CƠ SỞ XÂY DỰNG HỆ THỐNG ĐO ĐẠC,
BÁO CÁO, THẨM ĐỊNH (CHO VIỆT NAM
RESPONDING TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND
THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONALLY APPROPRIATE
MITIGATION ACTIONS (NAMAs) IN VIETNAM
Dr Luong Quang Huy
Department of Meteorology, Hydrology and Climate Change
Office of the National Climate Change Committee
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
Context
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Climate change in Vietnam,
Greenhouse gas emission reduction options,
Strategic changes in responding to climate change,
Legal foundation to support NAMA development,
Plan of GHG emission management and management of
carbon trading activities to the world market,
6. Priority areas of NAMA management and coordination,
7. Priorities to improve management and coordination
8. Some concluding remarks.
Climate change in Vietnam
Overview
• Climate change will continue to negatively
affect Vietnam;
• Vietnam's key resources and economic sector
are highly vulnerable;
• Deltas and coastal areas are worst affected;
• Red River Delta and Mekong Delta is
particularly vulnerable areas.
Climate change in Vietnam
Climate change impacts in Vietnam
– In the past 50 years, the average annual
temperature has increased by about 0.5oC;
– Increased rainfall in rainy season (May 5-11);
– Large floods occurs more frequently in the
Central and the South;
– Reduced rainfall in dry season (May 7, 8);
– Annual serious droughts in most areas of the
country;
– Climate change increases ​natural disasters,
especially hurricanes, floods, and droughts.
Risk of reversing achievement in poverty reduction,
the Millennium Development Goals and
sustainable development.
Climate change in Vietnam
• Vietnam climate change scenarios (2012)
– At the end of the 21st century, temperature may increase by 2.3 °
C compared to 1980-1999;
– Temperature increases from 1.6 to 2.8 ° C; that of northern and
north central increase faster than the south;
– Winter temperatures may increase higher than summer
temperatures.
– Total rainfall in rainy season increase, rainfall during dry season
tends to decrease in the South;
– Precipitation may increase about 5% compared with 1980-1999;
that of the North increase higher than the South.
– Sea level rise of about 30 cm (2050) and 75cm (2100) compared to
1980 -1999.
Climate change and policy development
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change(UNFCCC) and Kyoto Protocol (KP)
•
Vietnam signed the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) on 11 June 1992 and ratified on 16 November 1994;
•
Vietnam signed Kyoto Protocol (KP) on 03 December 1998 and ratified on 25
September 2002.
•
Vietnam has no obligation to reduce emissions, but the general obligations of
developing the National Communications, GHG inventory, develop mitigation
options and adaptation measures...
•
Agenda 21 of Vietnam (Vietnam Agenda 21) - August / 2004 has a number of
objectives related to the response to climate change
GHG emissions in 1994 and 2000 and 2010
Source: BUR1 (MONRE, 2014)
Estimated GHG emissions in 2010, 2020 and 2030.
Source: BUR1 (MONRE, 2014)
Greenhouse gas emission reduction options
Energy sector
Options
Code
Emission reduction
potential
Incremental
cost*
(million tCO2e)
(US$ million)
Emission
reduction
cost*
Use high performance air
conditioning
Converting to LPG in transport
sector
Converting to ethanol in
transport sector
Biomass thermopower to
replace coal-fired thermopower
E1
39,083
-68,868
($/tCO2)
-7,8
E2
4,726
-15,614
-10,9
E3
12,265
70,497
19,2
E4
57,343
69,390
4,8
Development of small
hydropower
Wind power instead of coalfired power
Total
E5
55,741
-75,117
-4,7
E6
68,145
668,888
41,1
237,303
Greenhouse gas emission reduction options
Agriculture sector
Options
A1: Alternate wetting and drying irrigation,
System of Rice Intensification (AWD-SRI)
A2: Re-using rice crop residues as composting
products
Total
Emission reduction
Emission reduction
potential
cost (US$/ tonCO2e)
(million tons CO2e)
1.47
76.3
9.34
10.81
-59.1
Greenhouse gas emission reduction options
LULUCF
Options
Emission reduction
potential
(million tCO2e)
F1: Mixed planting of indigenous wood trees with
centralized method.
F2: Zoning, regeneration of forest with planting of
native trees under forest canopy.
504.17
1.3
151.29
1.6
F3: Community Forest Management under the
forestry socialization policy with planting of
native trees planted under forest canopy
137.30
0.9
Total
792.76
Emission
reduction cost
(US$/ tonCO2)
Greenhouse gas emission reduction options
Energy sector
Options
Code
Emission reduction
potential
Incremental
cost*
(million tCO2e)
(US$ million)
Emission
reduction
cost*
Use high performance air
conditioning
Converting to LPG in transport
sector
Converting to ethanol in
transport sector
Biomass thermopower to
replace coal-fired thermopower
E1
39,083
-68,868
($/tCO2)
-7,8
E2
4,726
-15,614
-10,9
E3
12,265
70,497
19,2
E4
57,343
69,390
4,8
Development of small
hydropower
Wind power instead of coalfired power
Total
E5
55,741
-75,117
-4,7
E6
68,145
668,888
41,1
237,303
Legal foundation at international level
• UNFCCC-COP decisions and negotiations
– Bali Action Plan (BAP – COP13 - 2007): adopted NAMA in MRV manner
– Copenhagen (COP15 - 2009): NAMA narrowed down to developing countries
– Cancun (COP16 – 2010): need for further commitment based on CBDR-RC and
developing countries shall implement NAMAs with support (f, t, cb) from Annex 1.
– Durban (COP17 – 2011): 48 countries (now 50) submitted NAMAs (intention
only).
– Doha (COP18 – 2012): registry to be adopted, supports from Annex 1 to be
committed and increased, financial mechanism (GCF) to be operated.
– Warsaw (COP19-2013): Launch of NAMA registry, issue of NAMA guidance based
on countries’ experience, fine-tune of GCF mechanism to support NAMA
development.
– Lima (COP20, 2014): Developing countries agreed to craft Nationally Appropriate
Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) that are in line with their national development
objectives. Through NAMAs, developing countries aim to reduce their emissions
below business as usual by 2020.
Legal foundation in Vietnam
•
National Climate Change Strategy (Decision 2139/QD-TTg)
– “Consider low-carbon economy and green growth as principles in achieving
sustainable development; GHG emission reduction and removal to become
a mandatory index in social and economic development”.
•
National Green Growth Strategy (Decision 1393/QD-TTg )
– “Green growth, low-carbon economy, and enrichment of natural resources
become the mainstream of sustainable economic development; GHG emission
reduction and sink enhancement become mandatory and important criteria for
socio-economic development”.
•
Plan of GHG emission management and management of carbon
trading activities to the world market (Decision 1775/QD-TTg)
– “Preparation of framework and action plans for NAMAs to be internationally
registered and widely implemented”
– “Development and operation of MRV system”
Priority areas of works (visualisation)
Actors / factors in NAMA management and coordination
NAMA readiness
GHG Inventory
BAU formulation
Monitoring
Institutional
Framework
Advisory
Mechanism
Reporting
Verification
National MRV
system
Crediting NAMA
Pilot case studies
Negotiation
Financial & Technical
support
Training, Education &
capacity building
Current NAMA management and
coordination
NAMA in national policies
Current NAMA management and
coordination
Current NAMA management system
NAMA Focal point / Registry / Guidance
are under development
Current NAMA management and
coordination
NAMA management and coordination at global scale and in Vietnam
Global scale
UNFCCC
Private sectors
Financial institutions /
mechanisms
Bilateral/Multilateral
cooperation
Vietnam
Private sectors
Banks, financial
mechanism
Inter-sectoral
cooperation
IPCC
SBSTA
SBI
WG1
WG2
WG3
Working groups
NAMA Registry
GoV/NCCC
Provinces
MONRE
Ministries
DONREs
Relevant agencies
NAMA Registry / Focal
point / Guidance
Departments
Current NAMA management and
coordination
NAMA management and coordination
Private sectors
Banks, financial
mechanism
Inter-sectoral
cooperation
Requirements for
supports
Financial
aids /
supports /
loans
GoV/NCCC
MONRE
Ministries
Relevant agencies
NAMA Registry / Focal
point / Guidance
Line ministries provide sectoral guidance,
M&E, MRV
DONREs and other line departments
provide appraisal and approval processes
Companies / Enterprises / Community
groups develop NAMAs
Research institutes
Third parties provide
methodologies
Authorised agencies
provide M&E and
MRV
Requirements for
reporting,
verifications and
M&E
Provisions of
M&E, MRV
services
Challenges and gaps in NAMA management
and coordination
• Gaps analyses
– NAMA institutional framework have not been established and
recommendations of specific policies at national and local level to
develop, implement and manage NAMAs are developed and submitted
to competent authorities for consideration;
– NAMA reporting and verification (R&V) systems at national level have
not been developed and operational;
– Roadmap for implementation of NAMAs with quantitative reduction
targets has not been developed and submitted to competent authorities
for approval;
– Communication and capacity building programmes on NAMAs for
national and provincial practitioners are inadequate.
Priorities to improve management and
coordination
• Institutional arrangement and policies
– Review all legal documents on mitigation actions, NAMAs and JCM
mechanism;
– In-depth survey and analyses on institutional arrangement.
– Development of institutional framework.
– Development of an Action Plan to develop and manage NAMA.
– Identify policy barriers to mitigation measures, NAMAs and JCM.
– Establishment of NAMA Advisory Identity.
– Development of NAMA advisory network.
– Formalise the NAMA Advisory Identity in the form of PM’s decision.
– Annual and periodical consultation meetings and workshops.
Priorities to improve management and
coordination
– Guidelines and information systems
• Development of a series of guidelines for complying with
reporting and verification procedure.
• Development of a national and publicly accessible information
system.
• Development of policies to formalize the reporting and
verification system.
• Establishment of a forum on reporting and verification
procedures.
Priorities to improve management and
coordination
• Technical / methodological issues
– Review of potential NAMAs
– Identify priority areas / sectors
– Developing a set of criteria to select unilateral NAMA projects.
– Identifying potential NAMAs for reducing GHGs emission below a
Business-as-Usual (BAU)
– Develop strategic roadmap for NAMA
– Prioritizing potential NAMAs for international support
– Identifying and prioritize potential NAMAs for the national,
provincial and local policy level.
Priorities to improve management and
coordination
• Training and education
– Central level
– Training and support activities for improvement of capacity in
• (i) NAMA and climate change financing,
• (ii) NAMA technical issues at UNFCC level and
• (iii) NAMA capacity building supported by Annex 1 countries to Non-Annex 1
countries and (iv) JCM
– Improvement of Vietnam’s participation and policy positions for relevant UNFCCC
contact groups on NAMAs.
– A national programme to improve negotiation capacity for negotiation team on
NAMAs.
– Provincial level / private sectors
– Training programme for NAMA development, implementation and management and
JCM activities for private sectors.
– Training programme for department level at local provinces for state management
authorities.
MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT
DEPARTMENT OF METEOROLOGY, HYDROLOGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Thank you!