Chin. Geogra. Sci. 2008 18(3) 224–234
DOI: 10.1007/s11769-008-0224-0
www.springerlink.com
Influencing Factors for Formation of Urban and Rural
Spatial Structure in Metropolis Fringe Area
—Taking Shuangliu County of Chengdu in China as a Case
WANG Kaiyong1, 2, GAO Xiaolu1, CHEN Tian1
(1. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
2. Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China)
Abstract: With rapid urbanization process, the pace of urban sprawl has been quickened and most metropolises have experienced expansions in leaps and bounds in suburbanization, which has greatly changed the urban and rural spatial structure of the metropolis fringe area. In this paper, Shuangliu County is taken as a case, since it is a typical fringe area of
Chengdu Metropolis. Based on Landsat TM images of Chengdu City and Shuangliu County obtained in 1985, 2000 and
2004, characteristics of urban and rural spatial structure in Shuangliu County were analyzed, such as core-periphery spatial structure and some obvious integration trends. Then the influencing factors for the formation of urban and rural spatial
structure were identified, including some natural, social, economic and political factors. According to the discussion of
this paper, Shuangliu County is undergoing a key transition and reform period. Its formation of urban and rural spatial
structure was affected not only by such common factors as the location, natural background, industrial transition, migration, etc., but also by some unique factors such as city planning and policy guidance, which played an important role in
accelerating its uneven spatial structure. The understanding of the role of the influencing factors would be useful for carrying out spatial management and development planning of metropolis fringe area.
Keywords: urbanization; urban and rural spatial structure; metropolis fringe area; China
1 Introduction
It is easier for metropolis fringe area to obtain opportunities and develop rapidly because it is close to metropolitan area. Counties related to the metropolitan statistical areas consist of both urban and rural territory (Isserman, 2005; George and Brian, 2007). In the metropolis fringe area, there is a close linkage between urban
and rural areas, and rural lands convert into urban construction lands rapidly. Thus urban and rural spatial
structure shows distinct features. What has caused those
changes? What countermeasures should we take to optimize and guide urban and rural spatial structure? According to the research on U.S. metropolitan areas, there
are many different factors influencing the formation of
urban spatial structure. This paper shows its concern on
the metropolis fringe area. China is in the process of the
rapid urbanization, so it is undergoing abrupt changes in
urban and rural spatial structure. According to current
rapid urbanization process and the demand of overall
planning of city and town, an understanding of the influencing factors for the formation of urban and rural
spatial structure in metropolitan fringe area is anticipated in order to better perform management and planning of those areas.
After the 1950s, new types of regions different from
traditional urban-rural landscapes with urban-rural intermixed function appeared in the developed and developing countries. Some researches on related theories and
demonstration were carried out at home and abroad,
such as metropolis fringe area (Hall, 1996), edge cities
(Keil, 1994), extended metropolitan regions (Ginsburg
et al., 1991), urban-rural integration (Jones and Pravin,
1997), peri-urbanization (Webster, 2002), etc. They all
demonstrated the characteristics and mechanism of metropolis area, and became a new theoretic frontier and
hotspot. Over the past 20 years, spatial differentiation in
terms of land use, transportation, housing, environment,
Received date: 2007-07-17; accepted date: 2008-04-28
Foundation item: Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40571056)
Corresponding author: WANG Kaiyong. E-mail: wangkaiyong2981@sina.com
Influencing Factors for Formation of Urban and Rural Spatial Structure in Metropolis Fringe Area
and socio-economic aspects has been documented by a
number of urban scholars (Landis, 1995; Kahn, 2000).
Metropolitan areas in China are still in a drastic era of
concentration and decentralization, affected by both international and domestic factors (Zhu et al., 2002). The
phenomenon of the urban restructuring and expansion in
most Chinese cities has attracted attention of scholars,
and many researches were carried out on the dynamics
of the formation of urban spatial structure. The driving
forces of renewal in central district of a city were
thought to result from a combined force of policies,
economy and society (Geng, 1999). Economic, social,
cultural and political factors were also analyzed in urban
restructuring, including the roles that the city planning
had played in cities with different development strategies (Zhang, 2001). From the viewpoint of the theory of
principal part of benefit, the influence of government,
urban economic organization and inhabitants were also
discussed in the development of urban spatial structure
(Zhang, 1998; Shi, 2004; Yuan and Huang, 2005). All of
the above took the urban spatial structure as its research
topic, but few have considered the relationship between
urban and rural spatial structure, which may lead to the
segmentation of the urban and rural areas and coordinated regional development. Therefore, we should take
urban and rural areas as an integrated entity and analyze
them comprehensively. With the economic development
and social advancement, the communications between
urban and rural areas are well developed and landscape
edge becomes more and more vague (Shi and He, 1997).
Urbanization is the response to economic and social
development of China in the future and rural-urban integrated development is a strategic theme of urbanization (Shao et al., 2005).
Although spatial structure characteristic and its negative impact have been documented extensively in the
literature, the issues of influencing factors on urban and
rural spatial structure and subsequent policies for preventing or ameliorating it in metropolis fringe area have
not been clearly discussed. Hence, this paper investigates the characteristics of spatial differentiation from a
case study of metropolis fringe area—Shuangliu County,
which is a typical metropolis fringe area of Chengdu,
and tries to clarify some concrete influencing factors on
the formation of urban and rural spatial structure. This
paper seeks to contribute specifically to the understanding of the role of influencing factors and more generally
225
to the knowledge of spatial management and development planning in metropolis fringe area.
2 Study Area and Methods
2.1 Study area
This paper takes Shuangliu County of Sichuan Province
as a study case. Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan Province, is an important megalopolis in Southwest China.
Shuangliu County, a suburban county of Chengdu, is
located in the south and adjacent to the central district of
Chengdu City, where there are county seat, Chengdu
international airport and southwest airport economic
development zone in Shuangliu County, all of which
manifest its excellent location (Fig. 1). Shuangliu
County has a total population of 928,100 with 21 towns
and three communities under its jurisdiction, covering a
total area of 1067km2. The economic development in
Shuangliu County has been increasing fast: in 2006, the
total regional value of production reached 22.78×109
yuan (RMB); per capita GDP of the entire city exceeded
US$2500; the revenue was 2.09×109 yuan; and the total
sum of retail sales of consuming goods was 5.5×109
yuan. The basic competence ranked the 43rd among the
“Top China 100 Counties” in 2006. Moreover, it has
achieved the eleventh consecutively leading the top ten
most powerful counties in Sichuan Province according
to the comprehensive evaluation of economic capacity.
With rapid urbanization process, it is easy to develop
firstly in metropolis fringe area, which is just in the
transitional period experiencing sharp changes in social
and economic spatial structure. Under this background,
as it is in the suburbs of Chengdu Metropolis, Shuangliu
County is affected greatly by Chengdu because of the
close connections in economic and social development
between them. On the other hand, Chengdu and Shuangliu governments are carrying out urban and rural integrated development strategy and “Three Convergences”
policy (it means population converge into the city and
town; land converges into the minor family; industry
converges into development zone), which accelerate the
fundamental changes of urban and rural spatial structure
and ways of production and living. Taking Shuangliu
County as a case, this paper studies and discusses how
these factors such as natural, social, economic and political factors influence the changes of urban and rural spatial structure.
226
WANG Kaiyong, GAO Xiaolu, CHEN Tian
Fig. 1 Location of Shuangliu County in Chengdu Metropolis
2.2 Data collection and analysis methods
The data of land use in the three periods were obtained
from the land use survey maps of 1985, 2000 and 2004
at a scale of 1︰10,000, the topographic maps of 2000 at
a scale of 1︰10,000, and the TM images of 1985 and
2000. The data of population and socio-economic statistics were obtained from the statistical materials, as well
as the unpublished statistical data from Shuangliu government. To well master the actual conditions, investigation and interviews were carried out from December
2005 to January 2006.
The research on urban structure was established by
gray multi-objective programming approach (Xu et al.,
2007; Shao et al., 2005). Spatial data processing and
analysis of the transformation of land use were carried
out by ArcGIS (ESRI GIS software), while statistical
analysis of demographic and other data were conducted
by using SPSS10.0 for windows and ArcGIS 9.0.
3 Characteristics of Urban and Rural Spatial
Structure in Shuangliu County
3.1 Spatial expansion
There is a close relationship between Chengdu and
Shuangliu. After the completion of Shuangliu international airport in 1990, Chengdu began to expand to the
south rapidly. The General Master Plan of Chengdu
made in 1996 pointed out that the development of north
and west of the central city should be restricted and the
city should be guided to develop eastward and southward. Thus, the main development of Chengdu has been
converted successfully by implementing this planning.
The Chengdu municipal government has carried out the
“Five roads and one bridge” projects, which enhanced
the trend of development in east and south directions.
Through the economic communications between the
central Chengdu Metropolis and Shuangliu County,
Shuangliu is urbanized, especially in the northern part of
the county (Fig. 2).
3.2 Urban and rural population structure
Taking advantage of its location, Shuangliu County has
a solid economic foundation. The total population has
grown continuously since 1997, especially the rate of
increase was large after 2002. In terms of the increase of
population structure, natural increase has been at a relatively low level while mechanical increase was obvious
after 2002 and has occupied a dominant position (Fig. 3).
With the transfer and aggregation of industries and
population in Shuangliu, it can be anticipated that future
population growth will also give priority to immigration
increase. The main sources of immigrants may include
Influencing Factors for Formation of Urban and Rural Spatial Structure in Metropolis Fringe Area
227
Fig. 2 Expansion and evolution of land in Chengdu City and Shuangliu County
the eastern and western parts where hilly and mountainous areas predominate, the population density is
lower, all below 500 person/km2. Viewed from the
population engaged in three industries, the proportion of
agricultural labor forces remains very high and that of
secondary and tertiary industries is low and develops
slowly. Therefore, it is difficult for industries to provide
more jobs for migrant workers.
Fig. 3 Sketch map of population increase in
Shuangliu County from 1997 to 2005
the labor forces immigrating to the southwest airport
economic development zone, the emigrants from the
central district of Chengdu, the immigrants absorbed by
large scale residential areas such as Dongsheng and
Huayang as well as teachers and students in colleges
and universities.
Up to the end of 2005, the total population have
reached 920,000 in Shuangliu County. From the distribution map of population density in every town in
Shuangliu County in 2005 (Fig. 4), the general characteristics of population spatial distribution were that the
highest population density is in the northern part, the
second in the central part, and the lower in the eastern
and western parts. The highest density area mainly concentrates in the northern subdivisions, especially in
Dongsheng Town which is the seat of the county,
southwest airport economic development zone and
Zhonghe and Huayang towns, where the population
density has all reached 2000 person/km2. In the peripheries of these core growth areas and the central plain
area, the population density is rather high. However, in
3.3 Land use change
The land use change in Shuangliu County is shown in
Fig. 5. From 1985 to 2004, great changes took place
throughout the county and the construction land was
unevenly distributed. Shuangliu County has paid more
attention to the northern subdivision, where the construction and development aggregated, and land expansion was fast and most concentrated. From the viewpoint of economic statistical indicators, the overall economic strength of Shuangliu County is so tremendous
that it has been one of “China Top 100 Counties” for
many years. However, the development level of regional
economy is imbalanced. The northern subdivisions develop rapidly, and the economic strength of other towns
is weak with the primary industry as the major trade. So
the stronger counties and weaker towns are the prominent characteristics of development of Shuangliu. From
the map of land use in every town in Shuangliu in 2005,
the similar characteristics are also shown (Fig. 6). The
proportion of construction land is higher and that of
farmland is lower in the northern subdivisions, whereas
farmland plays the leading role in other towns. In the
eastern mountainous area, the proportion of unused land
is higher but it is difficult to develop and utilize due to
severe relief.
228
WANG Kaiyong, GAO Xiaolu, CHEN Tian
Fig. 4 Distribution of population density in every town in Shuangliu County
Fig. 5 Distribution and evolution of construction land in Shuangliu County in 1985, 2000 and 2004
Influencing Factors for Formation of Urban and Rural Spatial Structure in Metropolis Fringe Area
229
Fig. 6 Core-periphery spatial distribution of construction land proportion and investment of unit area land
in every town in Shuangliu County
3.4 Spatial structure
The development level of Shuangliu County has always
been uneven and imbalanced, and the trend becomes
more and more obvious. Through the analysis of the
map of the spatial distribution of construction land proportion in every town and the distribution of investment
of unit area land in every town across Shuangliu County
(Fig. 6), we can find that the social and economic development presents a core-periphery spatial structure.
The spatial structure characteristic of circle expansion
is formed under the influence of distance and location.
The inner circle includes towns of Dongsheng, Huayang,
Wenxing, Baijia, Jiujiang, Shengli and Zhonghe, where
the proportion of construction land is relatively high,
being the main construction area of Shuangliu County.
The second circle surrounds the inner circle, including
Wan’an, Zhengxing, Gongxing, Huangjia, Huangshui,
Pengzhen, Jinqiao, Yong’an and Jitian towns, where the
proportion of construction land is lower than that of the
inner circle. They are also mainly affected by the northern subdivisions, but with an insignificant leading role
of farmland. The third circle is located in the outer circle
and mountainous area, including towns of Xinxing,
Baisha, Taiping, Xinglong, Hejiang, Yongxing, Huanglongxi, Sanxing, Jiancha and Dalin, where the proportion of agricultural land is higher in land use structure
and farming dominates local economic activities. From
the viewpoint of economic benefit and residents’ standard of living, the uneven regional development in the
whole county shows similar characteristics: places with
per capita GDP over 20,000 yuan in the county are all
located in the northern towns while those with that less
than 6000 yuan of the county are concentrated in the
southeastern part of the county. The urban-rural differences in the construction of fundamental service infrastructure and social service infrastructure have limited
the economic connection and urbanization process.
3.5 Land use conditions
Nowadays the land use mode in Shuangliu County for
urban construction is extensive, indicating low land use
intensity and output efficiency. From Table 1 we can find
that per capita cultivated land in Shuangliu is lower than
that of Sichuan Province but is higher than that of
Chengdu, reflecting an inverse relationship between
population density and agricultural land. However, per
capita available construction land is higher than the average level of Sichuan Province or Chengdu. In view of the
land use for rural residential house construction, the area
of homestead per capita is also higher than the average
level of Sichuan Province or Chengdu. The extensive urban land use directly led to the occupation of rural land
WANG Kaiyong, GAO Xiaolu, CHEN Tian
230
resource, and the non-intensive utilization of rural land
will also bind up rational urban development in the future.
Table 1 Comparison of average level of land use intensity
(m2/person)
Per capita construction land
Per capita cultivated land
Per capita
house site
Sichuan Province
Chengdu City
180.04
176.43
701.34
400.84
154.48
160.19
Shuangliu County
254.45
543.82
187.21
Region
From the viewpoint of per unit land output comparison in every district and county of Chengdu, land use
efficiency of Shuangliu County was the lowest among
the suburbs in 2005 (Fig. 7), which was mainly due to
extensive land use. This kind of extensive urban land
use mode with outer urban expansion has led to direct
encroachment on rural land resources, especially on cultivated land and intensification of the inverse relationship between population and agricultural land, thus resulting in the relative shortage of land supply. Therefore,
the land cannot meet the need of social and economic
development in the future. Consequently, more agricultural land may be encroached for further development in
the years to come.
Fig. 7 Comparison of per unit land output efficiency in every district and county of Chengdu in 2005
4 Discussion
There are many factors affecting the formation of urban
and rural spatial structure, such as natural factors, social
factors, economic factors, political factors and historical
ones. As a case study, Shuangliu County has not only
the above-mentioned common factors that exert a deep
influence on the formation of its urban and rural spatial
structure, but also some special factors that play a great
role. For example, the location conditions close to
Chengdu metropolis fringe area and the location of
Chengdu international airport make Shuangliu County
have some advantages in economic development, and
the development ideas of “Three Convergences” accelerate the urban and rural integrated development. But
this integration is limited, all of the influence factors
worked together to form the imbalanced core-periphery
spatial structure.
In general, location condition and natural background
afford a possibility of development, and urban and rural
planning has some manipulative contents such as functional zoning and transportation system planning, which
forms the framework of urban and rural spatial structure
(Fig. 8). Constructions under the planning accelerated
Influencing Factors for Formation of Urban and Rural Spatial Structure in Metropolis Fringe Area
spatial agglomeration and dispersion of productive factors, and caused land development and expansion, transition of industries and population migration. And government guidance such as trade and investment attraction and “three convergences” policy also accelerate
231
imbalanced development of urban and rural spatial
structure. In a word, every factor has exerted different
influences on the formation of urban and rural spatial
structure, and they are intermixed and interacted.
Fig. 8 Influence of different factors on urban and rural spatial structure
4.1 Location and natural background
Shuangliu County is adjacent to Chengdu Metropolis, of
which Dongsheng and Huayang towns have become the
satellite cities and sub-centers. Chengdu international
airport is located in Shuangliu County. This excellent
location has some important influences on the spatial
structure as follows: first, it accelerated the economic
and trade communication between Chengdu and Shuangliu, and attracted the industrial transfer and investment
of big enterprises from the inside and outside of the
province. Secondly, depending on the international airport, the economic development zone of the airport in
the southwest was established, which has become a regional growth pole of Shuangliu County. Thirdly, taking
advantage of favorable development groundwork and
predominant location condition, emphasis has been put
on the real estate. For example, Huayang Town, which
is in the northern part of Shuangliu, has upstanding location condition and residential surroundings. So it has
attracted plenty of investment of real estate corporations
and has become an important new town and residential
area of Chengdu. Therefore, the location condition of
being adjacent to metropolis affords convenient condi-
tion for rapid development of Shuangliu. Affected by the
law of the distance decay rule and accessibility, the
northern part of Shuangliu developed first and formed
the imbalanced regional development configuration, so
location has become a fundamental factor which affords
the possibility of development.
On the other hand, the natural condition, especially its
undulating of terrain obstructed the exchange extent of
economic flow (such as investment and economic cooperation) between urban and rural areas. From the viewpoint of regional distribution, Shuangliu is located in the
southeast of Chengdu Plain, and lies to Longquan
Mountain in the southeast and Muma Mountain in the
southwest, only with the plain areas in the northwestern
and central parts. So the terrain is complex in Shuangliu,
including hills and plain. At the same time, it also decides the land use mode and development order. The
natural condition of Shuangliu County led to social and
economic imbalance of plain town and mountainous
town within Shuangliu County obviously. In a word,
natural background results in the development possibility of different regions, and location condition affords an
elementary configuration of the formation of urban and
232
WANG Kaiyong, GAO Xiaolu, CHEN Tian
rural spatial structure.
4.2 City planning and governmental guidance
The formation of urban and rural spatial structure has a
close relationship with city planning and government
guidence and regulation. With rapid urbanization process, land expansion grows like a weed, so it is necessary
to carry out land use planning and city planning to control the disorder and overspread expansion, whose significance and urgency are more obvious in metropolis
fringe area. Due to adjacency to metropolis, Shuangliu
County is easy to gain investment, technology and industry transfer. However, in order to realize ideal economic connection between central area and fringe area,
in accordance with the demand of scientific development ideas, it is important to carry out general land use
planning and city planning to speed up integration of
urban and rural areas, which can plan a rational development space to avoid developing out of order. In fact,
the entire scope of Shuangliu has been brought into the
metropolis area in the new general city planning of
Chengdu carried out in 1996, which confirmed Dongsheng and Huayang towns as the main development area
of Chengdu in the future. In conclusion, the development direction of city planning determines the population and industry converging area in the future, so city
planning plays an important role in the formation of urban and rural spatial structure.
On the other hand, institutional arrangement and regional policy at different levels (national, provincial and
urban level) have significant impact on the formation of
urban and rural spatial structure. For example, coordinated development of the urban and rural areas and coordinated regional development were put forward by the
central government of China in 2003; “The No. 1
Document of the Central Committee of the Communist
Party of China” in 2004 focused on building a new socialist countryside. All of those embody the transit of
concept of development in the whole society, and urban
and rural harmonious development has been emphasized.
Under this background, the “Three Convergences” policy was carried out by Chengdu and Shuangliu governments, which changed urban and rural spatial structure
greatly and accelerated the imbalanced development of
urban and rural spatial structure. As the population aggregation to the town and the city, there have come
some social problems yet to be solved. For example, as
the employment of peasants who lose their land and
immigrate to city and town were not arranged wholly, so
though they lived in the city, they did not have a stable
income source, and they could not afford the social assurance, which poses a threat to the stability of the society.
4.3 Industrial transition and market regulation
Industrial layout is the key support of urban and rural
economic development. Industrial spatial transition and
reorganization are the main driving forces of the formation of urban and rural spatial structure. Industrial transition means the increase of ingoing area economic
gross and opportunity of obtaining employment, thus
industrial transition brought population into convergence, which becomes the main driving force for forming urban and rural spatial structure. As for Shuangliu
County, there are excellent development groundwork
and location conditions in the northern subdivision, plus
development of southwest airport economic development zone, which promoted the transition of some industries of Chengdu and big corporations’ investment
from Sichuan Province and abroad. By means of convenient transportation and beautiful surroundings,
Huayang Town has attracted a lot of investment from
real estate enterprises, which has become a new town
and residential area of Chengdu Metropolis. Of course,
those industrial transitions pursue more profits and save
production cost mainly, so the guides of regulation of
market economy afford an institutional guarantee for
industrial transition. Due to the adjustment function of
market mechanism, urban agriculture with high profit
developed quickly within Shuangliu County, and vegetables, fruits and flower industries are well developed to
supply the metropolitan market.
4.4 Land use change
The expansion of urban economy and development of
urbanization need more lands for non-agricultural purposes. When the central district is too crowded to be
further developed, the city will expand to the outer
space where the distance is short and is suitable for development. Shuangliu County is one of the important
components of Chengdu-Chongqing metropolitan belt
and a key node on the axis of Leshan-Chengdu-Mianyang development zone, so its preponderant location
affords possibility to develop first. On the other hand,
Influencing Factors for Formation of Urban and Rural Spatial Structure in Metropolis Fringe Area
the lower land price and enough land supply meet the
demand for the construction land expansion of Chengdu.
In terms of land use change of Chengdu in recent years,
the belt from Chengdu to Shuangliu is the most rapid
axis of urban land development. From 2000 to 2005,
construction land in Shuangliu increased at an annual
rate of 5%. Expansion and change of land use has become obvious token and carrier for the formation of urban and rural spatial structure.
4.5 Population migration and spatial transfer
Expansion of construction land achieved the structural
transform of landscape setup, and rural population immigrating to town and city achieved real urbanization.
The change of population density and living mode are
the main bases for dividing cities and the countryside. In
a word, the spatial migration of population is the means
for realizing the formation of urban and rural spatial
structure. The total population was 928,100 in Shuangliu
County at the end of 2006, and most of the people are
engaged in agricultural production. The rural economic
structure has been gradually adjusted and plenty of surplus labor forces are emerging. Meanwhile, with the
execution of the “Three Convergences” policy and development of economic development zone of the airport
in the southwest, quite a number of people have moved
into the northern subdivision, and accelerated the imbalanced situation of urban and rural spatial structure.
All kinds of product and living activities must be occurred in some space, so urban government should afford enough activity space and material supports for
them. Urbanization strategy should be carried out to
facilitate the three agriculture-related aspects (rural area,
farmer and agriculture), first of which is how to guide
agricultural population to become urban citizens and
how to improve the standard of living of farmers. The
trend and source of population increase are the important factors in the social and economic construction in
the future. Population and industrial policies should be
formulated according to the demand of planning and
industrial development, which can guide spatial transition and convergence of population and form rational
and orderly urban and rural spatial structure.
5 Conclusions
(1) With rapid urbanization progress, great changes have
233
taken place in urban and rural spatial structure. Especially in metropolis fringe area, it is attracted and influenced by metropolis intensively. The linkage between
urban and rural areas is close, and expansion speed of
urban construction land is fast. The change of urban and
rural economic structure and landscape setup is quickly
and obviously, so the “core-periphery” spatial structure
was formed in Shuangliu County.
(2) Shuangliu County is a typical fringe area of
Chengdu Metropolis, where many driving forces
worked together to form the shape of imbalanced
core-periphery spatial structure. The formation of such a
kind of structure is not only because of the expansion of
Chengdu Metropolis, but also because of the government policy such as “Three Convergences” which accelerated the imbalanced spatial structure.
(3) It is better to accelerate urban and rural integrated
development in the metropolis fringe area which not
only has excellent location and tremendous economic
strength, but also needs a rational step and scale.
(4) The location and natural background influence the
basic configuration of the formation of urban and rural
spatial structure; city planning and governmental guidance are the direct reasons for the formation of urban
and rural spatial structure, which affect urban and rural
spatial structure directly and form a new spatial conformation; industrial transition and market regulation are
the fundamental reasons for the formation of urban and
rural spatial structure, which caused land use change.
The population migration and spatial transfer are the
means for realizing the formation of urban and rural
spatial structure.
Just as this paper discussed above, the driving forces
for forming the urban and rural spatial structure are
synthetic and complicated, thus in-depth research is
needed to grasp the characteristics and influencing factors precisely, which can guide the urban and rural spatial structure to develop orderly. Some influencing factors worked together to form urban and rural spatial
structure. However, the mechanism and effect intensity
of these influencing factors need to be further studied.
References
Ginsburg N, Koppe B, McGee T G, 1991. The Extended Metropolis: Settlement Transition in Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
234
WANG Kaiyong, GAO Xiaolu, CHEN Tian
Geng Huizhi, 1999. The discussion on dynamic mechanism of
renew of urban central area. City Planning Review, (3): 27–32.
(in Chinese)
George W H, Brian J O, 2007. The growth impact of the metropolitan statistical area designation. The Annals of Regional Science, 42: 307–319. DOI: 10.1007/s00168-007-0147-1
Hall P, 1996. Revisiting the non-place urban realm: have we come
full circle? International Planning Studies, (3): 7–151.
Isserman A M, 2005. In the national interest: Defining rural and
urban correctly in research and public policy. International Regional Science Review, 28(4): 465–499.
Jones GW, Pravin V, 1997. Urbanization in Large Developing
Countries: China, Indonesia, Brazil, and India. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Kahn E M, 2000. The environmental impact of suburbanization.
Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 19(4): 569–586.
Keil R, 1994. Edge cities in Western Europe (Editorial). Environment and Planning D, 12(2): 131–137.
Landis J D, 1995. Improving land use futures: Applying the California urban future model. Journal of the American Planning
Association, 61(4): 438–457.
Shao Jing’an, Wei Chaofu, Xie Deti, 2005. Mountain land use
planning of metropolitan suburbs: The case of the Jinyun
Mountain and its surrounding area, Chongqing, China. Journal
of Mountain Science, 2(2): 116–128.
Shi Song, 2004. Analyses of the driving mechanism of the
evolvement of urban spatial structure. City Planning Review,
(1): 50–52. (in Chinese)
Shi Yishao, He Shujin, 1997. The discussion on urban-rural integration. City Planning, (5): 13–19. (in Chinese)
Webster D, 2002. On the edge: Shaping the future of peri-urban
East Asia. Institute of International Studies. Stanford, California: Stanford University, USA.
Xu Jiangang, Liao Banggu, Shen Qing et al., 2007. Urban spatial
restructuring in transitional economy: Changing land use patterns in Shanghai. Chinese Geographical Science, 17(1): 19–27.
DOI: 10.1007/s11769-007-0019-8
Yuan Lili, Huang Luyun, 2005. Analyses of the driving mechanism of the evolvement of urban land spatial structure. Urban
Studies, (1): 64–65. (in Chinese)
Zhang Bing, 1998. Discussion on the Practicability of City Planning. Beijing: Renmin University of China Press. (in Chinese)
Zhang Tingwei, 2001. The urban restructure of Chinese cities in
1990s and its dynamic mechanism. City Planning Review, (7):
7–14. (in Chinese)
Zhu Xigang, Zhang Jingxiang, Chen Hu, 2002. A case study on
concentration and decentralization: Behavior and dynamic
mechanism of spatial evolution in metropolitan area, Nanjing,
China. Chinese Geographical Science, 12(3): 212–217. DOI:
10.1007/s11769-002-0004-1