SOIL LAYERS
Most everyone has been exposed to topsoil but did you know that soil has six different layers? This
section will help children understand the different types of layers of soil and why golf courses use a
variety of combinations to create fairways, greens, and tee boxes. Through an On Course Adventure to
visit a head greens keeper and a series of activities and definitions, your children will become aware
of the importance of soil layers and how they relate to golf.
Activities available:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Vocabulary words
Soil diagram
Coloring work sheet for 6-8 year olds
Identify and define work sheet for 9-12 year olds
Word Find for all age groups
On Course Adventure to head greens keeper
Key words for this section:
Top·soil – the upper fertile layer of soil from which plant roots take nutrients.
Hu·mus – a brown or black complex variable material resulting
from partial decomposition of plant or animal matter and forming
the organic portion of soil.
Eluviation – the transportation of dissolved or suspended material within
the soil by the movement of water when rainfall exceeds evaporation.
Regolith – the layer of loose rock particles that covers the bedrock of most land
on earth.
Bedrock – the solid rock beneath loose rock particles or soil.
Mineral – a solid homogeneous crystalline chemical element or compound
that results from the inorganic processes of nature; broadly : any of various
naturally occurring homogeneous substances (as stone, coal, salt, sulfur,
sand, petroleum, water, or natural gas) obtained usually from the ground.
1.1
Objective/Lesson:
To identify soil layers (use narrative and diagram).
Narrative:
Definitions:
Explanation of Soil Layers. Without different layers of soil the greens and
fairways would be the same.
I N S T R U C T O R
Top·soil – the upper fertile layer of soil from which plant roots take
nutrients.
Hu·mus – a brown or black complex variable material resulting
from partial decomposition of plant or animal matter and forming
the organic portion of soil.
Eluviation – the transportation of dissolved or suspended material within
the soil by the movement of water when rainfall exceeds evaporation.
Regolith – the layer of loose rock particles that covers the bedrock of most
land on earth.
Bedrock – the solid rock beneath loose rock particles or soil.
Mineral – a solid homogeneous crystalline chemical element or compound
that results from the inorganic processes of nature; broadly : any of various
naturally occurring homogeneous substances (as stone, coal, salt, sulfur,
sand, petroleum, water, or natural gas) obtained usually from the ground.
Soil Diagram (provided)
color pencils
Direction:
As a group, discuss the definitions of the vocabulary words.
1. Distribute soil diagram and color pencils or crayons.
Ask each child to label each layer of soil.
Color each layer.
2. Word Find
3. On Course Adventure
Activity Time:
On Course
Adventure:
2-day lesson (45 minutes/1 hr. On Course Adventure)
ALL AGES
Materials:
SOIL LAYERS
This lesson will give an understanding of different layers of soil
and how they affect the golf course.
Have students visit the Greens Keeper.
Discuss the difference of the fairway, rough and greens and the layers
of soil in those areas.
Discuss the elevation of the greens and the soil layers that possibly
created these contours.
Examine the removal of the pin hole and identify the different layers
of soil present.
1.1.1
The Soil Diagram is a teaching tool to help your students learn about Soil Layers. Display the diagram for
your students and review the six layers of soil.
ALL AGES
This will help students understand the geographic
make-up of their golf course. The soil layers vary
depending on where you are in the country or world.
In the continental US, golf courses in the north may
look different than those in the south. Observe the
types of grass on your course, the irrigation patterns,
and weather. Take a look at the cup on your green
and see what various layers of soil comprise the green.
SOIL LAYERS
I N S T R U C T O R
SOIL LAYERS
NARRATIVE
1.1.2
1
1
2
3
SOIL LAYERS
COLOR THE
LAYERS
AGES
6-8
4
5
6
1.1.4
1
3
SOIL LAYERS
4
9 - 12
IDENTIFY & DEFINE
THE SOIL LAYERS
(Using the definitions you learned)
1
2
AGES
5
6
1.1.5
2
I N S T R U C T O R
Q
J Y L O
A A N M
K L Y R
W C S S
W
L
E
P
How many words you can find?
V A A
Y T I
O F R
Q A E
O
I
Z
E
S
L
A
H
Z
B
G
Bedrock
Natural Gas
Clay
Organic Material
Eluviation
Rain
Fairway
Regolith
Golf
Sand
Greens
Silt
Horizons
Sub-Soil
Humus
Topsoil
Layers
Turf
Mineral Deposits
Water
G
Z
R
U
A
O Z
T L
S
S
M I N E R A L D E P
A P K E R V K Z N O
I S Z
Z F R U
B Z K E
O S I T
I T A I
T
R
S
V U L E Q
ALL AGES
B I I T
Q V O U N K R A
X I L R F B W M
L S J E D O A C
G Z H G V E Y I S
R E U O Z A B N A
E W M L R Z R A N
E L U I R I Z G D
N B S T Q F Z R W
S R D H L K Y O A
U Z W R J W H N
S S Q A Z L I O
B N A T U R A
(0-6) Bogie; (7-12) Par; (13-16) Birdie;
(17-19) Eagle; (20) Ace!
SOIL LAYERS
WORD FIND
L
3
VISIT THE GREENS KEEPER
1
Discuss the differences between fairway, rough and greens and the soil that are in
those areas.
2 Discuss the elevation of the greens and the soil layers that possibly created these contours.
3 Examine the removal of the pin hole and identify the different layers of soil.
1.1.6
2
Q
J Y L O
A A N M
K L Y R
W C S S
W
L
E
P
How many words you can find?
V A A
Y T I
O F R
Q A E
O
I
Z
E
S
L
A
H
Z
B
G
Bedrock
Natural Gas
Clay
Organic Material
Eluviation
Rain
Fairway
Regolith
Golf
Sand
Greens
Silt
Horizons
Sub-Soil
Humus
Topsoil
Layers
Turf
Mineral Deposits
Water
G
Z
R
U
A
O Z
T L
S
S
M I N E R A L D E P
A P K E R V K Z N O
I S Z
Z F R U
B Z K E
O S I T
I T A I
T
R
S
V U L E Q
ALL AGES
B I I T
Q V O U N K R A
X I L R F B W M
L S J E D O A C
G Z H G V E Y I S
R E U O Z A B N A
E W M L R Z R A N
E L U I R I Z G D
N B S T Q F Z R W
S R D H L K Y O A
U Z W R J W H N
S S Q A Z L I O
B N A T U R A
(0-6) Bogie; (7-12) Par; (13-16) Birdie;
(17-19) Eagle; (20) Ace!
SOIL LAYERS
WORD FIND
L
3
VISIT THE GREENS KEEPER
1
Discuss the differences between fairway, rough and greens and the soil that are in
those areas.
2 Discuss the elevation of the greens and the soil layers that possibly created these contours.
3 Examine the removal of the pin hole and identify the different layers of soil.
1.1.7
SOIL PERMEABILITY
What is Soil Permeability?
Soil Permeability is the ability of a material (generally an earth material) to transmit water.
Simply think…How well does water pass through sand? or gravel? or clay? The more water that is
transmitted, the more permeable the material is. Our experiment gives you a chance to test different
types of soil and its permeability.
Other activities will help your students learn about earth materials found on the golf course.
Activities available:
•
•
•
Crossword puzzle & secret decoder exercise. Includes simple definitions of golf
course related items for 6-8 year olds
Crossword puzzle with advanced definitions for 9-12 year olds
Soil Permeability Experiment to test different types of soil for 9-12 year olds
Key words for this section:
Permeability – Ability of a material (generally an earth material)
to transmit fluids (water).
Sand – a loose material consisting of grains of rock or coral.
Gravel – rock fragments and pebbles.
Clay – a very fine-grained soil that is plastic when moist but hard when fired.
Black Soil – A particular kind of earth or ground.
Texture – the feel of a surface (fabrics, soil, etc.).
1.2
1
Use your vocabulary words to solve the puzzle.
S
2
G O
ACROSS
F
A
Y
I
2. Your favorite game you play with clubs
I N S T R U C T O R
L
3
and a ball.
3. Sometimes red and sometimes gray,
this kind of soil rhymes with “hay”.
5. Raindrops help __ __ __ __ __
the golf course.
C
L
O
L
4
DOWN
1. Dirt is also called __ __ __ __ .
W A
3. Black, blue, and green are
all __ __ __ __ __ __ .
4. Found in “traps”on the
golf course and at the beach.
O
S
5
T
E
N
R
S
D
WHAT’S SHE SAYING?
Use the secret code translator below to find out!
D R A I N A G E
T H E
G O L F
I S
6-8
I M P O R T A N T
AGES
G O O D
SOIL PERMEABILITY
CROSSWORD
O N
C O U R S E
A
Z
B
Y
C
X
D
W
E
V
F
U
G
T
H
S
I
R
J
Q
K
P
L
O
M
N
N
M
O
L
P
K
Q
J
R
I
S
H
T
G
U
F
V
E
W
D
X
C
Y
B
Z
A
1.2.1
1
Use your vocabulary words to solve the puzzle.
S
2
G O
ACROSS
L
F
A
Y
I
2. Your favorite game you play with clubs
3
and a ball.
3. Sometimes red and sometimes gray,
this kind of soil rhymes with “hay”.
5. Raindrops help __ __ __ __ __
the golf course.
C
L
O
L
4
DOWN
1. Dirt is also called __ __ __ __ .
W A
3. Black, blue, and green are
all __ __ __ __ __ __ .
4. Found in “traps”on the
golf course and at the beach.
O
S
5
T
E
N
R
S
D
WHAT’S SHE SAYING?
SOIL PERMEABILITY
CROSSWORD
Use the secret code translator below to find out!
AGES
6-8
A
Z
B
Y
C
X
D
W
E
V
F
U
G
T
H
S
I
R
J
Q
K
P
L
O
M
N
N
M
O
L
P
K
Q
J
R
I
S
H
T
G
U
F
V
E
W
D
X
C
Y
B
Z
A
1.2.2
To test several types of soil and see how permeable each type is.
Instruction:
1. Teach vocabulary words to students.
2. Place materials in 2 different areas for the groups.
3. Have the students perform the experiment and record information
in data tables provided.
Vocabulary:
Permeability – Ability of a material (generally an earth material)
to transmit fluids (water).
Sand – a loose material consisting of grains of rock or coral.
Gravel – rock fragments and pebbles.
I N S T R U C T O R
SOIL PERMEABILITY
Objective:
Clay – a very fine-grained soil that is plastic when moist but hard when fired.
Black Soil – A particular kind of earth or ground.
Texture – the feel of a surface (fabrics, soil, etc.)
Materials:
Fine screening — 2 square feet cut into 4" squares
Duct tape
2 measuring cups (2 cup capacity)
Container of water
2 Pair of Scissors
6 Sheets of white paper
Pencils (enough for each participant)
2 - 16 oz. clear plastic cups
6 - 16 oz. styrofoam cups (with bottoms cut out)
Select 3 different types of soil (gravel, sand, clay, black soil)
Magnifying glass
Watch with second hand
Data Table handout (provided)
Direction:
1. Distribute vocabulary handout and discuss.
Have students write definitions on sheet.
2. Divide students into 2 groups and have each group.
3. Take 3 pieces of white paper & place 3 different types of soils on the paper.
4. Observe the color and texture of soil and record it on the data table.
6. Tape fine screening to each of the 3 Styrofoam cup bottoms.
8. Using measuring cup, pour 10 oz. of water into plastic cup.
9. Hold the styrofoam cup with soil type 1 over the measuring cup
on table and slowly pour the water into it.
9 - 12
7. Place 2" of soil type 1 into the first styrofoam cup. Place 2" of soil type 2
into second styrofoam cup; place 2" of soil type 3 into third cup.
AGES
5. Predict which soil will have the water run through the fastest to the slowest.
Rate your decision on a scale of 1 to 3, with 1 being the fastest.
10. Record how much water runs through it in one minute, 3 minutes.
11. Repeat with the other 2 types of soil.
Time:
Post Discussion
Questions:
45 minutes
How did your prediction compare with results?
Which soils would be best to use as drainage?
How are these soils related to drainage of fairways and greens?
How does the texture compare with its water permeability?
Do you think the results would change if you packed the soil in to the can?
Why is soil permeability important on a golf course?
How do the rules of golf for standing water and non-drained areas apply?
1.2.3
Vocabulary:
Permeability
——————————————————————————————
—————————————————————————————————————
—————————————————————————————————————
—————————————————————————————————————
Sand
SOIL PERMEABILITY
The experiment
shows how the
different types of
soil and the rate
of compaction
can influence
permeability on
the golf course.
——————————————————————————————————
——————————————————————————————————————
——————————————————————————————————————
——————————————————————————————————————
Gravel ——————————————————————————————————
——————————————————————————————————————
——————————————————————————————————————
——————————————————————————————————————
Black Soil ————————————————————————————————
——————————————————————————————————————
——————————————————————————————————————
——————————————————————————————————————
ALL AGES
Clay ———————————————————————————————————
——————————————————————————————————————
——————————————————————————————————————
——————————————————————————————————————
Texture —————————————————————————————————
——————————————————————————————————————
——————————————————————————————————————
——————————————————————————————————————
1.2.4
To test several types of soil and
see how permeable each type is.
Group Materials:
Fine screening
Duct tape
Measuring cup (2 cup capacity)
Container of water
2 Pair of Scissors
White paper
Pencils
1 - 16 oz. clear plastic cups
3 - 16 oz. styrofoam cups (with bottoms cut out)
Different types of soil (gravel, sand, clay, black soil)
Magnifying glass
Watch with second hand
Data Table handout (below)
Direction:
1. Take 3 pieces of white paper & place 3 different types of soils on the paper.
2. Observe the color and texture of soil and record it on the data table.
3. Predict which soil will have the water run through the fastest to the slowest.
Rate your decision on a scale of 1 to 3, with 1 being the fastest.
4. Tape fine screening to each of the 3 Styrofoam cup bottoms.
SOIL PERMEABILITY
What are we
learning today?:
5. Place 2" of soil type 1 into the first styrofoam cup. Place 2" of soil type 2
into second styrofoam cup; place 2" of soil type 3 into third cup.
6. Using measuring cup, pour 10 oz. of water into plastic cup.
7. Hold the styrofoam cup with soil type 1 over the measuring cup
on table and slowly pour the water into it.
8. Record how much water runs through it in one minute, 3 minutes.
9. Repeat with the other 2 types of soil.
1
SOIL TEXTURE
& COLOR
PREDICTED
PERMEABILITY
AMOUNT OF
WATER AFTER
1 MINUTE
AMOUNT OF
WATER AFTER
3 MINUTES
ALL AGES
SOIL TYPE
2
3
1.2.5
CROSSWORD
Use your vocabulary words to solve the puzzle.
T
P E R M E A B I L I T Y
X
L
W A T E R
A
C
U
C O L O R
R
A
K
P E B B L E S
Y
O
I
S
G R A V E L
N
O
D R A I N A G E
L
F
3
2
I N S T R U C T O R
4
5
6
7
8
9
SOIL PERMEABILITY
1
10
4.
6.
7.
9.
10.
(generally an earth material)
to transmit fluids (water).
used to irrigate the golf course.
a visual attribute of things that results from
the light they emit.
small rocks or rock fragments.
crushed rock
the ability to draw off a liquid; gradual or
continual drying
1. the feel of a surface or
3.
5.
8.
9.
a fabric.
A particular kind of earth
or ground.
a very fine-grained soil
that is plastic when moist
but hard when fired.
a loose material consisting
of grains of rock or coral.
your favorite game that you play with a ball
and clubs.
9 - 12
2. Ability of a material
DOWN
AGES
ACROSS
1.2.6
CROSSWORD
Use your vocabulary words to solve the puzzle.
3
2
4
5
6
7
8
9
SOIL PERMEABILITY
1
10
AGES
2. Ability of a material
4.
6.
7.
9.
10.
(generally an earth material)
to transmit fluids (water).
used to irrigate the golf course.
a visual attribute of things that results from
the light they emit.
small rocks or rock fragments.
crushed rock
the ability to draw off a liquid; gradual or
continual drying
DOWN
1. the feel of a surface or
3.
5.
8.
9.
a fabric.
A particular kind of earth
or ground.
a very fine-grained soil
that is plastic when moist
but hard when fired.
a loose material consisting
of grains of rock or coral.
your favorite game that you play with a ball
and clubs.
9 - 12
ACROSS
1.2.7
EROSION
What happens when wind constantly blows over soil? Or when waves steadily crash onto the beach?
Erosion is a natural process that occurs over time and affects location and design of each golf course.
Consider the maintenance of golf courses located near the coastline, such as Pebble Beach and the Old
Course at St. Andrews versus other inland golf courses, such as the TPC at Summerlin, Las Vegas.
The erosion experiment is appropriate for all ages. The activity will help students learn what causes
erosion and its effects on the golf course.
Key word for this section:
Erosion – removal of rock and soil material by natural processes,
principally running water, glaciers, waves and wind.
1.3
Erosion – removal of rock and soil material by natural processes,
principally running water, glaciers, waves and wind.
Objective:
To identify erosion and explain the cause of erosion.
Lesson:
Instruction:
Direction:
Potted Plant, Soil, Water, 12 Small Rocks, 3 Disposable Aluminum Trays,
3 Containers of Water, Newspapers, Books.
Divide children into 3 groups. Divide trays, soil, rocks, water, newspaper,
small containers of water in different areas.
Divide the students into 3 groups and instruct them to go to designated area
with the materials.
Instruct the students to cover the area with newspaper.
Instruct them to fill their tray with soil, patting it down firm into place.
Position rocks in the soil so they cannot move about freely.
Place the narrow side of the tray on a book (to put the tray on a slant).
Have one of the students pour little drops of water starting at the highest part
of the tray, so water can run down the soil.
ALL AGES
I N S T R U C T O R
Materials:
Erosion Experiment
EROSION
Definition:
Tell the students to notice any changes that are taking place in their trays.
See if the soil and rocks are moving out of position.
Direct another student to pour larger amounts of water at the highest part
of the tray. Now describe the changes that are taking place.
Following discussion, take a potted plant out of the pot, with the soil
intact. Show how the roots of the plant hold the soil in place.
Time:
Post Discussion
Questions:
On Course
Adventure:
45 minutes
How does this relate to golf?
How do we prevent the erosion of soil on the golf course?
Over time, what would happen if divots aren't repaired on a tee box?
Have students check for signs of erosion the next time they play golf
on the course, noting locations.
1.3.1
EROSION
The experiment
shows how water
on bare soil can
create erosion.
Without plants
in the soil,
observe what
happened
to the soil.
What are we
learning today?:
Materials:
Getting Ready:
Directions Part 1:
To identify and explain the cause of erosion.
ALL AGES
What is “Erosion?”: Erosion is the removal
of rock and soil material by natural processes,
principally running water, glaciers, waves and wind.
Soil, Water, Rocks, Disposable Aluminum Trays,
Containers of Water, Newspapers, Books, Pencil/Pen.
Your instructor will give you trays, soil, rocks, water, newspaper,
small containers of water.
1. Cover the area with newspaper.
2. Fill your tray with soil, patting it down firm into place.
3. Position rocks in the soil so they cannot move about freely.
4. Place the narrow side of the tray on a book, so the tray is on a slant.
5. Pour little drops of water starting at the highest part of the tray,
so water can run down the soil.
6. Write down changes taking place in your tray. Are the soil and rocks
moving out of position? ————————————————————————
—————————————————————————————————————
—————————————————————————————————————
—————————————————————————————————————
—————————————————————————————————————
7. Pour larger amounts of water at the highest part of the tray.
Now describe the changes that are taking place.
On Course
Adventure:
The next time you are out playing, check for signs of erosion.
Can you guess what has caused it?
1.3.2
GOLF COURSE CARE
Have you ever wondered why golf courses are always in such good condition? It takes a lot of work by
many people to help maintain the beauty of each golf course. This module will help students examine
the needs of a golf course in order for it to be ready for daily use or championship play. There are a lot
of variables that go into the maintenance of a course, each one different for parts of the course (greens,
fairways, rough). Understanding how fertilizers, irrigation, aeration, and de-thatching all play a part in
the maintenance process is important.
After learning about these concepts, students will have the opportunity to meet with a grounds keeper
to see the process in practice and ask questions. Accompanying exercises are available for the students
to reinforce what they will have learned.
Activities available:
•
•
•
Maze and Word Jumble for 6-8 year olds
Vocabulary words
On Course Adventure to head greens keeper for 9-12 year olds
Key words for this section:
PH – The symbol for the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
Fertilize – To spread fertilizer on (fertilizer-chemicals used to enrich the soil).
Soil Composition – Consistency of surface layers of Earth.
Irrigation – The process of supplying dry land with water
through artificial means.
Herbicides – Any chemical substance used to destroy plants.
Fungicides – Any substance that kills mildew.
Thatch – A layer of organic matter that begins to grow between the
base of a plant and the soil. Usually discussed as a problem with lawns
as dead roots and stems accumulate.
1.4
THE
GREEN
See if you can find the green. Watch out for weeds and pests!
START
I N S T R U C T O R
See if you can match the words with the scrambled ones in the other column!
SOIL COMPOSITION
TREEFZILI
HERBICIDES
ECREBIDISH
IRRIGATION
CISUNDEFIG
FUNGICIDES
ILSO ONPICOOMSIT
THATCH
RINGAITORI
FERTILIZE
CHATTH
6-8
After discussing the words below,
distribute to students
AGES
WORD JUMBLE
GOLF COURSE CARE
FIND
1.4.1
THE
GREEN
See if you can find the green. Watch out for weeds and pests!
START
GOLF COURSE CARE
FIND
AGES
See if you can match the words with the scrambled ones in the other column!
SOIL COMPOSITION
TREEFZILI
HERBICIDES
ECREBIDISH
IRRIGATION
CISUNDEFIG
FUNGICIDES
ILSO ONPICOOMSIT
THATCH
RINGAITORI
FERTILIZE
CHATTH
6-8
WORD JUMBLE
1.4.2
Lesson:
Instruction:
To understand care and maintenance of a golf course.
Field trip to meet with the head greens keeper and examine
the maintenance shed.
1. Set up an appointment with the head greens keeper and maintenance crew
for a student field trip. Supply him/her with list of possible questions.
2. Teach vocabulary words to students.
GOLF COURSE CARE
I N S T R U C T O R
Objective:
3. Write down questions you want the greens keeper to answer for the children.
Vocabulary:
PH – The symbol for the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
Fertilize – To spread fertilizer on (fertilizer-chemicals used to enrich the soil).
Soil Composition – Consistency of surface layers of Earth.
Irrigation – To supply land with water through artificial ditches.
Herbicides – Any chemical substance used to destroy plants.
Fungicides – Any substance that kills mildew.
Thatch – A layer of organic matter that begins to grow between the base
of a plant and the soil. Usually discussed as a problem with lawns
as dead roots and stems accumulate.
Pencils
Paper
Direction:
Before the meeting, have the students write down questions to ask the
greens keeper. Have them take notes on the answers and recognize how
the greens keepers maintain the courses during the changing seasons.
Time:
Suggested
Questions:
60 minutes
What is the composition of the soil?
How do the layers of soil differ from the greens to the fairways?
How often do you fertilize the course?
What kind of fertilizer do you use?
Is the fertilizer non-toxic to the environment?
How do you remove thatch?
What insects are helpful and which ones can damage a golf course?
Do you overseed the course and if so how many times per year?
How often do you irrigate the course?
What time of day do you water the course?
How does your maintenance differ from what other courses do
in different areas of the country?
What equipment do you use?
ALL AGES
Materials:
1.4.3
We are going to go on a field trip to the golf course to meet with the
person who is in charge of keeping the course looking nice. This person
mows the grass, waters the course, maintains the beauty of each hole and
the surrounding area. We are going to learn how and why things are done
when and where they are in accordance to the laws of nature.
Vocabulary:
PH ——————————————————————————————————————————
——————————————————————————————————————————
Fertilize ————————————————————————————————
——————————————————————————————————————————
Soil Composition ——————————————————————————————
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Fungicides —————————————————————————————————
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9 - 12
Questions:
AGES
Directions:
Thatch ———————————————————————————————————
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Write down questions to ask on your field trip.
Take notes on the answers and recognize how the greens keepers
maintain the courses during the changing seasons.
You may use the back of this sheet to take notes.
GOLF COURSE CARE
Introduction:
1.4.4
WATER MODULE
IN PRODUCTION
You will receive each Module as they are completed.
2
PLANTS/TREES
MODULE
IN PRODUCTION
You will receive each Module as they are completed.
3
GRASS MODULE
IN PRODUCTION
You will receive each Module as they are completed.
4
WILDLIFE MODULE
IN PRODUCTION
You will receive each Module as they are completed.
5