REPORT ON VEGETATION MAPPING OF TRAM CHIM NATIONAL PARK, DONG THAP
PROVINCE, VIET NAM
________________________________________
Le Phat Quoi
Head of Science Management Division, Long An DoST
Department of Science and Technology of Long an Province
Table of Content
Background and justification of the study
Objective
Methodology
Results
1.
2.
3.
4.
1. Background and justification of the study
1.1. Background
Tram Chim National Park (TCNP), located in the Tam Nong district, Dong Thap province, is
designated as wetland biodiversity reserve in the Plain of Reeds. The topography of the national
park is flat, and slopes slightly to the east. In the past, several natural streams and rivers flowed from
west to east, distributing water from the Mekong River to the Plain of Reeds. Now these streams and
rivers have been replaced by a system of canals, a few of which flow through the national park
(Pham Trong Thinh 1998).
The vegetation of TCNP comprises a mixture of seasonally inundated grassland, regenerating
Melaleuca forest and open swamp. Melaleuca is distributed throughout the national park, both in
plantations and in scattered patches in areas of grassland or open swamp. There are five widespread
grassland communities at Tram Chim, of which the community dominated by Eleocharis dulcis. The
other grassland communities are dominated by Eleocharis ochrostachys, Panicum repens,
Ischaemum rugosum and Vossia cuspidata. In open swamp and along small older channels are
dominated by lotus: Nelumbo nucifera, along with Nymphaea nouchali, N. pubescens, and N.
tetragona. Many species of bird have been recorded at Tram Chim: Darter Anhinga melanogaster
and Asian Golden Weaver Ploceus hypoxanthus (BirdLife International 2001).
Large populations of waterbirds are found at the site, particularly in the winter when many
thousands of waterfowl visit. Of particular importance is the population of Sarus Crane Grus
antigone of the eastern subspecies sharpii, which spends the dry season in the park. Other wetland
bird species of note recorded at Tram Chim include Grey-headed Lapwing Vanellus cinereus,
Cotton Pygmy Goose Nettapus coromandelianus, Greater Painted-snipe Rostratulabenghalensis and
Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus (Buckton et al. 1999).
1.2. Justification
Between 1989 and 1999, the maximum dry season count of Sarus Cranes at Tram Chim ranged from
187 to 814 individuals, with a mean of 496 (BirdLife International 2001). In 2001, however, the
numbers had dropped to around 50, while there had been a proportional increase in the number of
birds at Kien Luong proposed nature reserve. In 2000, the TCNP management board began
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Report on vegetation mapping of Tram Chim National Park
1
constructing six canals inside the national park, the construction of which could have fragmented the
natural habitat and altered the water regime, leading to changes in habitat. There is a strong relation
between water management and vegetation, particularly Ecleocharis which is important for Sarus
Crane in the national park. One of reasons therefore the decrease in the Sarus Crane population at
Tram Chim occurred could be as a result of alteration of natural water levels. Therefore the most
important factor in maintaining suitable habitat for this species could be appropriate management of
the water level at the site.
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Map Projection: UTM system, WGS 84, 48N.
Xa
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570,000
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Map 1. Administrative Map of Tram Chim National Park
In nature, plant species are always part of an assemblage, or community of species populations
living together in the same area. A general definition of community is any assemblage of
populations of living organisms in a prescribed area or habitat. A more scientific definition of plant
community was given by Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg (1974); "A plant community can be
understood as a combination of plants that are dependent on their environment and influence one
another and modify their own environment". The wildlife species and populations have therefore
been distributed in relation to the vegetation communities for which they show preferences.
Vegetation integrates soil, water, topography, climate, and disturbance conditions and can often
serve as a shorthand description of an area. When wildlife habitat is described, vegetation is a major
element, and one component necessary for diverse wildlife populations is an appropriate and diverse
vegetation community. However, previous studies, in the TCNP, have not been yet possible to
identify specific correlations between vegetation and water, soil characteristic. These should be
taken into account to inventory and map vegetation in the TCNP.
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Report on vegetation mapping of Tram Chim National Park
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Previous researches
In order to inventory wetland types within the TCNP, some researches were done by authors and
institutions. From result of interpretation of Landsat TM 5 image with field check, a wetland map of
TCNP, in which 6 map units were discovered, was created generally by Integrated Resource
Mapping Center (IRMC), Southern Sub-Institute for Agricultural Planning and Projection in 1994,
in scale: 1:25,000. Aiming to inventory species of vegetation in TCNP, a field survey was done and
a vegetation map was created by the IRMC, under supervision of Sub-Institute of Forest Inventory
and Planning (SubFIPI) in 1995. In fact, this product was considered as a general land cover map. In
recent,
Recently, 2004, the Mekong River Commission (MRC) did a research in the TCNP, being one of
four ‘Demonstration sites’ of the Mekong Wetland Biodiversity Program (MWBP), aiming to
produce a reliable, replicable wetland mapping methodology of flexible scale, applying the MRC
wetland classification validated with field survey data. Basically this study based on combination of
multi-spectral optical images to identify vegetation groups and multi-temporal radar images to
capture season hydro-dynamics with RADARSAT-1 images acquired for the end-dry season and
peak-flood and field survey data in dry and flood two seasons. This product is considered as wetland
map, which has no detail mention about affected relation between water factor and existing
vegetation that has been very important to water management regime of the TCNP. In addition, map
units described vegetation group generally, not as hierarchical vegetation system The result however
supplies identification of values and highlight gaps in knowledge, and assigning values within MRC
Classification System.
Under natural and artificial impacts, particularly from water management intervention of the TCNP
during last ten years, environmental condition has been changed, particularly water regime, resulting
in little changes of land cover and vegetation communities. Thereby, in recent, co-operation between
MWBP and the TCNP have initiated a study to improve water management. The study will identify
effects of various intended management interventions on vegetation that have affected to bird life,
particularly Sarus Crane. It is necessary to know the current extent and distribution of vegetation,
particularly Ecleocharis, as a baseline in order to evaluate the impact of intended water management
changes.
It also is urgent to inventory of vegetation communities and their distribution which will be showed
in vegetation map of the TCNP. A vegetation map, being under digital format, will be useful for
wetlands biodiversity management and monitoring in the national park. This result may then inform
an assessment of the relative significance of current vegetation. The vegetation map of the TCNP is
considered as basis document which will be used to design certainty and sustainability to future
water management for the TCNP.
Also, park currently has little capacity to record its management interventions and observations of
biodiversity changes in a systematic way. …..Therefore, a capacity enhancement for the TCNP
should be supported as well.
1.3. Study approach
Vegetation classification and mapping
The National Vegetation Classification System (NVCS), being used for vegetation mapping, has
been applied to classify vegetation in many countries in the world. The system proves to be
appropriate to vegetation classification and mapping in TCNP. The preferred approach to vegetation
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survey and mapping should be based on field data and involve the following sequence of steps being
described in detail in section methodology.
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
Classification of vegetation assemblages using species composition data from field
samples;
Characterization of the relationships between these assemblages and remote data
variables (e.g. Aerial photo pattern, satellite image, soil characteristic, climatic
variables, land form variables and geology);
Mapping (spatial interpolation) of assemblages using the empirically established
relationships with remote data variables; and,
Evaluation of map reliability.
Vegetation mapping technology
The growth of technologies of Geographical Information System (GIS) in last several years, which
has been applied to digital specific mapping, has transformed the static and labor-intensive product
into a stack of overlapping digital metal data files that can store and display a large array of
individual characteristics. Advances in remote sensing (RS), analysis and modeling, and sampling
theory provide tremendous sophistication in producing and understanding the mapped data. RS and
GIS technologies therefore are facilitating biodiversity research and cooperation to make a digital
map of vegetation in Tram Chim National Park. Overlaying technology of different specific map
layers has also been popularly applied to finalize a vegetation mapping as well as other expected
maps.
2. Objective and expected outputs
Overall objective of this study is to:
- Identify the variety of vegetation associations occurring in whole TCNP and then to establish
the extent and distribution of each community.
-
Complete meta data of vegetation reconnaissance and vegetation inventory of the TCNP.
Clarify the management concerns and other special situations on the park that may require
refinement or modification of the standards to collect the appropriate data.
-
Map vegetation therein, the current extent and distribution of Ecleocaris and other species, map
scale of 1:10,000, aiming to establish a baseline for long term monitoring and management of
biodiversity resources; and,
Build the capacity of the TCNP to record management interventions in GIS package and
monitor the effects of these interventions on species of vegetation. Understand the ecological
processes that govern vegetation relationships in the TCNP
-
The maps are accompanied by a full technical report detailing the field survey design, the
construction of the vegetation mapping, and containing a profile describing each vegetation
community identified.
ƒ
Paper maps
Colour vegetation map in Tram Chim National Park at scale of 1:10,000, which will be printed
on paper format with 4 copies;
ƒ
Digital Products
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The maps will be provided in both hard-copy and digital format. The field data will be provided
in an SQL-based digital database management system (DBMS). Deliverable products also
include a digital file of vegetation specific maps, a digital metadata file for each data file
delivered, textual descriptions and keys to the vegetation classes, and documentation for map
accuracy assessment.
ƒ
ƒ
Technical report on vegetation mapping, including collected meta data of the TCNP;
Training: Three staffs of Tram Chim National Park will be trained to use the result:
- How to use ArcView software, including find, query and complement meta data,
- Methodology of vegetation inventory, and how to monitor vegetation changes in the
futures,
- Methodology of vegetation monitoring
3. Materials and methodology
3.1. Materials
Reference data:
- Geological and sediment map; scale 1:100,000; issued in 1995 by Sub-Institute of Geography
at HCM City.
- Soil map; scale 1:25,000; issued in 1994 by IRMC at HCM City.
- Previous land cover map, scale 1:25,000.
- Hydrological conditions
- Available scientific reports of Tram Chim National Park
Aerial photo and satellite imagery:
- Aerial photos scale 1:16.000, taken in 1987.
- Landsat TM 7 satellite images: covered in Feb. 2001, March 2004, April 2005
Tools:
Software:MapInfo ver. 8.0, ENVI ver. 4.0, ArcView ver. 3.2
Hardware: Garmin GPS, Computers, Digital camera, anfd other equipments:
3.2. Methodology
An overview of the vegetation and specific mapping and data interpretation process is provided
below and shown in Figure 1 along with the products that will be developed at the different stages
of this process.
The preferred approach to vegetation survey and mapping will be based on exiting data, interpreted
data, new field data and involve the following sequence of steps:
Step 1: Database collection
To ensure the full application of existing data and other information on the TCNP,
information on the park's resources will be reviewed and fully evaluated for their quality
and utility to this project. In addition, an attempt will be made to identify and contact all
individuals who have expertise concerning the biology and ecology of the park
(mentioned Section 6: Institutional arrangement).
Step 2: Data acquisition, interpretation and manipulation
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Report on vegetation mapping of Tram Chim National Park
5
Because existing thematic information have been under paper format only it is necessary
to use GIS software to digitize all of maps that then will be used to overlay together.
These maps are generated and analyzed with spatial database technology. UTM
(Universal Transverse Mercator) (WGS 84) projection will be applied to digitize base
map of TCNP. Attribute database of base map have to include major features such as
hydrological and road, canal systems not only inside the park but also in surround area.
(MapInfo ver. 7.5 software will be used to digitize these thematic maps).
Step 3: Preliminary map production
Aerial photo interpretation and remote sensing: application.
Aerial photographs have been widely used as the remotely sensed data source for wetland
information acquisition. Main use of aerial photography is to identify soil characteristics
and map soil type distribution in TCNP. Through aerial interpretation and field check a
detail soil map, scale of 1:10,000, will also be produced. Result is supposed to one of
indicators being used to explain relation between soil characteristic and vegetation
distribution in the Park. For instance, Ecleocharis sp. and Cyris indica cover in severely
actual acid sulphate soil but reeds (Phrarmitex karka) usually covers in slight acid
sulphate soil as well as alluvial soils locating in medium topographical area together.
Lotus and water lily (Nymphaea sp.), floating water hyacinth (Eichhornia sp.) cover in
lower potential acid sulphate soil that is usually inundated and as well as cover in swamp.
Although there is such strongly relation, water level, which depends to water management
of TCNP, of course plays an important role to vegetation distribution in the Park.
Step 4: Field survey for data collection and accuracy
The primary goal of vegetation surveys is to characterize and to identify as many species
of vegetation and their population, and community as possible within the TCNP. There are
already some sampling theories mentioned in literatures that have emphasized
methodology of random and representative sampling. The both will be used to collect
field data in this study. And then some works should be given consideration in the
sampling design for vegetation and mapping.
Step 6: Vegetation classification
All plot data will be processed following quality control procedures. Species names are
confirmed, and a database constructed containing all floristic and site information for each
plot. Agglomerative cluster analyses using the floristic data are used to group plots into
vegetation associations based on overall floristic similarity. These associations are named
based on the over story dominant species (Alliance species) and a co-dominant or
associated indicator species. Plant associations are organized into a hierarchical vegetation
classification following the structure and guidelines of the United States National
Vegetation Classification (Federal Geographic Data Committee 1996).
Classification - The grouping of similar types (in this case - vegetation) according to
criteria (in this case - physiognomic and floristic) which are considered significant for this
purpose. The rules for classification must be clarified prior to identification of the types
within the classification standard. The classification methods should be clear, precise,
where possible quantitative, and based upon objective criteria, so that the outcome would
be the same whoever performs the definition (or description). Classification necessarily
involves definition of class boundaries (UNEP/FAO 1995).
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Step 7. Map validation
After the preliminary vegetation map is completed for the TCNP, an assessment of class
accuracy will be carried out. The vegetation class accuracy will be determined through the
stratification of sample points by class throughout the park. These validation points will
be spread over the full range of the landscape and environmental distribution for each
vegetation class.
The methods will be refined to address any problems that are documented from the map
validation phase and the preliminary map will be corrected to produce the final vegetation
map.
Step 6: Final map production and meta data
Data collection to describe vegetation units will adhere to common, professionally
accepted field inventory and data collection methods that will have to be documented in
associated metadata. Metadata will be under digital files. Finally, a digital vegetation map
including metadata (attribute database: spatial and unspatial data) will completed. The
digital vegetation map was conducted by ArcView GIS version 3.2 software.
4. Results
4.1.. Sedimentology and geomorphology
Almost throughout the Tram Chim National Park area the soil parent materials consist of either Older
Alluvium (Pleistocene) or Recent Alluvium (Holocene). Under Pleistocene unit, there are three
subunits are recorded such as marine deposit, beach bridge and proluvi; and four other subunits were
recorded under Holocene unit. Distribution of sedimentological units showed in Table 1 and Map 2.
The national park is at an average elevation of about 0.6 – 1.8 m (a.s.l). Generally, the land surface
topography of the national park is flat, and slopes slightly to the east. The highest areas are loated in
Beach Bridge units distrinuting in section A1 and A4 where coverred by lower water in flood season.
The lowest areas are located parallel Abandoned Course units coverring by Lotus and other aquatic
vegetations.
The Older Alluvium slopes approximately towards the SW, so that terrace levels range about 1.2 m asl
(above sea level) on the top of Beach Bridge down to only about 0.8 m in surrounding areas, where it
becomes submerged completely beneath the Recent Alluvium. The original terrace surface is almost
level to gently undulating.
The Recent Alluvium of the younger Holocene (5000 years to present) predominates throughout the the
Park. It is generally clay textured, and rises to no more than about 1.4 m asl. The submergence of the
terrace soils is a progressive process, and near the boundary, a layer of shallow Recent Alluvium
overlies terrace materials at only 0.6 or 1.0 m depth. Notwithstanding this, the boundary between
terrace and Recent Alluvium has a clear signal on the satellite photographs and their differentiation in
the field presents few problems.
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Table 1. Sedimentological Units in Tram Chim National Park
ID
Codes
Names
Vietnamese
1
mv
Beach Bridge
Tram tich bien gio (giong cat)
2
bmQiv
Salt marsh
Tram tich dam lay - bien
3
ab2
Abandoned Course Tram tich dong song co
4
p
Proluvi deposite
Tram tich proluvi
5
mQiii
Marine Deposite
Tram tich bien
2
bmQiv
Salt marsh
Tram tich dam lay - bien
3
ab2
Abandoned Course Tram tich dong song co
4
p
Proluvi deposte
Tram tich proluvi
2
bm
Salt marsh
Tram tich dam lay - bien
4
p
Proluvi deposite
Tram tich proluvi
1
mv
Beach Bridge
Tram tich bien gio (giong cat)
2
bmQiv
Salt marsh
Tram tich dam lay - bien
4
p
Proluvi deposite
Tram tich proluvi
5
mQiii
Marine Deposite
Tram tich bien
2
bmQiv
Salt marsh
Tram tich dam lay - bien
3
ab2
Abandoned Course Long song co
4
p
Proluvi deposite
Tram tich proluvi
Tổng cộng
Section
A1
A1
A1
A1
A1
A2
A2
A2
A3
A3
A4
A4
A4
A4
A5
A5
A5
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Report on vegetation mapping of Tram Chim National Park
Area (ha)
231.36
2201.08
705.28
1078.44
724.49
663.24
66.15
392.72
100.98
56.68
59.14
270.68
254.41
143.32
329.85
45.85
53.03
7376.7
8
Table 2: Topography distribution in the Tram chim National Park
Code
Lower
Upper
Area (ha)
1
0.6
0.7
47.41
2
0.7
0.8
99.89
3
0.8
0.9
159.69
4
0.9
1.0
117.02
5
1.0
1.1
213.43
6
1.1
1.2
489.33
7
1.2
1.3
1201.47
8
1.3
1.4
1419.96
9
1.4
1.5
1529.22
10
1.5
1.6
918.01
11
1.6
1.7
431.24
12
1.7
1.8
240.65
13
1.8
1.9
74.92
14
1.9
2
49.72
15
2.0
2.1
41.97
16
2.1
2.2
30.44
X
552698.9
554298.2
554422.1
553848.4
553540.9
553846.6
554078.7
555896.7
556177
556268.7
556517.7
556471
556506.2
556530.3
556491.7
556320.9
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Report on vegetation mapping of Tram Chim National Park
Y
1185456
1183202
1183113
1183071
1185751
1186003
1184979
1183049
1182640
1182560
1186347
1182531
1182577
1182658
1182746
1182882
9
17
18
19
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.3
2.4
2.5
40.37
19.65
4.69
7129.08
556368.6
556625.7
562430.4
1182870
1182841
1180796
4.2. Soi types
In TCNP, soils were formed under weathering of pleistocene and holocene units. Under Pleistocene,
three major soil types are recognized such as: Grey soil, humic grey soil, and proluvial soil. Most of
these soil types located on avarege and high topography, and lower acidity.
Soils forming under Holocene unit located on average and lower topography. Most of these soil are
caid sulphate soil resulting from acidification of sulfidic materials of Salt marsh subunits. Two major
acid sulphate soils are recognized in TNCP as Sulfaquents and Sufaquepts. Some of alluvial soil over
acid sulphate layers reconized in everywhere in the Park.
Table 3: Soi types in sections in Tram Chim National Park
Ord
Code
Soil types
3
14
9
16
1
10
5
9
17
6
7
8
2
11
8
13
hTU
SP1
S1TP
SP2/T
aTU
s1HN
TN/TU
s2TN
SN
s1TN
ys1TN
ysTN
tTU
s1TP
hs1TN
sSP
Humic Tropaquults
Sufaquepts
Sulfic Tropaquepts
Sulfaquept/Proluvi
Areic Tropaquults
Sulfic Hydraquents
Proluvi
Sulfic Tropaquents
Sulfaquents
Sulfidic Tropaquents
Hydric Sulfic Tropaquents
Hydric Sulfc Tropaquents
Tropaquults
Sulfc Tropaquents
Sulfidic Tropaquents
Đất phèn HĐ, tầng sinh phèn TB
12
2
3
17
13
7
4
s2TP
tTU
hTU
SN
s2TP
ys1TN
TU/TN
Sulfic Tropaquepts
Tropaquults
Humic Tropaquults
Sulfaquents
Sulfic Tropaquepts
Hydric Sulfic Tropaquents
Tropauults/Tropaquents
sufuric Sulfidic
Area
Section
(cm) (cm)
(ha)
0
0
A1
131.67
35
65
A1
147.89
0
65
A1
145.10
45
70
A1
425.86
0
0
A1
105.40
0
65
A1
238.47
0
0
A1
937.62
0
70
A1
238.34
0
40
A1
380.04
0
70
A1
227.53
0
65
A1
830.00
0
65
A1
464.07
0
0
A1
305.31
0
65
A1
125.71
0
65
A1
24.03
35
0
A1
12.76
TC
4739.80
0
80
A2
22.98
0
0
A2
13.24
0
0
A2
142.77
0
40
A2
60.83
0
105
A2
7.41
0
65
A2
469.76
0
0
A2
374.57
TC
1091.56
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Report on vegetation mapping of Tram Chim National Park
10
4 TU/TN Tropauults/Tropaquents
7 ys1TN Hydric Sulfic Tropaquents
14 SP1
Sufaquepts
0
0
35
0
65
65
9
2
4
13
17
14
1
s2TN
tTU
TU/TN
s2TP
SN
SP1
aTU
Sulfic Tropaquents
Typic Tropaquult
Tropaquults/Tropaquents
Sulfic Tropaquents
Sulfaquents
Sufaquepts
Aeric Tropaquults
0
0
0
0
0
35
0
70
0
0
105
40
65
0
14
17
15
12
SP1
SN
SP2
s2TP
Typic Sulfaquepts
Sulfaquents
Sulfaquents
Sulfic Tropaquepts
35
0
40
0
65
40
70
80
A3
A3
A3
TC
A4
A4
A4
A4
A4
A4
A4
TC
A5
A5
A5
A5
TC
Total
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Report on vegetation mapping of Tram Chim National Park
14.4
20.49
6.62
41.51
18.59
158.24
233.19
218.22
29.89
8.68
48.64
715.45
11.64
54.5
274.03
67.82
407.99
6996.31
11
4.3. Water level
Under affecting by water from Mekong River, almost of area of the TCNP is inunudated annually by
flood water. Monitored results of water level taken in December of 2006 showed in Table 4. Lower
lands are merged in high water level. There are a different water management in TCNP. Area of section
A1 was always kept in high water, while other sections were drainaged in the dry season. Such water
management could be one of reason of decreasing of grass community in the Park.
Table 4. Water level in sections of TCNP in December of 2006
Lowest
Highest
Section
(cm)
(cm)
A1
0
9.5
A1
9.5
21.5
A1
21.5
33.6
A1
33.6
45.6
A1
45.6
57.6
A1
57.6
69.6
A1
69.6
81.6
A1
81.6
93.6
Diện tích
134.65
250.34
192.62
276.20
597.99
1019.63
1595.26
575.04
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A1
A1
93.6
105.7
A2
A2
A2
A2
A2
A2
45.6
57.6
21.5
-2.5
9.5
33.6
A3
A3
A3
A3
33.6
45.6
21.5
9.5
A4
A4
A4
A4
33.6
21.5
9.5
-2.5
A5
A5
A5
A5
A5
45.6
21.5
-2.5
9.5
33.6
105.7
117.7
TC
57.6
69.6
33.6
9.5
21.5
45.6
TC
45.6
57.6
33.6
21.5
TC
45.6
33.6
21.5
9.5
TC
57.6
33.6
9.5
21.5
45.6
TC
Tổng cổng
79.49
18.72
4739.94
4.87
0.96
391.99
70.49
576.07
47.20
1091.58
9.38
4.10
19.91
8.12
41.51
1.31
62.53
520.90
130.72
715.46
0.38
44.45
227.39
132.88
2.92
408.02
6996.51
4.4. Vegetation community
The vegetation of Tram Chim National Park comprises a mixture of seasonally inundated grassland,
regenerating Melaleuca forest and open swamp. Melaleuca is distributed throughout the national park,
both in plantations and in scattered patches in areas of grassland or open swamp. There are 23, included
Mimosa figra, widespread grassland communities at Tram Chim, of which the community dominated
by Eleocharis dulci, Panicum repens, Ischaemum sp. and wild rice Oryza rufipogon is of the highest
conservation significance. In lower land formed by older abandoned course is dominated by
Nelumbium nelumbo - Nymphaea lotus. Vegetation communities in Tram Chim National Park is
showed in Table 5.
Table 5. Vegetation community in the Tram Chim National Park
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ID
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Group
C-E
P-C
I
I-P
P-E1
PP
P-Mi
P-O
P-Mi
P-O-Mi
P-Mi-O
E1
E2
E1-E2
E2-P-C
E2-P-O
E2-P-Mi
E2-P
O
OO-P-C
O-P
N
L
Cy
Me
Mi
Bared
Vegetation community
E. dulcis – Cynodon dactylon
Panicum repens – Cynodon dactylon
Ischaemum indicum
Ischaemum indicum- Panicum repens
Panicum repens – Eleocharis atropurporea
Panicum repens - Cymbopogon citratus
Panicum repens
Panicum repens – Mimosa figra
Panicum repens – Oriza Oryza rufipogon
Panicum repens – Mimosa figra
Panicum repens – Oryza rufipogon - Mimosa figra
Panicum repens – Mimosa figra - Oryza rufipogon
Eleocharis atropurporea
Eleochris dulcis
Eleocharis atropurporea -Eleochris dulcis
Eleochris dulcis – Panicum repens – Cynodon dactylon
Eleochris dulcis – Panicum repens – Oriza rufipogon
Eleochris dulcis - Panicum repens - Mimosa figra
Eleochris dulcis - Panicum repens
Oriza rufipogon
Oriza rufipogon - Leersia hexandra
Oriza rufipogon – Panicum repens – Cynodon dactylon
Oriza rufipogon - Panicum repens
Polygonum tomentosum
Nelumbium nelumbo - Nymphaea lotus
Cyperus javanicus
Melaleuca ca iputi
Mimosa figra
Bared land
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Report on vegetation mapping of Tram Chim National Park
Area (ha)
44.63
6.64
21.87
19.66
7.7
23.56
480.31
20.85
267.44
67.97
13.79
25.03
18.83
1717.36
225.52
67.41
447.78
1.52
515.8
38.74
163.88
85.34
547.58
141.71
155.98
6.38
1840.7
0.57
6.55
6981.1
14
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