kumar, CES, IISc
K. Venugopala Rao, NRSC, ISRO
Energy & Wetlands Research Group [CES TE15]
Centre for Ecological Sciences,
Indian Institute of Science
Bangalore - 560012, INDIA
Web: http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy,
http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/T_V_Ramachandra/publications
Email: cestvr@ces.iisc.ernet.in,
energy@ces.iisc.ernet.in
APRIL 2016
ISTC/BES/TVR/0313- Technical Report
Urban Revolution: Urbanisation Pattern and Environmental
Sustainability Analysis of Major Cities in India
Ramachandra T. V.
Joshi N V
Uttam Kumar
Bharath H. Aithal
K. Venugopala Rao
Citation:
Ramachandra T V, Joshi N V, Bharath H. Aithal, Uttam Kumar and Venugopala Rao K., 2016., Urban Revolution: Urbanisation pattern and Environmental Sustainability
Analysis of Major Cities in India, ISRO-IISc Space Technology Cell, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
Financial Support
ISRO-IISc Space Technology Cell
Indian Institute of Science
Bangalore
ISTC/BES/TVR/0313- Technical Report
April 2016
Energy & Wetlands Research Group,
Centre for Ecological Sciences, TE 15
New Bioscience Building, Third Floor, E Wing
[Near D-Gate] Indian Institute of Science
Bangalore 560012, India
http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy
http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity
Email: cestvr@ces.iisc.ernet.in,
energy@ces.iisc.ernet.in
sahyadri@ces.iisc.ernet.in
Note: The views expressed in the publication [ISTC/BES/TVR/0313] are of the authors and not
necessarily reflect the views of either the publisher, funding agencies or of the employer (Copyright Act,
1957; Copyright Rules, 1958, The Government of India).
ISTC/BES/TVR/0313- Technical Report
2016
Urban Revolution: Urbanisation Pattern and Environmental
Sustainability Analysis of Major Cities in India
Ramachandra T. V.
Joshi N V
Bharath H. Aithal
Uttam Kumar
K. Venugopala Rao
Citation: Ramachandra T V, Joshi N V, Bharath H. Aithal, Uttam Kumar and Venugopala Rao K., 2016., Urban Revolution: Urbanisation
pattern and Environmental Sustainability Analysis of Major Cities in India, ISRO-IISc Space Technology Cell, Indian Institute of Science,
Bangalore 560012
Financial Support
ISRO-IISc Space Technology Cell, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
Section
Content
Page No.
Chapters
Delhi
Mumbai
Hyderabad
Kolkata
Ahmedabad
Pune
Study Highlights
Progress during April 2013 to March 2016
Modelling Urban Revolution in Greater Bangalore, India
Modelling and Visualization of Urban Trajectory in 4 cities of India
Geospatial scenario based modelling of urban revolution in five major
cities in India
Prediction of Land use Dynamics in the Rapidly
Urbanising Landscape using Land Change Modeller
Modeling and Simulation of Urbanisation in Greater
Bangalore, India
Visualization of Urban Growth Pattern in Chennai Using
Geoinformatics and Spatial Metrics
Monitoring urbanization and its implications in a mega city from space:
Spatiotemporal patterns and its indicators
Urban footprint of Mumbai - the commercial capital of India
Analysis of spatial patterns of Urbanisation using
Geoinformatics and spatial metrics
Urban structure in Kolkata: metrics and modelling through geoinformatics
Monitoring spatial patterns of urban dynamics in Ahmedabad city,
textile hub of India
Urbanisation pattern of Incipient mega region in India
GHG footprint of major cities in India
Wetlands: Kidneys of Bangalore’s Landscape
i-xii
1
8
14
21
32
40
57
71
96
116
132
139
162
185
April 2016
Technical Report -ISTC/BES/TVR/0313
Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Centre for Ecological Sciences,
TE 15, New Bioscience Building, Third Floor, E Wing,
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy
http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/T_V_Ramachandra/publications
E Mail: cestvr@ces.iisc.ernet.in; wetlands@ces.iisc.ernet.in
Note: The views expressed in the publication [ETR 103] are of the authors and not necessarily reflect the
views of either the publisher, funding agencies or of the employer (Copyright Act, 1957; Copyright Rules,
1958, The Government of India).
PROGRESS REPORT
ISRO-IISc STC PROJECTS - ISTC/BES/TVR/313
1. Title: Urban Revolution: Urbanisation Pattern and Environmental
Sustainability Analysis of Major Cities in India
2. Code: ISTC/BES/TVR/313
3. Name of the Investigator(s): Dr. T.V. Ramachandra [cestvr@ces.iisc.ernet.in]
Dr. N.V. Joshi [nvjoshi@ces.iisc.ernet.in]
Dr. Uttam Kumar [uttam@ces.iisc.ernet.in]
Co-investigator(s) from ISRO: Dr.K. Venugopala Rao, Head, Urban Studies and
Geoinfomatics Group, National Remote Sensing Centre Hyderabad
[venu_koppaka@nrsc.gov.in]
4. Duration and starting date of the project: 3 years, 1st April 2013
5. Period covered in the progress report: 1st April 2013 to 31st March 2016
6. Report highlighting the objective and main achievements (2-4 pages)
In the next half century, ninety percent or more of global population growth will take place
in the rapidly urbanizing areas of the developing world. The dramatic urbanization now
under way there constitutes one of the epochal transformations in human history. The
environmental, social and economic implications of this “urban revolution” are only
beginning to be grasped by contemporary social science. There is an urgent need for tools
to describe and analyze the transformation under way, and to provide useable knowledge
for those seeking to better manage the process and its consequences. A growing body of
research has harnessed new technologies of remote sensing and GIS to describe pathways
of urban and peri-urban development. Understanding the dynamics and the ecological
consequences of urban expansion is critical for crafting policies and institutions to manage
it properly. Comparative analysis of these processes in different cities is an indispensable
prerequisite to such an understanding in a rapidly urbanising country such as India. The
study during 2013-16, focussed on understanding urban dynamics using spatio-temporal
data of 10 major Indian cities. Environmental data of 10 major Indian cities have been
collected and analysed to estimate the carbon footprint of respective cities.
Spatial data of four decades for Delhi, Pune and Hyderabad were analysed to understand
land cover dynamics. Further the region was divided into 4 zones and into circles of 1km
incrementing radius to understand and quantify the local spatial changes. Results of the
landscape metrics indicate that the urban center was highly aggregated and the outskirts
and the buffer regions were in the verge of aggregating urban patches.
i
PROGRESS REPORT
ISRO-IISc STC PROJECTS - ISTC/BES/TVR/313
Delhi: Temporal land cover analysis for Delhi indicate of decline in that the vegetation by
about 75.03%, while the area under non vegetation has shown an increase of 121%. Land
use analyses for the period 1977 to 2010 done through the Gaussian maximum likelihood
classifier indicate that the area under built-up has increased from 3.6 (1977) to 25.06%
(2010). During the past four decades the total urban (built-up) area has increased by more
than 638% mainly from the conversion of open areas and other areas including
agriculture land. Spatial metrics considering the area, edge, shape, aggregation obtained
through the moving window method to quantify the urban built-up land density provide
an efficient method for predicting the urban growth pattern. This has aided in visualizing
and quantifying the burgeoning urban footprint at Delhi. The analysis also revealed of
sprawl and the process of densification has happened around the city centre and has
spread out of the core during 1990’s and have started to get clumped during 2010.
Aggregation and sprawl of built-up land has occurred on cost of fragmentation of various
other classes for ex. agriculture land and urban green spaces. Visualisation of urban growth
helps the urban planners and decision-makers in formulating appropriate development
strategies to mitigate the potential impacts on the urban environment. Visualisation
analysis also revealed the same pattern of densification would continue in Delhi, capital of
India and urban land use would occupy about 57% and 70% of the landscape by 2025 and
2035. Delhi is one among the world fastest and largest growing cities with huge expansion
in both industrial and housing sectors. The neighbouring states and cities are experience
fact growth of urban land due to unprecedented growth and prices attached to the land
value. This in turn would lead to an increased outward expansion in almost all directions.
Regions such as Ghaziabad, Noida, Bahadurgarh, Sonipat, Dadri, Modinagar, Bhagpur and
Pataudi are the regions that would be under the reins of urban growth / expansions in a
decade to come.
Mumbai: Mumbai, the commercial capital of India, has experienced a spurt in
infrastructural and industrial activities with globalization and opening up of Indian
markets. Unplanned urbanization has resulted in dispersed growth in peri-urban pockets
due to socio-economic aspects with the burgeoning population of the city. Consequent to
this, there has been an uneven growth pattern apart from the increase in slums in and around
the city. This has necessitated the understanding of the urbanization pattern and process
focusing especially on the expanding geographical area, its geometry and the spatial pattern
of its development. NDVI indicates that there has been a loss of green cover as vegetation
declined from 53.63 (1973) to 33.76 % (2009). There has been a loss in vegetation up to
62.79% during the past four decades. Land use analysis indicated a decrease of vegetation
by 20% with an increase in urban extent by 155% during the last three decades. Landscape
metrics used in the study reveals a significant variation in the composition of the urban
patch dynamics with increasing complexity and aggregation of urban area at the centre and
sprawl at the outskirts. Shannon’s entropy shows am increasing trend of values for NE and
ii
PROGRESS REPORT
ISRO-IISc STC PROJECTS - ISTC/BES/TVR/313
SW directions which indicates that urban patches are getting fragmented in time. In NW
direction, Shannon’s entropy values show an increasing trend till 1998 that slightly
decreases in 2009 indicating compactness. In SE direction, there has been an increasing
trend from 1973 to 1992 with a sudden decline in 1998 (which shows compactness) and an
increase in 2009 with increasing fragmentation. Mumbai being the business capital of India
has been experiencing urbanisation with ever increasing urban footprint. During the past
four decades (1973-2009), urbanization has significantly modified the landscape structure
of Mumbai city and its outskirts. The built-up area has significantly increased by 155% in
past four decades, at the expense of non-forest land in the study region, which includes
Mumbai metropolitan area with 10 km buffer. Urban sprawl is seen toward the southwest
and northeast sectors of the metropolitan area. This trend would continue considering that
major driving force behind the urban growth and sprawl in Mumbai as per the analysis is
setting up major industrial parks and corridors along with increase in the population density
mainly for employment opportunities. It can be noted that major growth would happen in
regions of Navi Mumbai region, Bhiwandi, Badlapur, Matheran. The developments
majorly are in towards Raigad district with Rasayani and Khalapur would be next urban
centre of development in current trends. Mumbai and Navi Mumbai would also see huge
infilling growth and reach saturation of horizontal development considering resources.
Considering the study region, the urban would cover about 31 percent of the total region
though 44% is water. With Pune also gaining massive urban development the requirement
of land mass for urban region would grow in Mumbai in coming years. Government of
India declaring Navi Mumbai, Greater Mumbai, Thane, Kaylan as some of the cities that
would translate as smart cities would also pressurise the development of Mumbai and its
core with requirements of Basic services and amenities.
Chennai: Land cover show that the percentage of vegetation cover has drastically reduced
by 22% during the past two decades, with the increase in non-vegetation area (buildings,
open space, water etc.). As per the LC analysis, the current vegetation cover is about
48.18%. Land use Analysis indicated urban growth result indicate that the Chennai city
while experiencing high sprawl, and also show the tendency of forming a single patch,
clumped and simple shaped growth. The identification of variables responsible for the
growth trends would aid in the adoption of an appropriate technique to mitigate the impact
of the variables on the growth trends. Prediction for the year 2026 was performed
considering agentsand is given in Figure 3 and Table4 lists share of land use categories.
Built-up areas would increase by two folds, decrease in vegetation and increase in other
categories can be observed in 2026. Significant changes can be seen in areas which falls
within the CMDA boundary such as Korathur and Cholavaram lake bed, Redhills
catchment area, Perungalathur forest area, Sholinganallur wetland area, etc. The regions
closer to Chennai boundary lying in peri urban buffer such as Kanchipuram, towards
iii
PROGRESS REPORT
ISRO-IISc STC PROJECTS - ISTC/BES/TVR/313
Pulicat, Kavaraipettai, Vellore and towards Krishnagiri would also show a significant
urban expansion by 2026.
Kolkata: Land cover analysis NDVI values, highlighting the decline of area under
vegetation from 36% (in 1980) to 13% (in 2010). and use analysis has revealed a decline
of vegetation from 33.6 % (1980) to 7.36 % (2010). During 2010, Kolkata’s built-up had
constituted 8.6 %, water bodies comprised of 3.15 %, whereas other categories made up
about 80.87 %. Increased Shannon’s entropy during the last decade highlights the tendency
of sprawl that necessitated policy interventions to provide basic amenities. Spatial patterns
through metrics indicated a compact and simple structured growth at the centre of the city
and a distributed complex shape in the buffer region. Further, these metrics indicated that
the city is on the verge of becoming a single large urban patch that would affect its
ecological integrity. Modelling predicts the urban growth in Kolkata and 10km buffer
would cover 48% of the entire region by 2025.
Ahmedabad: Land cover results showed that the percentage of vegetation cover has
drastically reduced to almost half in past four decades (49.78 in 1973 to 24.73 in 2010),
with an increase of non-vegetation area (Buildings, open space, water etc.). Land use
statistics of the study region indicates vegetation area decreased to about 24% from 45%
and the urban impervious class increased from 3% to about 14 %, which is more than 400
times during four decades and was also dominated by the others classes, whereas the water
class fairly remained constant. Modelling predicts the urban growth in Ahmedabad and
10km buffer would cover 38.3% of the entire region by 2030.
PUNE: Spatial patterns of urbanisation and sprawl in Pune city with 10 km buffer has
been analysed zone wise gradients using temporal remote sensing data through
Geoinformatics and spatial metrics during 1977 to 1992 there was infilling in the core
city area. During 2000 and 2013 the fragmentation was quite evident at city outskirts.
Spatial pattern dynamics analysed through patch, contagion, edge and shape metrics.
The temporal pattern of the urbanization process of this region highlights the process
of coalescence during the rapid urbanization decade (2000 to 2010). Results indicate
the process of aggregation in the core compared to the periphery and the buffer zones.
Globalisation and the reforms in the industrial sector during 1990’s witnessed a spurt
in urban growth, which is evident from the occurrence of large number of urban
patches surrounded by other land uses, especially in industrial pockets such as Pimpri
chinchwad, Warje, Yerawada, etc. Subsequent urban growth witnessed consolidation
of fragmented patches with lower patch density and larger urban patch to form
clumped urban pockets in NW and SE directions by 2010. Specifically, aggregation of
patches is noticed in northwest at the outskirts and even at the buffer zone. Gradients
iv
PROGRESS REPORT
ISRO-IISc STC PROJECTS - ISTC/BES/TVR/313
with metrics provide vital information to the decision makers about level of
urbanisation and the role of agents (policy issues, etc.). Information about the patterns
of growth, rate of growth, patches, clumpiness etc. would help in evolving appropriate
location specific strategies to mitigate environmental consequences. Visualisation of
urban growth based on the behavior of agents with the temporal data help the city
managers in help city planners and administrators to design towards achieving the
goals of sustainable cities. Modelling predicts that the Localities such as Markal,
Lonikand, Dattwade, Girinagar, Lavale, Pimpri, Chinchwad, Kahdakwasla, Dhayari
phata, Katruj, Yerwada, Pashan in and around Pune would experience a large scale
land use change. These regions are the ones that are offering better lands for industrial
growth in and around Pune and have been considered as sprawling areas with
associated problems such as lack of basic amenities, etc. Pimpri Chinchwad was
established in 1988 and developed to cater the requirement of industrial needs. Model
shows that the region would experience an unprecedented urbanisation and built -up
land use would dominate with 50% of the total land use in the study region. There
would be higher pressure in the city boundaries since infilling would be very high and
also towards regions connecting Mumbai show a huge spurt of urban.
Bhopal: Zone-wise urban density gradients of 1977 to 2014 aided in understanding
urban morphology with intense urbanization at core regions and sprawl at outskirts in
NW and SE regions. An increase of built up ranges by 162% (during 1977 to 1992),
111% (during 1992 to 2000), 150% (2000 to 2010) and 49% (2010 to 2014). Urban
growth modelling indicates urban changes of 50% (2018) and 121% (2022) with
increasing urban population compared to 2014. These results from the prediction of
LULC indicate that the built-up in this area will increase by approximately 120 – 125%
from 2014 to 2022.
Coimbatore: Urban space has increased from 1.87% (1989) to 21.26 % (2013) with
the decline of other land uses particularly vegetation. Higher heterogeneous land use
classes during 90’s, give way for a homogeneous landscape (with simple shapes and
less edges) indicating the domination of urban category in 2013. Complex landscape
with high number of patches and edges in the buffer region indicate of fragmentation
due to urban sprawl in the region. Visualisation of urban growth shows that built up
area would increase to 32.64% by 2025. Coimbatore being an industrial hub in the
state of Tamilnadu, India, is facing an unprecedented urban growth. Coimbatore would
be urbanised to an extent of about 42% by 2035. Coimbatore would develop towards
regions that lead to Salem, Sulur, Tiruppur, Annur, Kanathur etc.,
Geovisualisation of urban growth in Bangalore: Land Change Modeler (LCM), Markov
Cellular Automata and Geomod were used to predict likely land use in 2020 with the
v
PROGRESS REPORT
ISRO-IISc STC PROJECTS - ISTC/BES/TVR/313
knowledge of land use changes during 2006-2012 with the constraint of no-change in land
use of water category. The results showed a drastic change in the land use, which were
converted to urban. Thus necessitating the land use managers and city planners to
understand future growth and plan the further developments.
Predicted land uses of 2010 and 2012 were compared with actual land uses of 2010 and
2012 classified based on remote sensing data with field data. The weights for each scenario
was then obtained based on validation per pixel basis so that the developed semantics
match the original land use. The predicted land use for 2020 reveals of similar patterns of
urbanisation of last decade. The main concentration will be mainly in the vicinity of arterial
roads and proposed outer ring roads. Predicted land use also indicate of densification of
urban utilities near the Bangalore international airport limited (BIAL) and surroundings.
Further an exuberant increase in the urban paved surface growth due to IT Hubs in south
east and north east. The results also indicated the growth of suburban towns such as
Yelahanka, Hesaragatta, Hoskote and Attibele with urban intensification at the core area
in almost all modelling techniques used. The results indicate that the urban area would
cover close to 50 to 60 % of the total land use in and surrounding Bangalore. Thus
providing insights to relevant information. Further modelling can be improved using nature
and bio inspired techniques.
GHG Emissions in Transportation Sector: Emissions from the road transport sector are
directly related to the quantities of petrol and diesel consumption and the increase in
emissions has been due to an increase both in the number of motor vehicles on the road
and the distance these vehicles travel. Traffic composition analysis of six mega cities of
India (Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore and Hyderabad) shows that there is
significant shift from the share of slow moving vehicles to fast moving vehicles and public
transport to private transport.
In the major cities transportation sector is one of the major anthropogenic contributors of
greenhouse gases. Emissions resulting from total vehicles registered within the city
boundary and also from CNG fuelled vehicles present in few of the major cities are
calculated. Navigational activities from the port cities are also included in the emissions
inventory on the basis of fuel consumption. Delhi leads the emission chart among other
cities due to higher emissions because of large number of vehicles. As per the statistics of
Transport Department in Delhi, the total number of vehicles in Delhi is more than
combined total vehicles in Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. Also Delhi has 85 private cars
per 1000 population against 8 private cars per 1000 population on all India average. Delhi
also has 344868 CNG vehicles during the year 2009-10. In Delhi during the year 2009-10,
vi
PROGRESS REPORT
ISRO-IISc STC PROJECTS - ISTC/BES/TVR/313
total number of registered vehicles was 6451883, out of which there were around 20 lakhs
of cars and jeeps and 40.5 lakhs of motor cycles including scooters and mopeds. CNG
fuelled vehicles emitted 1527.03 Gg of CO2 equivalents whereas the remaining vehicles
resulted in 10867.51 Gg of emissions contributing almost 30% of the total emissions in this
sub category which is the highest among all the major cities. This is twice the earlier
estimate of 5.35 million tons (5350 Gg) of CO2 emissions from road transportation sector
in Delhi during the year 2007-08 or emissions of 7660 Gg using top down approach or
8170 Gg using bottom-up approach.The CNG vehicles are also present in two other cities:
Greater Mumbai and Hyderabad. Emissions from CNG vehicles in Mumbai during the year
2009-10 are found to be 531.34 Gg of CO2 equivalents and for Hyderabad it is estimated
that 21.55 Gg of CO2 equivalent was emitted from CNG vehicles during the study year.
GHG footprint – City and sector: Aggregation of GHG emissions of all sectors reveal that GHG
emissions in major cities in India ranges from 38633.20 Gg/year (Delhi), 22783.08 (Greater
Mumbai), 22090.55 (Chennai), 19796.60 (Greater Bangalore), 14812.10 (Kolkata) to 13734.59
(Hyderabad). Figure 1 depicts sector-wise GHG footprint for Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata,
Chennai, Greater Bangalore and Hyderabad.
Figure 1: GHG Footprint (carbon dioxide equivalent emissions, Gg)
Delhi
Greater Mumbai
Kolkata
Chennai
Greater Bangalore
Hyderabad
Sector wise GHG footprint analysis for Delhi city reveals that transport sector leads the carbon
emission (32.08%) followed by domestic sector (30.26%). The sector-wise carbon emissions
analysis show the relative higher share for transportation sector in IT (Information Technology)
giants of India – Bangalore and Hyderabad. Emissions from transport sector ranges from 43.83%
(Greater Bangalore) and 56.86% (Hyderabad) due to lack of appropriate public transport system in
these Cities and haphazard growth due to unplanned urbanisation has led to large scale usage of
private vehicles.
vii
PROGRESS REPORT
ISRO-IISc STC PROJECTS - ISTC/BES/TVR/313
7. Publications from the work (Papers, reports, etc.)
Journals (peer reviewed international journals)
Theme
Year Publication
Environmental 2015 Ramachandra, T.V., Bharath H. A., Shreejith, K., 2015. GHG footprint of major
Sustainability
cities in India, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 44, pp.473-495.
Urbanisation
2015 Bharath, H.A., Ramachandra, T.V., 2015. Visualization of Urban Growth in
pattern
Chennai: spatio-temporal using Geoinformatics, Journal of the Indian Society of
Remote Sensing. 30, pp. 24-38.
2015 Ramachandra, T.V., Bharath, H.A., Sowmyashree M. V., 2015. Monitoring
urbanization and its implications in a mega city from space: Spatiotemporal
patterns and its indicators, Journal of Environmental Management. 148, pp.67-91.
2014 Ramachandra, T.V., Bharath, H.A., Sowmyashree M. V., 2014. Urban Structure
in Kolkata: Metrics and Modeling through Geo-informatics, Applied Geomatics,
6(4), 229-244.
Ramachandra T.V., Bharath, H.A., Barik, B., 2014. Urbanisation Pattern of
Incipient Mega Region in India, Tema. Journal of Land Use, Mobility and
Environment, 7(1), pp. 83-100.
Ramachandra, T.V., Bharath, H. A., Sowmyashree, M. V., 2014. Urban Footprint
of Mumbai - The Commercial Capital of India, Journal of Urban and Regional
Analysis, Vol. 6(1), pp. 71-94.
2014 Ramachandra, T.V., Bharath, H. A., Sowmyashree, M. V., 2014. Monitoring
spatial patterns of urban dynamics in Ahmedabad city, textile hub of India,
Spatium International Review. Vol. 31, pp. 85-91.
2013 Ramachandra, T. V., Bharath, H.A., Sowmyashree M. V. 2013. Analysis of spatial
patterns of urbanisation using geoinformatics and spatial metrics, Theoretical and
empirical researches in urban management. 8(4), 5-24.
2013 Uttam Kumar, Kumar Raja S. Mukhopadhyay C. and Ramachandra T.V. , 2013.
Assimilation of endmember variability in spectral mixture analysis for urban land
cover
extraction.
J.
Adv.
Space
Res.
52(2013):2015-2033,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2013.08.02
2013 Ramachandra T.V,, Meera D.S.and Alakananda B., 2013. Influence of
Catchment Land Cover Dynamics on the Physical, Chemical and
Biological Integrity of Wetlands, Environment & We -International
Journal of Science & Technology - (EWIJST), pp 8(1): 37-54
Conference proceedings
Urbanisation
2016 Ramachandra, T.V., Bharath, H. A., Vinay, S., Kumar, U., Venugopal, K. R.,
pattern
Joshi, N.V., 2016. Modelling and Visualization of Urban Trajectory in 4 cities of
India. In proceedings of IISc- ISRO-STC 2016, January 7-8, 2016
Bharath, H.A., Ramachandra, T.V., 2016. Future of Indian cities: Looking at
spatial growth perspective – Smart cities and Planning. In proceedings of Livable
Habitat & Sustainable Infrastructure: a key to smart growth, January 1-2, 2016 at
Hyatt Regency, Kolkata, India.
Bharath, H. A., Ramachandra, T.V.,2016. Green to Grey: Bangalore, in
International LCLUC Regional Science Team Meeting in South and Southeast
viii
PROGRESS REPORT
ISRO-IISc STC PROJECTS - ISTC/BES/TVR/313
2015
2015
2014
2014
Modelling/
visualisation
of urban
patterns
2014
2014
2014
2014
2014
Asia, organized by NASA, Poster, January 12th – January 18th 2016, Yangon
University, Yangon, Myanmar.
Bharath, H.A., Vishwanatha, Bhat, Ramachandra, T.V. 2015. Spatial Patterns of
Urban Growth with Globalization in India’s Silicon Valley. Proceedings of
National Conference on Open Source GIS: Opportunities and Challenges
Department of Civil Engineering, IIT (BHU), Varanasi. October 9-10, 2015.
(BEST paper award)
Ramachandra, T.V., Vinay, S., Bharath, H. A., Bharath, S., Shashishankar, A.,
2015. Landscape Status and Hydrological Regime: Insights to Linkages in
Sharavati and Varada Catchments, Central Western Ghats. In proceedings of
NRSC UIM 2015, January 21-22, 2015, Hyderabad, Telagana, India.
Ramachandra, T.V., Bharath, H. A., Vinay, S., Venugopal, K. R., Joshi, N.V.,
2015. Geospatial scenario based modelling of urban revolution in five major cities
in India. In proceedings of IISc- STC 2015, January 8-9, 2015, Bangalore,
Karnataka, India.
Ramachandra, T.V., Chandan, M. C., Bharath, H. A., Vinay, S., Sellers, J.M.,
Venugopal, K. R., 2015. Monitoring and modelling patterns of urban growth in
Chennai, India. In proceedings of NRSC UIM 2015, January 21-22, 2015,
Hyderabad, Telagana, India.
Chandan, M. C., Bharath, H. A., Ramachandra, T.V., Venugopal, K. R., 2014.
Quantifying urbanisation using geospatial data and spatial metrics-a case study of
Madras. In proceedings of Lake 2014, November 13-15, 2014, Uttara Kannada,
Karnataka, India.
Ramachandra, T.V., Bharath, H. A., Tarun, K.K., Venugopal, K. R., 2014.
Modelling of urban dynamics: a case study of Bhopal and its environs, India. In
proceedings of Lake 2014, November 13-15, 2014, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka,
India.
Bharath, H. A., Vinay, S., Ramachandra, T.V., 2014. Landscape dynamics
modelling through integrated Markov, Fuzzy-AHP and Cellular Automata, in the
proceeding of International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IEEE
IGARSS 2014), July 13th – July 19th 2014, Quebec City convention centre,
Quebec, Canada.
Bharath, H. A., Vinay, S., Ramachandra, T.V., 2014, Prediction of Spatial
Patterns of Urban Dynamics in Pune, India, in proceedings of IEEE-Indicon 2014,
December 11-13, 2014, Pune, Maharastra, India.
Ramachandra, T.V., Chandan, M. C., Bharath, H. A., Vinay, S., Sellers, J.M.,
Venugopal, K. R., 2015. Monitoring and modelling patterns of urban growth in
Chennai, India. In proceedings of NRSC UIM 2015, January 21-22, 2015,
Hyderabad, Telagana, India.
Ramachandra, T.V., Bharath, H. A., Venugopal, K. R., 2014. Modelling and
geovisulaisation of urban growth, India. In proceedings of Lake 2014, November
13-15, 2014, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka, India.
Chandan, M. C., Bharath, H. A., Ramachandra, T.V., Venugopal, K. R., 2014.
Quantifying urbanisation using geospatial data and spatial metrics-a case study of
Madras. In proceedings of Lake 2014, November 13-15, 2014, Uttara Kannada,
Karnataka, India.
ix
PROGRESS REPORT
ISRO-IISc STC PROJECTS - ISTC/BES/TVR/313
2014
2014
2014
2013
2013
2013
2013
2013
2013
2013
Book Chapters
Urbanisation
2015
Environmental 2014
Sustainability
Ramachandra, T.V., Bharath, H. A., Tarun, K.K., Venugopal, K. R., 2014.
Modelling of urban dynamics: a case study of Bhopal and its environs, India. In
proceedings of Lake 2014, November 13-15, 2014, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka,
India.
Ramachandra, T.V., Vinay, S., Bharath, H. A., Bharath, S., Shashishankar, A.,
2014. Environmental flow assessment in the rivers originating at the Western
Ghats. In proceedings of Lake 2014, November 13-15, 2014, Uttara Kannada,
Karnataka, India.
Ramachandra, T.V., Nupur, N., Vinay, S., Bharath, H. A., 2014, Modeling
Hydrologic regime of Lakshmanatirtha watershed, Cauvery River, in proceedings
of IEEE-GHTC-SAS 2014, September 26-27, 2014, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
Ramachandra, T.V., Bharath, H. A., Vinay, S., Joshi, N. V., Kumar, U.,
Venugopal, R. K., Modelling Urban Revolution in Greater Bangalore, India, 30th
Annual In-House Symposium on Space Science and Technology, ISRO-IISc
Space Technology Cell, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 7-8 November
2013.
Vinay, S., Bharath, S, Bharath, H.A., Ramachandra, T.V., 2013. Hydrologic
model with landscape dynamics for drought monitoring, In proceedings Joint
International Workshop of ISPRS on Geospatial Data for Disaster and Risk
Reduction, November 21-22, 2013, Hyderabad, India.
Bharath, H.A., Vinay, S., Ramachandra, T.V., 2013. Modelling and Simulation
of Urbanization in Greater Bangalore. In proceedings of National Geospatial Data
Infrastructure 2013, November 29-30, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
Bharath, H.A., Ramachandra. T.V., 2013, Visualisation of urbanisation patterns
in Greater Bangalore, India, In CES in house symposium, 02-03, Nov 12, New
Biological Science Auditorium, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.
Bharath, H.A., Vinay, S., Ramachandra, T.V., 2013. Prediction of Land use
dynamics in the rapidly urbanising landscape using land change modeller in
proceedings of Fourth International Joint Conference on Advances in Engineering
and Technology, AET 2013, December 13-14, NCR Delhi, India.
Bharath, H.A., Ramachandra. T.V., 2013. Measuring urban sprawl in Tier II cities
of Karnataka, India, In Proceedings IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology
Conference: South Asia Satellite (IEEE-GHTC-SAS), 2013, Techno Park,
Trivandrum, Kerala, India, 23-24 Aug., 2013.
Bharath, H.A., Vinay S., Ramachandra. T.V., 2013. Comprehension of temporal
land use dynamics in urbanising landscape, In Proceedings of 2ND National
Remote Sensing Users Meet, NRSC, Hyderabad, India, 20-21 February, 2013.
Ramachandra, T.V., Bharath, H. A., Beas, B., 2014. Modelling and monitoring
spatial patterns of urbanisation through Geoinformatics, accepted as chapter in
book, in press.
Ramachandra, T.V., Shreejith, K., Bharath, H. A., 2014. Sector-Wise
Assessment of Carbon Footprint in India. Chapter 8 (in Vol. 2). In: Assessment
x
PROGRESS REPORT
ISRO-IISc STC PROJECTS - ISTC/BES/TVR/313
of Carbon Footprint in Different Industrial Sectors (Eds. Muthu, S. S.).
EcoProduction, Springer, Pp. 207-267.
Reports
Environmental 2016
Sustainability
2015
2015
2015
2015
2015
2014
2014
2014
2013
Ramachandra T V, Asulabha K S, Sincy V, Sudarshan Bhat and Bharath H.Aithal, 2016.
Wetlands: Treasure of Bangalore, ENVIS Technical Report 101, Energy & Wetlands
Research Group, CES, IISc, Bangalore, India, Pp 512
Ramachandra T V, Vinay S and Bharath H.Aithal, 2015. Detrimental landuse
changes in Agara-Belllandur wetland, ENVIS Technical Report 95, CES, IISc,
Bangalore, India, Pp 78
Ramachandra T V, Asulabha K S, Sincy V, Vinay S, Bharath H.Aithal,
Sudarshan P. Bhat, and Durga M. Mahapatra, 2015. Pathetic status of wetlands in
Bangalore: Epitome of inefficient and uncoordinated Governance, ENVIS
Technical Report 93, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Pp725
Ramachandra T V, Asulabha K S, Sincy V, Vinay S, Sudarshan P. Bhat and
Bharath H.Aithal, 2015. Sankey Lake: Waiting for an immediate sensible action,
ENVIS Technical Report 74, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012,
Pp145
Ramachandra T V, Sudarshan P. Bhat, Asulabha K S, Sincy V, Kruthika L. and
Rahaman M F, 2015. Fish mortality in Jakkur lake: Causes and Remedial
Measures, ENVIS Technical Report 86, CES, Indian Institute of Science,
Bangalore 560012, Pp58
Ramachandra, T. V., Bharath, H. A., Vinay, S., Bharath, S., Asulabha, K. S.,
Sincy,V., Sudarshan, P. B., 2015. Vanishing Lakes Interconnectivity & Violations
in Valley Zone: Lack of Co-ordination among Para-State Agencies, ENVIS
Technical Report No. 85, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of
Science, Bangalore.
Ramachandra, T. V., Bharath, H.A., Vinay, S., Gouri, K., Nupur N., 2014, Trees
of Bangalore, ENVIS Technical Report No. 75, Environmental Information
System (ENVIS), Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science,
Bangalore
Ramachandra, T.V., Durga Madhab M., Sudarshan P. B., Asulabha, K.S., Sincy,
V., Bharath, H. A., 2014. Integrated Wetlands Ecosystem: Sustainable Model to
Mitigate Water Crisis in Bangalore, ENVIS Technical Report 76, Environmental
Information System (ENVIS), Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of
Science, Bangalore.
Ramachandra, T. V., Asulabha, K. S., Bharath H. A., Bharath, S., Durga Madhab
M., et al.,, 2014, Environment monitoring in the neighborhood, ENVIS Technical
Report No. 77. Environmental Information System (ENVIS), Centre for
Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
Bharath H. Aithal and Ramachandra T.V., 2013. Modelling the Spatial Patterns
of Landscape dynamics: Review, CES Technical Report 127, Centre for
Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
xi
TECHNICAL REPORT
ISTC/BES/TVR/0313
1973
1992
1999
2006
2012
2013
© EWRG, CES, IISc
Land use dynamics - Bangalore
Bangalore – 2020 [CA_Markov]
Land use dynamics – Major cities in India
Lakes in Bangalore
Bhopal – Land use dynamics during 1977-2014
ENERGY AND WETLANDS RESEARCH GROUP
CENTRE FOR ECOLOGICAL SCIENCES
NEW BIOSCIENCE BUILDING, III FLOOR, E-WING, LAB: TE15
Indian Institute of Science, Telephone : 91-80-22933099/22933503(Ext:107)/23600985
Fax : 91-80-23601428/23600085/23600683[CES-TVR]
Email : cestvr@ces.iisc.ernet.in, energy@ces.iisc.ernet.in
Web: http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy, http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity
Open Source GIS: http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/grass