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Inadequate prenatal care and the resulting poor birth outcomes contribute to developmental delays and
learning disabilities.
Boulet, S., Schieve, L., & Boyle, C. (2011). Birth weight and health and developmental outcomes in US
children, 1997–2005. Maternal and Child Health Journal. 15(7):836–844.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19902344
Partridge, S., Balayla, J,. Holcroft, C.A., & Abenhaim, H.A. (2012). Inadequate prenatal care utilization
and risks of infant mortality and poor birth outcome: A retrospective analysis of 28,729,765 U.S.
deliveries over 8 years. American Journal of Perinatology. 29(10):787–93.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22836820
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Lack of access to vision and hearing services, including eyeglasses, means persistent vision and hearing
problems that interfere with learning often go uncorrected among low-income children.
Basch, C. (2010). Healthier students are better learners: A missing link in school reforms to close the
achievement gap. Equity Matters Research Review, No. 6. New York, NY: Teachers College,
Columbia University.
http://www.equitycampaign.org/i/a/document/12557_equitymattersvol6_web03082010.pdf
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). National Workshop on Mild and Unilateral
Hearing Loss: Workshop Proceedings. Breckenridge, CO.
http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hearingloss/documents/unilateral/Mild_Uni_2005%20Workshop_Proceedin
gs.pdf
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Lack of access to preventive oral health care and treatment for dental caries contributes to chronic
absence.
Holt, K., & Kraft, K. (2003). Oral Health and Learning: When Children’s Oral Health Suffers, So Does
Their Ability to Learn (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: National Maternal and Child Oral Health Resource
Center. http://www.mchoralhealth.org/PDFs/learningfactsheet.pdf
Jackson, S., Vann, Jr., W., Kotch, J., Pahel, B., & Lee, J. (2011). Impact of poor oral health on
children's school attendance and performance. American Journal of Public Health. 101(10): 1900–
1906. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21330579.
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Environmental hazards in low-income homes and neighborhoods cause lead poisoning, exacerbate
asthma and other illnesses that contribute to developmental delays, learning disabilities and chronic
absence.
Basch, C. (2010). Healthier students are better learners: A missing link in school reforms to close the
achievement gap. Equity Matters Research Review, No. 6. New York, NY: Teachers College,
Columbia University.
http://www.equitycampaign.org/i/a/document/12557_equitymattersvol6_web03082010.pdf
Blackman, J., & Gurka, M. (2007). Developmental and behavioral comorbidities of asthma in children.
Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics. 28(2):92–9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17435459
National Center for Healthy Housing. (2012). Issue Brief: Childhood Lead Exposure and Educational
Outcomes. http://www.nchh.org/Portals/0/Contents/Childhood_Lead_Exposure.pdf
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Limited access to good nutrition during the summer can compromise the academic gains low-income
children make during the school year and lead to weight gain.
Von Hippel, P., Powell, B., Downey, D., & Rowland, N. (2007). The effect of school on overweight in
childhood: Gain in body mass index during the school year and during summer vacation. American
Journal of Public Health. 97(4): 696–702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1829359/
Food Research and Action Center. (2013). Hunger Doesn’t Take a Vacation: Summer Nutrition Status
Report 2013. http://frac.org/pdf/2013_summer_nutrition_report.pdf