PSZ 19:16 (Pind. 1/97)
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS♦
JUDUL :
COST COMPARISON OF INTERLOCKING BLOCK BUILDING SYSTEM
TO CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM FOR AFFORDABLE HOUSING
SESI PENGAJIAN :
2006 / 2007
MOHD REDZA FAHMI M.FAUZI (I/C: 840210-06-5243)
Saya :
(HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan tesis (PSM/Sarjana/Doktor Falsafah)* ini disimpan di Perpustakaan
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Perpustakaan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan
pengajian sahaja.
Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara
institusi pengajian tinggi.
**Sila tandakan (9)
9
SULIT
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau
kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam
AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
TERHAD
(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan
oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh
______________________________
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS)
Alamat Tetap :
No. 17, Jalan Kemuning 6,
Taman Perling,
85300 Labis.
Tarikh : APRIL 2007
CATATAN :
*
**
♦
_______________________________
(TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
Prof. Datin Dr. NASLY MOHAMED ALI
Nama Penyelia
Tarikh : APRIL 2007
Potong yang tidak berkenaan.
Jika Tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi
berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai
SULIT atau TERHAD.
Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah dan Sarjana secara penyelidikan,
atau disertasi bagi pengajian secara kerja kursus dan penyelidikan, atau Laporan Projek Sarjana
Muda (PSM).
“I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in
my opinion this thesis is sufficient in terms of scope and
quality for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Civil Engineering.”
Signature
:
..........................................................
Name of Supervisor :
Prof. Datin Dr. Nasly Mohamed Ali
Date
April 2007
:
COST COMPARISON OF INTERLOCKING BLOCK BUILDING SYSTEM TO
CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM FOR AFFORDABLE HOUSING
MOHD REDZA FAHMI M.FAUZI
A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
APRIL, 2007
ii
I declare that this thesis entitled “Cost Comparison of Interlocking Block Building
System to Conventional System for Affordable Housing,” is the result of my own
research except as cited in the references. The thesis has not been accepted for any
degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.
Signature :
..............................................
Name
:
Mohd Redza Fahmi M.Fauzi
Date
:
April 2007
iii
Wxw|vtàxw àÉ‹
`ç uxÄÉäxw‹
`t~? Ätàx Tut{‹
TÄÉÇz? T}tw? T~|Å? YtÖ|{ tÇw ]â‹
`ç ZÜtÇwÑtÜxÇàá |Ç `âtÜ tÇw fxztÅtà‹
tÇw
fçâ{twt‹
YÉÜ z|ä|Çz Åx |Çy|Ç|àx ÄÉäx? vtÜx tÇw uÄxáá|Çz
YÉÜ ux|Çz Åç |ÇáÑ|Ütà|ÉÇ
YÜ|xÇwá tÇw ÄxvàâÜxÜá‹
Âg{tÇ~ çÉâ yÉÜ çÉâÜ xÇvÉâÜtzxÅxÇà tÇw twä|vxÊ
g{tÇ~ çÉâ yÜÉÅ à{x uÉààÉÅ Éy Åç {xtÜà‹
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to all
those who have contributed in completing this project.
First of all, I would like to deeply praise the Almighty Allah SWT for the
blessing and blissfulness for allowing me passing all of this moment and
accomplished this report in time and presentably.
In particular, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor,
Prof. Datin Dr. Nasly Mohamed Ali, for encouragement and guidance. I am also
very thankful to my other lecturers for their advices and recommendations on
completing my final year project. Without their continued support and interest, this
thesis would not have been the same as presented here.
I would like to dedicate this undertaking to my family: my parents,
grandparents and siblings who have provided the opportunity to attempt this thesis
through their support of my education and their sacrifices and understanding
throughout its creation. Without their support and tolerance, it would never have
been possible. I hope it will make them proud.
My fellow friends should also be recognised for their support. My sincere
appreciation also extends to all my colleagues Geng Pulai 49 and others who have
provided assistance at various occasions. Their views and tips are useful indeed.
Unfortunately, it is not possible to list all of them in this limited space.
v
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, the higher demand of owning houses gives reason to many
parties to find ways to fulfill their demand. For that reason, a building system with
fast and cost effective construction became the ideal solution. In short, interlocking
block building system is a fast and cost effective construction system which offers
good solution in construction of affordable housing. In this project, two types of
model houses were chosen which are a low-cost house and a medium cost house.
The difference in cost are calculated and compared. Briefly, the results show that for
the low-cost house, the conventional system can be saved up to 3.8 % while for the
medium cost, the interlocking block building system can reduce the construction
cost up to 7.9 %. From those findings, it is known that conventional system is cost
effective for low cost house, while for medium cost; interlocking block building
system is more cost saving. Although interlocking block building system is less
effective in low-cost house construction, this system can actually reduce the number
of skilled labour and indirectly the labour cost can be reduced.
vi
ABSTRAK
Permintaan yang tinggi dalam pemilikan rumah menyebabkan banyak pihak
berusaha mencari penyelesaian untuk memenuhi kehendak pengguna masa kini.
Sistem penbinaan blok saling mengunci adalah satu sistem yang cepat dan
menjimatkan kos dalam melaksanakan pembinaan rumah yang mampu dimiliki.
Kajian ini mempertimbangkan dua jenis rumah iaitu rumah kos rendah dan rumah
kos sederhana. Kos pembinaan bagi kedua-dua jenis rumah dikira bagi kedua-dua
jenis sistem penbinaan iaitu sistem konvensional dan sistem blok saling mengunci.
Seterusnya, perbandingan dibuat dan didapati bagi rumah kos rendah, sistem
konvensional dapat menjimatkan kos pembinaan sebanyak 3.8% manakala bagi
pembinaan rumah kos sederhana, penjimatan kos sebanyak 7.9% diperoleh
sekiranya sistem blok saling mengunci diaplikasikan. Keputusan tersebut
menunjukkan sistem konvensional dapat menjimatkan kos pembinaaan rumah kos
rendah tetapi bagi pembinaan rumah kos sederhana, sistem blok saling mengunci
adalah lebih menjimatkan. Walaupun sistem blok saling mengunci kurang efektif
dalam pembinaan rumah kos rendah, tetapi sistem ini berupaya mengurangkan
penggunaan buruh mahir dan secara tidak langsung kos buruh dapat dikurangkan.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iv
ABSTACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
x
LIST OF FIGURES
xi
LIST OF APPENDICES
xii
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Construction Industries Background
1
1.2
Scenario of Construction Industry in Malaysia
2
1.3
Statement of Problem
4
1.4
Objective
4
1.5
Scope of Study
5
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
6
2.2
Conventional System
7
2.3
Interlocking Block System
8
2.4
Housing Demand in Malaysia
10
2.5
Affordable Housing
11
2.5.1
Low Cost Housing
12
2.5.2
Medium cost Housing
12
viii
3
2.6
Budget 2007 on Construction and Affordable Housing
13
2.7
Housing Target for Ninth Malaysia Plan
13
METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
17
3.2
Research Methodology
17
3.3
Estimation Method
18
3.3.1
18
3.4
4
Bill of Quantity Method
Cost Comparison by Simple Programming
18
ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1
Introduction
20
4.2
Analysis of Cost
20
4.3
Sample Calculations for Low Cost House
(Conventional System)
23
4.3.1
Calculation of excavation for foundation
23
4.3.2
Bed of Hardcore and Sand Filling (under
ground slab)
4.3.3
Mild Steel Bar Reinforcement (in ground
beam)
4.3.4
24
High Tensile Bar Reinforcement (in ground
beam)
24
4.3.5
Volume of Concrete (for foundation)
25
4.3.6
Use of Formwork (for foundation)
25
4.3.7
Roof
26
4.3.8
Wall
26
4.3.9
Wall Finishes
26
4.3.10 Ceiling Finishes
4.4
23
27
Sample Calculations for Low Cost House
(Interlocking Block Building System)
28
4.4.1
Calculation of excavation for foundation
28
4.4.2
High Tensile Bar Reinforcement (in ground
4.4.3
beam)
28
Volume of Concrete (for foundation)
29
ix
5
4.4.4
Use of Formwork (for foundation)
29
4.4.5
Wall
30
4.5
Low Cost House Comparison
30
4.6
Medium Cost House Comparison
32
CONCLUSION
5.1
Conclusion
REFERANCES
Appendices A – C
34
35
36 - 59
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Housing Requirements According to States, 2006-2010
15
2.2
Public and Private Sector Housing Targets, 2006-2010
16
4.1
Size and reinforcement required for low cost house
21
4.2
Size and reinforcement required for medium cost house
21
4.3
Comparison of construction cost for low cost house
31
4.4
Comparison of construction cost for medium cost house
33
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
2.1
TITLE
PAGE
Multi-storey building which was constructed using
interlocking block building system
7
2.2
Interlocking block
8
3.1
Flow diagram of processes involved in this research
19
xii
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A1
Detail Calculation for Low Cost House
37
A2
Detail Calculation for Medium Cost House
45
B1
User interface of MS Excel Program
54
C1
AutoCAD Drawing
56
C2
AutoCAD Drawing
57
C3
AutoCAD Drawing
58
C4
AutoCAD Drawing
59
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Construction Industries Background
Averagely, construction industry in Malaysia has contributed about 3% to 5%
of the Malaysian Gross Domestic Product (GDP) since 1980 – 2000. Basically, it
seems like this industry only giving the small contribution to the GDP compared to
other economic sectors. However, from different perspectives, construction industry
is actually playing the role as the catalyst to other economic sectors. In fact,
construction industry has provided so many facilities including infrastructure as well
as the building itself to other economic sectors, for example transportation, mining,
manufacturing, and also services sector to generate their economy. In short, without
construction industry the other economic sectors cannot stand on their own feet.
The development of construction industry is mainly depends on the
population growth and the effect of the urbanisation. By the year 2020, it is predicted
that the population of Malaysia will achieve 34 million people and from that amount
60% will resident the urban area. Therefore, it can be seen that the demand for
housing, transportation, education, water supply and others will increase and these
scenario should be prioritised.
Apart from that, the country vision to transform Malaysia into a new modern
country by the year 2020 is very much depend on the development of the various
2
aspects including infrastructure, transportation, education, housing and etc. In order
to achieve that target growth, the construction sector will develop rapidly in the
coming 24 years. So, it is undoubtedly that the construction industry is such an
important sector in contributing to the growth and development of a country.
1.2
Scenario of Construction Industry in Malaysia
In a glance, construction industry in Malaysia seems like developing rapidly.
However, the reality is this industry still not enough productive and less effective in a
way of the construction quality itself.
Looking at the other perspective, the application of new construction
technology in Malaysia is not as much as it should be. Construction industry in
Malaysia is still practising the conventional way of construction of projects. There
are only few new construction technologies being implemented in our country.
Unless if there is a construction project developed by foreigners or investor from
other country. Then only some of the new technology will be introduced and applied
in Malaysia.
In Malaysia, almost all of the construction industry is still practising a labour
intensive construction. As everybody knows the source of labour in Malaysia is quite
a lot in numbers. That is actually gives a reason why is it the labour intensive
industry still being practising in Malaysia. Nevertheless, most of the source of
labours in Malaysia consists of foreigners from all over the world like Indonesia,
Bangladesh, Myanmar and some others, and not from the citizen of our own country.
The fact is this situation may contribute to the low productivity as well as decrease
the quality of the construction itself.
A few developers stated that to apply new technology, it will require a lot of
investment with such a large capital cost. As an example, to purchase new machinery
or equipments, it will cost the contractor for a lot of money depends on the types of
3
machineries and its function. Besides, other requirements also have to be fulfilled
like the types of operators that can run the machineries. There are many skilled and
semi-skilled workers needed to support the implementation of the new introduced
technologies. All the factors stated above are some of the reason why the developers
prefer to stick with the old conventional construction in their projects.
By applying the conventional style and practise, developer will only create
situations which lead our construction industry into the low productivity and
efficiency. An example of such situation is an excessive wastage of construction
material which happened to be in most of the construction projects and clearly can be
seen in the construction sites. The example of that particular situation is the wastage
of concrete mix and the formworks in construction sites. Due to lack of coordination,
the ordered materials are not as the specification given by the contractor and
sometimes it is not sufficient. This is another contribution to the wastage of time,
cost and etc.
Apart from that, the condition of construction site which is improperly
managed can cause lots of problems. The safety of construction workers in
construction site is neglected as most of the contractor only thinks about the profit
without considering about the safety of their workers. Another problem that comes
across this conventional system is the delays due to extension of completion date.
Not only the small projects facing this problem. In fact, it has also affected the mega
projects like construction of schools and as a result, the school cannot be used as it is
planned to be. The end users, for example the students have to suffer using this low
quality product. After all, people will accept the fact that most of the products from
construction activities are low in quality as well as having so many defects. In
simple, people will conclude that construction industry is such an inferiority industry.
The presence of foreign workers also causes flowing of cash to other country.
According to the statistics, there are about 350 thousand foreign workers involve in
the construction sector in Malaysia. From that figure, the cash that flow out of our
Malaysia to other country is as much as RM 1.59 billion per year.
4
1.3
Statement of Problem
Housing has been one of the main concerns of the government since its
independence in 1957, with a target on housing provision for lower income groups.
However, with the rapid growth of the national economy and the population, housing
provision in Malaysia has been focused on all income groups.
“During the Plan period, efforts will be enhanced to encourage the use of
alternative construction material and technology under the Industrialised Building
System (IBS) and designs based on the modular coordination concept in housing
construction.
The use of this technology will result in less labour, increased
productivity and enhanced quality of houses while creating a safer and cleaner
working environment (Ninth Malaysia Plan Report, 2006)”.
Recently, the rapid development of the construction technology is demanding
for the involvement of all parties related to this industry. Regarding to that, it is very
important to determine which types of technologies, particularly which building
system is the most practical as well as economical to be implemented. This study
will discover the solution to that problem. At the end of this study, it is expected to
determine the most practical and cost effective building systems.
1.4
Objective
The main objective of this project is to make a feasibility study on
interlocking block building system as an alternative to conventional building system
for affordable housing.
5
1.5
Scope of Study
In general, this study is much related to the concept and implementation of
Industrialised Building Systems in Malaysia. Besides, the main purpose is to have
some ideas on how effective and economic these systems are. Regarding to that
purpose, here are the scope of study that being highlighted:
1. Literary study on Conventional Systems and Interlocking Block Building
Systems
2. Focused on Low Cost House and Medium Cost House
3. Calculate the cost of each types of building systems
4. Make the economic comparisons of every types of building systems
5. Make a simple programming to determine cost comparison using Microsoft
Excel
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
Normally, interlocking block building systems are a type of building system
with load bearing brick. Generally, wall can take loads from building either vertical
or horizontal loads. It is a construction technique which the structure of the wall
made of brick or hollow block is designed based on the International Code of
Practice to carry structural loads from the upper part of the building like roof.
Besides, it is also designed to take lateral loads such as wind pressure and soil
movements.
In this system, the structure of wall is very important because it is a structural
element of the building which can carry loads and ensure the stability of the building.
Upper loads and lateral loads will be distributed through this structure to the
foundation. That is why by using interlocking block building system, the multistorey structure can be built up to nine storeys. Figure 2.1 shows the multi-storey
building which was constructed using interlocking block building system.
7
Figure 2.1: Multi-storey building which was constructed using
interlocking block building system.
In reinforced concrete frame system, beams and columns carry upper loads
and lateral loads and transfer the loads to the foundations. Both structures (beam and
column) are very important in reinforced concrete frame system. The only different
between this frame system and the load bearing wall system is the structures that
transfer the upper loads to the foundation. Walls in reinforced concrete frame system
only functioned as partition of space to divide the area in into a few section whereas
in the load bearing system, walls are not only work as partition but also can function
as structure that support and distribute the loads into foundations.
2.2
Conventional System
In Malaysia, Concrete Hollow Block is the main construction materials for
internal and external partitions of low cost houses. It also used in some of the
medium cost flats to reduce construction cost.
8
Concrete Hollow Block in Malaysia are non-load bearing. These blocks are
non-interlocking and are bonded by 1:6 cement-sand mortar at the top, side and
bottom. Concrete Hollow Blocks are made from cement and sand in the ratio of 6:1
by weight. Sand is natural clean river sand or mining sand free from organic matter
which is easily available.
Bricks may be made from clay, shale, soft slate, calcium silicate, concrete, or
shaped from quarried stone. Clay is the most common material, with modern clay
bricks formed in one of three processes - soft mud, dry press, or wire cut.
2.3
Interlocking Block System
The use of structural masonry may result in cheaper and faster construction
compared with framed building construction for low-rise buildings. Interlocking
block system is promoted as a new building technique that may result in even greater
economy. The use of interlocking load bearing blocks in building construction
speeds up the construction process as a result of the elimination of mortar layers.
Figure 2.2 shows the picture of interlocking block.
Figure 2.2: Interlocking block.
9
Further, due to the self-aligning features of the interlocking blocks, the walls
can be assembled at much faster speed compared to mortared masonry construction.
In Malaysia, the supply of houses by both the public and private sectors is still far
from meeting the demand especially in low cost housing sector. The proposed system
using interlocking blocks may provide the solution to overcome this shortage as
these blocks can be used in the construction of both non-load bearing and load
bearing walls.
The brick's sizes are modular and rectangular (10 cm high - 15 cm wide - 30
cm long) in shape, the length of the brick is exactly twice its width so that right angle
corner can be achieved without special corner bricks. Its dimensions permit multidimensional walls making configuration such as buttresses or hollow columns
possible.
The interlocking blocks are different from conventional bricks since they do
not require mortar to be laid in masonry work because positive and negative element
on top and at the bottom of the block interlock and automatically align them in a
wall. In spite of the fact that no mortar is used to join them together, water cannot
penetrate the joints as grout holes running continuously throughout the vertical joints
are filled with concrete slurry. The process of building walls is faster and requires
less skilled labour as the bricks are laid dry and lock into place. The amount of grout
used is calculated to be only 7.5% of the mortar used in conventional masonry.
The cavity holes of the interlocking bricks permit the introduction of vertical
reinforcement embedded in concrete without the need for any form work thus
eliminating the use of wood in form work. Reinforcement can be introduced to make
the building withstand earthquakes and heavy wind loads. A single brick wall can be
used for double storey construction load bearing walls. There are 33.3 bricks per
square meter of walls. Because of the size and resistance of the bricks, load bearing
walls can be constructed. Since the interlocking bricks may be laid at right angle to
each other, it is feasible to construct walls of multibrick thickness making multiple
storey construction possible.
10
The main raw material used for the production of interlocking blocks is
Portland cement. The quality of the cement should be high, equal to that required for
normal concrete work. A bag of cement can produce 64 bricks at a 1: 8 - cement /
soil ratio. Compressive strength of brick can be as high as 300 kg/cm2 depending on
the mixture used.
The other material is sand. Sand should be well graded, clean and free of
organic materials. The clay and silt content should not exceed 4%. The quality of
sand should be tested by a laboratory before it is used. Water is also the main
material. Water should be clean and fresh, and free of salt. If the water quality is
doubtful, it can be tested in a laboratory to determine salt content and other chemical
contamination.
2.4
Housing Demand In Malaysia
Malaysia just like other developing countries has considered housing as a
basic need and one of the main sectors in national economy. This is because, housing
provision is not only to meet the people’s needs but also contributing to the national
growth. In this sense, the housing industry in Malaysia in 1994, contributed to 12
per cent of the national income producing more than RM7 billion in outputs as well
as it forms part of the productive economic sector and contributes to Gross Domestic
Product (GDP).
In developing countries, housing investment can comprise up to 2 to 8
percent of the GDP and from 10 to 30 percent of gross capital information. In this
context, the Federal Government allocation for the mid-term review of the Eighth
Malaysia Plan (2001-2005) has allocated the amount of RM 6.2 billion for housing
sector.
Even though housing provision is significantly contributes to the national
growth, the government aims is mainly to meet housing needs and ensure all citizens
11
are provided with affordable housing especially for lower income group. That is why
the government of Malaysia has made great strides in meeting the requirements of its
citizen in relation to housing through the various five-plans, and it shown the
government has vigorously embarked on numerous housing programs, both in rural
and urban areas. For example, under the Seventh Malaysia Plan (1996-2000) the total
number of housing units targeted was 800,000 units and under the Eighth Malaysia
Plan (2001-2005) the government of Malaysia targeted to construct 782,300 units of
housing.
In line with this, the government has invited the private sector to involve in
providing housing for all income groups. This is because the government could not
provide sufficient housing for everyone because of an inadequate work force and
funding.
Due to these inadequacies, the Malaysian government has allowed more
opportunity for the private sector to play a role in providing housing. The private
sector that is responsible for providing housing has become key in overcoming the
burden of social obligation in housing provision, even though private housing
developers are entrepreneurs who construct houses for profit. For example, the
private sector is expected to produce 570,000units out of the total target of 800,000
under Seventh Malaysia Plan (1996-2000) and 303,000 units under the Eighth
Malaysia Plan (2001-2005).
2.5
Affordable Housing
When the term ‘affordable housing’ is used, one tends to direct one’s
thoughts to low-cost housing. Affordable should mean that all categories of housing,
be it up market, medium cost or low cost are available at prices within the
affordability of the various economic groups.
12
Affordable housing means houses or housing units which are within the
capability of people in the various income groups to pay for houses intended for
them. Although, the question of housing affordability affects all income groups, the
situations are clearly more critical for the poor and the lower middle-income groups,
that is those earning less than RM1500 per month.
The Malaysian Government’s policy on affordable housing is very clear, that
is to provide Malaysians of all income levels, particularly the low-income group,
accessibility to adequate and affordable shelter.
2.5.1
Low-Cost Housing
Basically, the concept of the low-cost house incorporates the following
features:
i. The selling price per unit is between RM 25,000 to RM 35,000
ii. The target group consists of households with monthly incomes not
exceeding RM 1500
iii. The type of houses may include flats or terrace houses.
iv. The minimum design standard specifies a built-up area of 680 square feet,
3 bedrooms, a living-room, a kitchen, a bathroom and a toilet.
2.5.2
Medium Cost Housing
The concept of the medium-cost house incorporates the following features:
i. The selling price per unit is between RM60,000 to RM 100,000
ii. The type of houses may include flats, terrace or detached houses.
13
iii. The minimum design standard specifies built-up area of 880 square feet, 3
bedrooms, a living-room, a kitchen, car porch and 2 bathrooms.
2.6
Budget 2007 on Construction and Affordable Housing
In fact, in the 2007 budget that were presented by the Prime Minister on 1
September, a total of RM 27.5 billion has been allocated for the housing project and
another RM 3.4 billion are allocated for the purposes of development as well as
infrastructure in rural areas. The effort will continue to provide houses to the people
especially for the low-income group. National Housing Department will construct
30,000 units of houses under the Program Perumahan Rakyat including houses to be
rented and sold. Syarikat Perumahan Nasional Berhad will be developing 34,000
units of affordable houses, 2,000 units of houses under the Projek Pemulihan Rumah
Terbengkalai and 2,500 units under the Program Rumah Mesra Rakyat
( Budget
Speech 2007 ).
2.7
Housing Target for Ninth Malaysia Plan
During the Plan period, requirement for the new houses is expected to be
about 709,400 units, of which 19.2 per cent will be in Selangor followed by Johor at
12.9 percent, Sarawak 9.4 percent and Perak 8.2 per cent, as shown in Table 2.1. of
the total requirement, 92.8 percent will be for new houses while 7.2 per cent for
replacement. The private sector is expected to supply 72.1 per cent of the total
requirement, as shown in Table 2.2. In term of housing category, 38.2 per cent will
be a combination of low and low-medium cost houses as well as houses for the poor
while 61.8 per cent in the category of medium and high cost houses.
14
During the Plan period, the government will continue to construct low-cost
houses under the ‘Program Perumahan Rakyat (PPR)’ to ensure adequate houses for
the low-income group. In this regard, efforts will be undertaken to expedite the
completion of on-going projects involving 24,757 units of houses. In addition,
43,800 units of houses for rental as well for sale will be constructed to meet the
expected increase in demand from the low-income group. Towards this end, the
National Housing department will work closely with state governments to ensure that
these houses are built in suitable location and provided with adequate public
amenities.
To complement efforts by the Government, the Syarikat Perumahan Negara
Malaysia Berhad (SPNB) will build about 26,100 units of low and low-medium cost
houses in the urban and suburban areas under the Program Perumahan Mesra
Rakyat. SPNB will also rehabilitate country as well as 166 houses in Kedah and 900
houses in Pulau Pinang for the resettlement of the tsunami victims.
15
Table 2.1: Housing Requirements According to States, 2006-2010 (Units)
State
New Requirements
Replacements
Total Needs
Johor
86,100
5,400
91,500
Kedah
51,800
5,000
56,800
Kelantan
40,600
5,600
46,200
Melaka
19,100
1,700
20,800
Negeri Sembilan
23,000
3,700
26,700
Pahang
41,100
3,300
44,400
Perak
48,600
9,600
58,200
Perlis
6,100
500
6,600
Pulau Pinang
30,900
1,900
32,800
Sabah
50,800
5,300
56,100
62,400
4,600
67,000
Selangor
135,200
800
136,000
Terengganu
30,000
2,800
32,800
Kuala Lumpur
31,800
600
32,400
Labuan
1,000
100
1,100
Total
658,500
50,900
709,400
Percentage (%)
92.8
7.2
100.00
Sarawak
1
Source: Ministry of Housing and Local Government, Ninth Malaysia Plan 2006-2010, The
Economical Planning Unit
Note: 1 Includes Putrajaya
16
Table 2.2: Public and Private Sector Housing Targets, 2006-2010
Number of Units
Programme
Total
Housing
Low
Low
Medium
High
Number
for the
Cost
Medium-
Cost
Cost
of Units from
Poor
cost
%
Total
Public Sector
20,000
85,000
37,005
27,100
28,700
19,7805
27.9
Low-cost Housing
-
67,000
-
-
-
67,000
9.5
Housing for the
20,000
-
-
-
-
20,000
2.8
-
13,500
31,005
8,200
4,700
57,405
8.1
-
4,500
500
-
-
5,000
0.7
-
-
5,500
18,900
24,000
48,400
6.8
Private Sector
-
80,400
48,500
183,600 199,095 511,595
72.1
Private Developers
-
77,000
42,400
178,000 194,495 492,595
69.4
Cooperative
-
2,700
6,100
Total
20,000
165,400
85,505
%
2.8
23.3
12.1
hardcore poor
(PPRT)
Housing by
Commercial
Agencies
Housing by Land
Schemes
Institutional
Quarters Staff
Accommodation
5,600
4,600
19,000
2.7
Societies
210,700 227,795 709,400
29.7
32.1
100
100
Source: Ministry of Housing and Local Government, Ninth Malaysia Plan 2006-2010, The Economical
Planning Unit
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
Explanation of brick and affordable housing through its concept, usage and
implementation has been discussed previously.
This chapter will be explaining the
methods to be used to get the research result.
3.2
Research Methodology
In this research, the first step is gather information about the systems that will be
used. The systems are Interlocking Block Building Systems and Conventional Building
Systems. Two models of house have been chose according to their specification which are
low cost house and medium cost house. The cost to construct the house can be determined.
Lastly, the most economical system for each type of house can be determined.
18
3.3
Estimation Method
There are several methods to estimate the cost of a building. However, in this
research, only bill of quantity methods have been used to estimate the building.
3.3.1
Bill of Quantity Method
All the materials that have been collected will be recorded using the spreadsheet
together with the rate of the materials. The overall sum may be obtained by multiplying the
quantity of materials with the rate of each item. Rate of the material is according to
schedule of rate Jabatan Kerja Raya ( JKR ).
3.4
Cost Comparison by Simple Programming
It is a simple programming which is developed to roughly estimate the cost of a
house based on conventional method and the new introduced interlocking block building
systems.
To use this programme, user only needs to key in the dimensions (length and width)
of the house; the dimensions (length and width) of each room in the house including toilet;
and automatically this programme will calculate the construction cost of the house by
considering both conventional and interlocking block building systems. Finally this
programme will display the calculated cost of both types of building systems.
19
START
Interlocking Block Building System
Conventional System
Low cost
Medium cost house
Calculate
i
Calculate construction cost
Compare each cost and get the most economical cost
FINISH
Figure 3.1: Flow diagram of processes involved in this research.
CHAPTER 4
ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1
Introduction
In this chapter, the difference in cost is compared between both types of
construction system which are interlocking block building system and conventional system.
As mentioned before, the comparisons are between the conventional system and the
interlocking block building system for two types of house that have been chose which are
low cost house and medium cost house. The results will be illustrated and summarise into
two different tables.
4.2
Analysis of Cost
The quantity of materials was calculated based on the drawing. From the size and
reinforcement required stated in the drawing, the length of the reinforcement required for
each elements could be determined. The volume of concrete required for each element
were also calculated based on the size. Table 4.1 and Table 4.2 show the size and
reinforcement required for low cost house and medium cost house respectively. The detail
calculations were attached in Appendix A.
21
Table 4.1: Size and reinforcement required for low cost house.
Element
Conventional
System
: 1) Size
2) Reinforcement required
Stump
: 1) Size
2) Reinforcement required
Ground beam : 1) Size
2) Reinforcement required
Column
: 1) Size
2) Reinforcement required
Roof Beam : 1) Size
2) Reinforcement required
1.0 m x 1.0 m
Y10 @ 200 c/c
0.3 m x 0.3 m
4Y10
0.125 m x 0.4 m
4Y10
0.125 m x 0.3 m
4Y10
0.125 m x 0.4 m
4Y10
Foundation
Interlocking
Block Building
System
1.2 m x 1.2 m
Y10 @ 200 c/c
0.3 m x 0.3 m
4Y10
0.15 m x 0.4 m
5Y10
0.125 m x 0.3 m
4Y10
0.125 m x 0.4 m
4Y10
Table 4.2: Size and reinforcement required for medium cost house.
Element
Conventional
System
: 1) Size
2) Reinforcement required
Stump
: 1) Size
2) Reinforcement required
Ground beam : 1) Size
2) Reinforcement required
Column
: 1) Size
2) Reinforcement required
Roof Beam : 1) Size
2) Reinforcement required
1.2 m x 1.2 m
Y12 @ 200 c/c
0.3 m x 0.3 m
4Y12
0.125 m x 0.4 m
4Y12
0.125 m x 0.3 m
4Y12
0.125 m x 0.4 m
4Y12
Foundation
Interlocking
Block Building
System
1.2 m x 1.2 m
Y12 @ 200 c/c
0.3 m x 0.3 m
4Y12
0.15 m x 0.4 m
5Y12
0.125 m x 0.3 m
4Y12
0.125 m x 0.4 m
4Y12
In order to calculate the cost of foundation, the material being considered were the
volume of concrete and amount of reinforcement required according to the drawing. The
volumes of concrete were calculated based on the length, width and the height of the
footings. As an example, for low cost house built using conventional method, the
reinforcement required for each footing was identified as Y10-200mm centre to centre for
each direction x and y. Then, the number of reinforcement bars in each direction could be
identified which were four bars. The length of each bar is 1.25m times the number of bars
required for every footing which is eight bars considering both direction, and then the total
length of reinforcement required were identified.
22
The same thing goes for the ground beam calculations. The volume of concrete and
reinforcement were calculated using the similar method. The difference for reinforcement
in ground beam compared to the foundation is the presence of shear links. As for the
ground beam, the shear links need to be provided to resist the shear. The volume of
concrete was calculated based on the size of ground beam. As an example, one of the
ground beam required 4Y10 as the main reinforcement and the shear links were R6-200
from centre to centre.
For the roof beam, all the calculations were exactly the same as ground beam
including the reinforcement and the volume of concrete. To calculate the reinforcement
required for the whole beams, the total length of the beams need to be determined first.
Then, the total length need to be multiplied with four bars since the bars required were
4Y10. The additional bars were provided at the support and the middle span.
As for the column analysis, mainly the reinforcement was quite similar to the
ground beam. The significant difference was the size of the column which reflected the
volume of the concrete. The height that was being considered in calculating the volume of
the concrete was the effective height.
For the slab, the thickness of the panel is 100mm. The reinforcement provided was
steel fabric reinforcement. The slab consists of a few layers which were sand filling, hard
core and concrete. The calculation for slab was based on the area multiplied by rate per
metre square.
The walls were calculated based on the length of the ground beam, and then
multiplied by the effective height. The area of the wall should not consider the opening for
the purpose of doors and windows.
23
4.3
Sample Calculations for Low Cost House (Conventional System)
4.3.1
Calculation of excavation for foundation
Size of foundation
= 1.0 m x 1.0 m x 0.3 m
Height of column stump
= 1.0 m
Number of footing
= 12
Rate of excavation
= RM 15.50/ m3
So, volume of excavation for one footing= 1.0 m x 1.0 m x 1.3 m
= 1.3 m3
Total excavation
= 12 x 1.3 m3
= 15.6 m3
Cost of excavation
= 15.6 m3 x RM 15.50/ m3
= RM 241.80
4.3.2
Bed of Hardcore and Sand Filling (under ground slab)
Size of house
= 34 ft x 20 ft
Rate of bed of hardcore
= RM 5.50/m2
So, area
= 34 x 0.3048 x 20 x 0.3048
= 63.17 m2
Cost of bed of hardcore
= 63.17 m2 x RM 5.50/m2
= RM 347.60
24
4.3.3
Mild Steel Bar Reinforcement (in ground beam)
Length of shear reinforcement needed, L = 310 m
Diameter of bar, D
= 6 mm
Density of steel, γ
= 77 kN/m3
Rate of mild steel reinforcement
= RM 2.50/kg
So, to convert length to mass
= (3.142 x ((D/1000)2/4) x L x γ)/9.81
= (3.142 x ((6/1000)2/4) x 310 x 77000)/9.81
= 68.81 kg
Cost of mild steel reinforcement
= 68.81 kg x RM 2.50/kg
= RM 172.02
4.3.4
High Tensile Bar Reinforcement (in ground beam)
Length of reinforcement needed, L
= (53.78 x 4) + 42.88
= 258 m
Diameter of bar, D
= 10 mm
Density of steel, γ
= 77 kN/m3
Rate of high tensile reinforcement
= RM 2.50/kg
So, to convert length to mass
= (3.142 x ((D/1000)2/4) x L x γ)/9.81
= (3.142 x ((10/1000)2/4) x 258 x 77000)/9.81
= 159.07 kg
Cost of high tensile steel reinforcement = 159.07 kg x RM 2.50/kg
= RM 397.07
25
4.3.5
Volume of Concrete (for foundation)
Size of foundation
= 1.0 m x 1.0 m x 0.3 m
Number of footing
= 12
Rate of concrete
= RM 157/m3
Volume of concrete
= 12 x 1.0 x 1.0 x 0.3
= 3.6 m3
Cost of concrete for foundation
= 3.6 m3 x RM 157/m3
= RM 565.20
4.3.6
Use of Formwork (for foundation)
Size of foundation
= 1.0 m x 1.0 m x 0.3 m
Number of footing
= 12
Rate of formwork
= RM 23.60/m2
Area of formwork needed
= 4 x 1.0 x 0.3 x 12
= 14.4 m2
Cost of formwork for foundation
= 14.4 m2 x RM 23.60/m2
= RM 339.84
26
4.3.7
Roof
Area of roof
= (((12 x 0.3048)/cos 13°) x (38 x 0.3048)) x 2
= 84.37 m2
Rate of roof
= RM 2.50/m2
Cost of roof
= 84.37 m2 x RM 2.50/m2
= RM 2235.81
4.3.8
Wall
Length of wall
= 57.38 m
Area of wall
= (57.38 x 2.6) – 5(2.1 x 0.9) – 2(1.2 x 1.2)
= 136.88 m2
Rate of wall
= RM 23.00/m2
Cost of wall
= 136.88 m2 x RM 23.00/m2
= RM 3148.24
4.3.9
Wall Finishes
Area of wall
= 136.88 m2
Rate of plaster
= RM 8.10/m2
Rate of paint
= RM 2.90/m2
Cost of plaster
= 136.88 m2 x RM 8.10/m2
= RM 1108.73
Cost of paint
= 136.88 m2 x RM 2.90/m2
= RM 396.95
27
4.3.10 Ceiling Finishes
Area of ceiling
= (24 x 0.3048) x (38 x 0.3048)
= 84.73 m2
Rate of gypsum plaster board
= RM 14.60/m2
Rate of paint
= RM 2.90/m2
Cost of plaster
= 84.73 m2 x RM 14.60/m2
= RM 1237.06
Cost of paint
= 84.73 m2 x RM 2.90/m2
= RM 245.72
28
4.4
Sample Calculations for Low Cost House (Interlocking Block Building System)
4.4.1
Calculation of excavation for foundation
Size of foundation
= 1.2 m x 1.2 m x 0.3 m
Height of column stump
= 1.0 m
Number of footing
= 12
Rate of excavation
= RM 15.50/ m3
So, volume of excavation for one footing = 1.2 m x 1.2 m x 1.3 m
= 1.872 m3
Total excavation
= 12 x 1.872 m3
= 22.46 m3
Cost of excavation
= 22.46 m3 x RM 15.50/ m3
= RM 348.19
4.4.2
High Tensile Bar Reinforcement (in ground beam)
Length of reinforcement needed, L
= (53.78 x 6) + 47.32
= 370 m
Diameter of bar, D
= 10 mm
Density of steel, γ
= 77 kN/m3
Rate of high tensile reinforcement
= RM 2.50/kg
So, to convert length to mass
= (3.142 x ((D/1000)2/4) x L x γ)/9.81
= (3.142 x ((10/1000)2/4) x 370 x 77000)/9.81
= 228.12 kg
Cost of high tensile steel reinforcement = 228.12 kg x RM 2.50/kg
= RM 570.31
29
4.4.3
Volume of Concrete (for foundation)
Size of foundation
= 1.2 m x 1.2 m x 0.3 m
Number of footing
= 12
Rate of concrete
= RM 157/m3
Volume of concrete
= 12 x 1.2 x 1.2 x 0.3
= 5.18 m3
Cost of concrete for foundation
= 5.18 m3 x RM 157/m3
= RM 813.89
4.4.4
Use of Formwork (for foundation)
Size of foundation
= 1.2 m x 1.2 m x 0.3 m
Number of footing
= 12
Rate of formwork
= RM 23.60/m2
Area of formwork needed
= 4 x 1.2 x 0.3 x 12
= 17.28 m2
Cost of formwork for foundation
= 17.28 m2 x RM 23.60/m2
= RM 407.81
30
4.4.5
Wall
Length of wall
= 57.38 m
Area of wall
= (57.38 x 2.6) – 5(2.1 x 0.9) – 2(1.2 x 1.2)
= 136.88 m2
Rate of wall
= RM 44.00/m2
Cost of wall
= 136.88 m2 x RM 44.00/m2
= RM 6022.72
4.5
Low Cost House Comparison
For the construction cost of low cost house, the detail calculation will be enclosed
in the appendix A. The detail calculations are based on the elements required for a
particular house. The example of elements is frame, roof, wall, window and etc.
Table 4.3 below shows the summary of the detail calculation of the construction
cost of the low cost house. The comparisons cover all aspects including the labour cost and
materials.
31
Table 4.3: Comparison of construction cost for low cost house.
Conventional System
Interlocking Block System
Cost For Each
Element (RM)
Cost For Each Element
(RM)
No
Description
1.0
1.1
1.2
Substructures
Foundation and
Stump
Ground Beam
1721.98
2582.09
2075.63
2920.66
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
Super
Structures
Column
Roof Beam
Slab
Roof
1137.32
925.20
2135.75
2235.81
2135.75
2235.81
3148.24
6980.70
2550.67
727.24
241.80
1505.68
1482.78
451.00
2402.00
727.24
348.19
1482.78
451.00
1000.00
800.00
1000.00
800.00
900.00
900.00
23545.56
34.63
24459.76
35.97
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
Wall
Windows and
Doors
Apron
Excavation
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Drainage
Electric
Installation
Sanitary Fitting
Cold Water
Services
Total Cost
Cost for each square feet
Based on the cost analysis of the low cost house, it is determined that the
conventional system can save up to 3.8 % compared to the interlocking block building
system. The difference is caused by the usage of hollow block for wall construction which
is cheaper compared to interlocking block.
The cost of foundation and ground beam in interlocking block building system is
higher than conventional system because the larger size of foundation and ground beam are
32
required to carry the load from wall. However, in the interlocking block building system
the cost of columns, roof beams and wall finishes can be eliminated. It is because, in the
interlocking block building system, the loads are transferred to the load bearing wall. As
for the wall finishes, it is optional either the wall need to be plastered or not.
The cost of window in interlocking block building system is less than the
conventional system due to the elimination of reinforced concrete lintel in the interlocking
block building system.
Therefore, from this comparison for low cost house, it doesn’t mean that
interlocking block building system cannot be applied in the construction of this type of
houses. The important thing is this system can shorten the construction time, so if time is
the main concern, this system may become the best solution to solve the problem.
4.6
Medium Cost House Comparison
The same analysis as the low cost house was performed to medium cost house. The
summary of results is shown in Table 4.2 below. The detail analysis and calculation are
attached in the appendix A. the calculations are mainly divided into two parts which are
substructure: foundation and ground beam, and superstructure: columns, beams, wall,
finishes, services and etc.
The cost that displayed in the Table 4.4 below consists of the total construction cost
of a medium cost house and the cost for each square feet of the house. The cost of column
and roof beam is eliminated for interlocking block building system because this system
doesn’t require those structural members. Another cost that did not take into consideration
is wall finishes which were chose to be leaved unplastered.
33
Table 4.4: Comparison of construction cost for medium cost house.
Conventional System
Interlocking Block
System
Cost For Each Element
(RM)
Cost For Each Element
(RM)
1.1
1.2
Substructures
Foundation and
Stump
Ground Beam
3721.25
3373.36
3721.25
4086.40
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
Super
Structures
Column
Roof Beam
Slab
Roof
1691.19
1394.58
2873.34
3260.30
2873.34
3260.30
6401.54
9748.42
5637.52
947.52
522.35
4253.35
1591.10
921.90
5542.00
947.52
522.35
1591.10
921.90
1500.00
1609.00
1500.00
1609.00
1681.00
4397.25
45776.54
52.02
1681.00
4397.25
42401.84
48.18
No
1.0
Description
3.0
Wall
Windows and
4.0
Doors
5.0
Apron
6.0
Excavation
7.0
Wall Finishes
8.0
Ceiling Finishes
9.0
Drainage
Electric
10.0
Installation
11.0
Sanitary Fitting
Cold Water
12.0
Services
13.0
External Works
Total Cost
Cost for each square feet
For the analysis of medium cost house, the result shows that by using the
interlocking block building system, the construction cost of the house can be reduced up to
7.9 % compared to the conventional system. Instead of saving the construction cost, this
system also does not require skilled labour to construct the wall. Therefore, it is possible to
reduce the labour cost.
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
5.1
Conclusions
Based on the cost comparison analysis, it is known that the interlocking block
building system offers a new technology in the housing development which can save up
to7.9 % of construction cost compared to the conventional system for medium cost house
construction. But for low cost house construction, the construction cost is more 3.8 %.
Apart from that, this interlocking block building system can reduce labour cost
through its construction of wall. The construction of wall is laid dry (no mortar) because
positive and negative element on the top and at the bottom of the block can interlock and
automatically align them in a wall.
Generally, this study shows that the idea of introducing the interlocking block
building system into our construction industry can contribute to the development of
housing area the main reason is, this system offers new technology with additional time
saving values without neglecting the safety and stability factors of a structure. Apart from
that, the cost also reasonable and can be considered as affordable for construction of
housing projects particularly for low cost and medium cost houses projects.
35
REFERENCES
Abdul Karim Mirasa, Muhammad Syazli Fathi, Wan Nasruddin Wan Abdul Karim, and
Norazlin Nordin (2001), Sistem Blok Saling Mengunci Untuk Bangunan Rendah
dan Sederhana Tinggi, Laporan Penyelidikan (Pusat Pengurusan Penyelidikan),
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor.
Anuar Abd. Rahman (1998), Bata Simen dari Campuran Pasir dan Habuk Batu
Kesesuaian Untuk Rumah Kos Rendah, Laporan PSM Kejuruteraan Awam,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor.
Ghani Salleh, Lee Lik Meng (1997), Low Cost Housing In Malaysia, Utusan Publication &
Distribution Sdn. Bhd.
Housing Malaysia Congresses (1991), Conference on Affordable Housing : New Concepts,
Appraoches and Challenges Towards the Year 2000, Housing Malaysia
Congresses, Kuala Lumpur.
Jabatan Perdana Menteri, Unit Khas Teknologi Tinggi (1994), Prospecting For Business
and Technology: Business Forum on Affordable Quality Housing, MIGHT
Consultation, Kuala Lumpur.
Roslan Kolop (2001), The Block Properties and Structural Behaviour of Loadbearing
Interlocking Hollow Cement Block Systems Manufactured using Mobile Block
Machine, Laporan PSM Kejuruteraan Awam, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
Skudai, Johor.
The Economical Planning Unit (2006), Ninth Malaysia Plan 2006-2010 , Prime Minister’s
Department, Putrajaya.
APPENDIX A
(DETAIL CALCULATION)
37
APPENDIX A1
LOW COST
No
1
2
Reinforcement
Mild Steel Bars Reinforcement
High Tensile Steel Bars Reinforcement
Size (mm)
6
10
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Description
Reinforcement for foundation for conventional system
Reinforcement for foundation for interlocking block system
Reinforcement for stump
Reinforcement for column
Reinforcement for ground beam for conventional system
Reinforcement for ground beam for interlocking block system
Reinforcement for roof beam
Reinforcement for wall
Shear link for stump
Shear link for column
Shear link for ground beam
Shear link for roof beam
Length (m)
120
144
48
144
258
370
235
622
72
162
310
228
To convert meter to kg = 3.142*(X/1000)^2/4*Y*77000/9.81
where : X is diameter of reinforcement in milimeter
Y is length of reinforcement in meter
38
NO
1
ITEM
Excavate for foundation not exceeding 1.5 m
RATE ( RM )
15.50
2
Mild steel bars in reinforcement to concrete work
2.50
3
High tensile steel bars in reinforcement to concrete work
2.50
4
Welded steel fabric reinforcement of 200mm x 200mm ( MS-A142/A6 )
10.60
5
Concrete grade 20P (1:2:4-20mm gauge granite)
157.00
6
Sawn formwork to sides of foundation and ground beam
23.60
7
Sawn formwork to sides of column and lintels
24.20
8
150 mm wide precast concrete half round surface water drain
11.00
9
150 mm thick hardcore filling, spread and leveled under concrete slabs
5.50
10
50 mm thick sand filling, spread and leveled under concrete slabs
2.00
11
Interlocking concrete roofing tiles laid to 318mm gauge on
26.50
12
114mm thick sand hollow blocks in cement mortar ( 1:6 )
23.00
13
Interlocking block
43.99
14
Adjustable louvers window for 2 panel
800.00
15
Adjustable louvers window for 3 panel
1040.00
16
28mm thick approved PVC flush door overall size 750mm x 2100mm
101.00
17
38mm thick skeleton framed flush door covered both sides
120.00
18
16mm thick cement mortar plastering with plasticizer
8.10
19
Clean down, prime and paint two coats of emulsion paint on wall and ceiling
2.90
20
8mm thick gypsum plaster board in ceiling fixed complete
14.60
21
Supply and fix sanitary system with septic tank
800.00
22
Supply and fix cold water services with 150 gal. water tank
900.00
23
Electric Installation ( 1 plug and 1 switch each room )
1000.00
39
ITEM
NO.
RATE (RM)
TOTAL
(RM)
3
15.50
241.80
m
2
5.50
347.60
21.53
m
2
5.50
118.42
c. 50mm thick of sand filling under ground slab
63.20
m
2
2.00
126.40
d. 50mm thick of sand filling under apron slab
21.53
m
2
2.00
43.06
a. In Stump
15.98
Kg
2.50
39.95
b. In Ground Beam
68.81
Kg
2.50
172.02
184.96
DESCRIPTION FOR CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM
QUANTITY
UNIT
15.60
m
a. 150 mm thick of hardcore under ground slab
63.20
b. 150mm thick of hardcore under apron slab
ELEMENT NO.1 - WORKS BELOW LOWEST
FLOOR LEVEL
1
Excavate for foundation not exceeding 1.5m
2
Bed of Hardcore and Sand Filling
3
4
5
6
Mild Steel Bars Reinforcement
High Tensile Steel Bars Reinforcement
a. In Foundation
73.99
Kg
2.50
b. In Stump
29.59
Kg
2.50
73.99
c. In Ground Beam
159.07
Kg
2.50
397.67
a. In ground slab
63.20
m
2
10.60
669.92
b. In apron slab
21.53
m
2
10.60
228.22
3.60
m
3
157.00
565.20
Steel Fabric Reinforcement (MS - A142/A6)
Concrete grade 20 ( 1:2:4 - 20mm )
a. Foundation
7
8
b. Stump
1.08
m
3
157.00
169.56
c. Ground Beam
3.10
m
3
157.00
486.70
d. 100mm thick slab
6.32
m
3
157.00
992.24
e. 100mm thick apron slab
2.15
m
3
157.00
337.55
a. To sides of foundation
14.40
m
2
23.60
339.84
b. To sides of stump
14.40
m
2
24.20
348.48
c. To sides ground beam
64.65
m
2
23.60
1525.74
150mm wide precast concrete drain
41.00
m
11.00
451.00
Use and Waste Sawn Formwork
40
ELEMENT NO.2 - FRAME
9
Concrete grade 20 ( 1:2:4 - 20mm )
a. In column
1.17
m
3
157.00
183.69
b. In roof beam
2.78
m
3
157.00
436.46
a. In column
88.78
Kg
2.50
221.96
b. In roof beam
144.89
Kg
2.50
362.22
a. In column
35.96
Kg
2.50
89.89
b. In roof beam
50.61
Kg
2.50
126.52
26.52
m
2
24.20
641.78
84.37
m
2
26.50
2235.81
136.88
m
2
23.00
3148.24
a. Concrete grade 20 ( 1:2:4 - 20mm )
0.36
m
3
157.00
56.52
b. Mild steel rod reinforcement
12.80
Kg
2.50
32
2.00
SET
800.00
1600
a. Concrete grade 20 ( 1:2:4 - 20mm )
0.20
m
157.00
31.40
b. Mild steel rod reinforcement
11.50
Kg
2.50
28.75
18
28mm thick PVC flush door
2.00
NO
101.00
202
19
38mm thick skeleton flush door
5
NO
120.00
600
10
11
12
High Tensile Steel Bars Reinforcement
Mild Steel Bars Reinforcement
Use and Waste Sawn Formwork
a. To sides of column
ELEMENT NO.3 - ROOF
13
Interlocking concrete roofing tiles
ELEMENT NO.4 - WALL
14
114mm thick sand hollow blocks
ELEMENT NO.5 - WINDOW
15
16
Reinforced Concrete Lintol
Adjustable louvre window
a. 2 panel
ELEMENT NO.6 - DOOR
17
Reinforced Concrete Lintel
3
ELEMENT NO.7 - WALL FINISHES
20
16mm thick cement mortar plaster
136.88
m
2
8.10
1108.73
21
Paint two coats of emulsion paint on wall
136.88
m
2
2.90
396.95
41
ELEMENT NO.8 - CEILING FINISHES
22
8mm thick gypsum plaster board in ceiling
84.73
m
2
14.60
1237.06
23
Paint two coats of emulsion paint on ceiling
84.73
m
2
2.90
245.72
1
SET
800.00
800
1
SET
900.00
900
1
SET
1000.00
1000
ELEMENT NO.9 - SANITARY FITTING
24
Supply and fix sanitary system
ELEMENT NO.10 - COLD WATER SERVICES
25
Supply and fix cold water services
ELEMENT NO.11 - ELECTRIC INSTALLATION
26
Electric Installation
TOTAL
23546.01
42
ITEM
NO.
RATE (RM)
TOTAL
(RM)
3
15.50
348.19
m
2
5.50
347.60
21.53
m
2
5.50
118.42
c. 50mm thick of sand filling under ground slab
63.20
m
2
2.00
126.40
d. 50mm thick of sand filling under apron slab
21.53
m
2
2.00
43.06
a. In Stump
15.98
Kg
2.50
39.95
b. In Ground Beam
68.81
Kg
2.50
172.02
221.96
DESCRIPTION FOR INTERLOCKING BLOCK
QUANTITY
UNIT
22.46
m
a. 150 mm thick of hardcore under ground slab
63.20
b. 150mm thick of hardcore under apron slab
ELEMENT NO.1 - WORKS BELOW LOWEST
FLOOR LEVEL
1
Excavate for foundation not exceeding 1.5m
2
Bed of Hardcore and Sand Filling
3
4
5
6
Mild Steel Bars Reinforcement
High Tensile Steel Bars Reinforcement
a. In Foundation
88.78
Kg
2.50
b. In Stump
29.59
Kg
2.50
73.99
c. In Ground Beam
228.12
Kg
2.50
570.31
a. In ground slab
63.20
m
2
10.60
669.92
b. In apron slab
21.53
m
2
10.60
228.22
5.18
m
3
157.00
813.89
Steel Fabric Reinforcement (MS - A142/A6)
Concrete grade 20 ( 1:2:4 - 20mm )
a. Foundation
7
8
b. Stump
1.08
m
3
157.00
169.56
c. Ground Beam
3.69
m
3
157.00
579.33
d. 100mm thick slab
6.32
m
3
157.00
992.24
e. 100mm thick apron slab
2.15
m
3
157.00
337.55
a. To sides of foundation
17.28
m
2
23.60
407.81
b. To sides of stump
14.40
m
2
24.20
348.48
c. To sides ground beam
67.73
m
2
23.60
1598.43
150mm wide precast concrete drain
41.00
m
11.00
451.00
84.37
m
2
26.50
2235.81
136.88
m
2
44.00
6022.72
383.49
Kg
2.50
958.73
Use and Waste Sawn Formwork
ELEMENT NO.2 - ROOF
9
Interlocking concrete roofing tiles
ELEMENT NO.3 - WALL
10
150mm thick interlocking blocks
11
High Tensile Steel Bars Reinforcement
a. In wall
43
ELEMENT NO.4 - WINDOW
12
Adjustable louvre window
a. 2 panel
2.00
SET
800.00
1600
2.00
NO
101.00
202
5
NO
120.00
600
ELEMENT NO.5 - DOOR
13
28mm thick PVC flush door
14
38mm thick skeleton flush door
ELEMENT NO.6 - CEILING FINISHES
17
8mm thick gypsum plaster board in ceiling
84.73
m
2
14.60
1237.06
18
Paint two coats of emulsion paint on ceiling
84.73
m
2
2.90
245.72
1
SET
800.00
800
1
SET
900.00
900
1
SET
1000.00
1000
ELEMENT NO.7 - SANITARY FITTING
19
Supply and fix sanitary system
ELEMENT NO.8 - COLD WATER SERVICES
20
Supply and fix cold water services
ELEMENT NO.9 - ELECTRIC INSTALLATION
21
TOTAL
Electric Installation
24460.35
44
No
Description
Conventional System
Interlocking Block System
Cost For Each Element (RM)
Cost For Each Element (RM)
1.0
Substructures
1.1
Foundation and Stump
1721.98
2075.63
1.2
Ground Beam
2582.13
2920.08
2.0
Super Structures
2.1
Column
1137.32
-
2.2
Roof Beam
925.20
-
2.3
Slab
2136.16
2136.16
2.4
Roof
2235.81
2235.81
3.0
Wall
3148.24
6981.45
4.0
Windows and Doors
2550.67
2402.00
5.0
Apron
727.24
727.24
6.0
Excavation
241.80
348.19
7.0
Wall Finishes
1505.68
-
8.0
Ceiling Finishes
1482.78
1482.78
9.0
Drainage
451.00
451.00
10.0
Electric Installation
1000.00
1000.00
11.0
Sanitary Fitting
800.00
800.00
12.0
Cold Water Services
900.00
900.00
Total Cost
23546.01
24460.35
Cost for each square feet
34.63
35.97
13.0
External Works
45
APPENDIX A2
MEDIUM COST
No
1
2
Reinforcement
Mild Steel Bars Reinforcement
High Tensile Steel Bars Reinforcement
Size (mm)
6
12
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Description
Reinforcement for foundation
Reinforcement for stump
Reinforcement for column
Reinforcement for ground beam for conventional system
Reinforcement for ground beam for interlocking block system
Reinforcement for roof beam
Reinforcement for wall
Shear link for stump
Shear link for column
Shear link for ground beam
Shear link for roof beam
Length (m)
302
72
216
311
425
235
804
132
296
519
409
To convert meter to kg = 3.142*(X/1000)^2/4*Y*77000/9.81
where : X is diameter of reinforcement in milimeter
Y is length of reinforcement in meter
46
NO
1
ITEM
Excavate for foundation not exceeding 1.5 m
RATE ( RM )
15.50
2
Mild steel bars in reinforcement to concrete work
2.50
3
High tensile steel bars in reinforcement to concrete work
2.50
4
Welded steel fabric reinforcement of 200mm x 200mm ( MS-A142/A6 )
10.60
5
Concrete grade 25P (1:2:1 2/3-20mm gauge granite)
179.00
6
Sawn formwork to sides of foundation and ground beam
23.60
7
Sawn formwork to sides of column and lintels
24.20
8
225 mm wide precast concrete half round surface water drain
21.00
9
150 mm thick hardcore filling, spread and leveled under concrete slabs
5.50
10
50 mm thick sand filling, spread and leveled under concrete slabs
2.00
11
Interlocking concrete roofing tiles laid to 318mm gauge on
26.50
12
Half brick wall in common bricks in cement mortar ( 1:3 )
33.10
13
Interlocking block
44.00
14
Adjustable louvers window for 2 panel
800.00
15
Adjustable louvers window for 3 panel
1040.00
16
28mm thick approved PVC flush door overall size 750mm x 2100mm
101.00
17
38mm thick skeleton framed flush door covered both sides
120.00
18
16mm thick cement mortar plastering with plasticizer
8.10
19
Clean down, prime and paint two coats of emulsion paint on wall and ceiling
2.90
20
8mm thick gypsum plaster board in ceiling fixed complete
21
Supply and fix sanitary system with septic tank
1609.00
14.60
22
Supply and fix cold water services with 150 gal. water tank
1681.00
23
Electric Installation ( 1 plug and 1 switch each room )
1500.00
24
Sliding door for 3 panel
500.00
25
Chain link fencing 1.50 m high
26
Mild steel double leaf gate 4.90 m x 1.50 m high overall
52.50
2145.00
47
ITEM
NO.
DESCRIPTION FOR CONVENTIONAL
SYSTEM
RATE
(RM)
TOTAL
(RM)
3
15.50
522.35
m
2
5.50
439.07
m
2
5.50
144.87
QUANTITY
UNIT
33.70
m
a. 150 mm thick of hardcore under ground slab
79.83
b. 150mm thick of hardcore under apron slab
26.34
ELEMENT NO.1 - WORKS BELOW LOWEST
FLOOR LEVEL
1
Excavate for foundation not exceeding 1.5m
2
Bed of Hardcore and Sand Filling
3
4
5
6
7
8
c. 50mm thick of sand filling under ground slab
79.83
m
2
2.00
159.66
d. 50mm thick of sand filling under apron slab
26.34
m
2
2.00
52.68
a. In Stump
29.29
Kg
2.50
73.21
b. In Ground Beam
115.13
Kg
2.50
287.82
Mild Steel Bars Reinforcement
High Tensile Steel Bars Reinforcement
a. In Foundation
268.48
Kg
2.50
671.20
b. In Stump
63.92
Kg
2.50
159.81
c. In Ground Beam
276.29
Kg
2.50
690.73
a. In ground slab
79.83
m
2
10.60
846.20
b. In apron slab
26.34
m
2
10.60
279.20
a. Foundation
7.78
m
3
179.00
1392.62
b. Stump
1.62
m
3
179.00
289.98
c. Ground Beam
3.89
m
3
179.00
696.31
d. 100mm thick slab
7.98
m
3
179.00
1428.42
e. 100mm thick apron slab
2.63
m
3
179.00
470.77
a. To sides of foundation
25.92
m
2
23.60
611.71
b. To sides of stump
21.60
m
2
24.20
522.72
c. To sides ground beam
71.97
m
2
23.60
1698.49
225mm wide precast concrete drain
43.90
m
21.00
921.90
Steel Fabric Reinforcement (MS - A142/A6)
Concrete grade 20 ( 1:2:4 - 20mm )
Use and Waste Sawn Formwork
48
ELEMENT NO.2 - FRAME
9
Concrete grade 20 ( 1:2:4 - 20mm )
a. In column
2.31
m
3
179.00
413.49
b. In roof beam
3.61
m
3
179.00
646.19
a. In column
191.77
Kg
2.50
479.43
b. In roof beam
208.64
Kg
2.50
521.60
a. In column
65.79
Kg
2.50
164.47
b. In roof beam
90.71
Kg
2.50
226.79
26.19
m
2
24.20
633.80
123.03
m
2
26.50
3260.30
193.40
m
2
33.10
6401.54
a. Concrete grade 20 ( 1:2:4 - 20mm )
0.36
m
3
179.00
64.44
b. Mild steel rod reinforcement
24.80
Kg
2.50
62
a. 2 panel
4.00
SET
800.00
3200
b. 3 panel
1.00
SET
1040.00
1040
a. Concrete grade 20 ( 1:2:4 - 20mm )
0.20
m
179.00
35.80
b. Mild steel rod reinforcement
21.31
Kg
2.50
53.28
18
28mm thick PVC flush door
2.00
NO
101.00
202
19
38mm thick skeleton flush door
4
NO
120.00
480
20
Sliding Door 3 Panel
1
NO
500.00
500
10
11
12
High Tensile Steel Bars Reinforcement
Mild Steel Bars Reinforcement
Use and Waste Sawn Formwork
a. To sides of column
ELEMENT NO.3 - ROOF
13
Interlocking concrete roofing tiles
ELEMENT NO.4 - WALL
14
114mm thick sand hollow blocks
ELEMENT NO.5 - WINDOW
15
16
Reinforced Concrete Lintol
Adjustable louvre window
ELEMENT NO.6 - DOOR
17
Reinforced Concrete Lintol
3
49
ELEMENT NO.7 - WALL FINISHES
21
16mm thick cement mortar plaster
386.80
m
2
8.10
3133.08
22
Paint two coats of emulsion paint on wall
386.30
m
2
2.90
1120.27
ELEMENT NO.8 - CEILING FINISHES
23
8mm thick gypsum plaster board in ceiling
90.92
m
2
14.60
1327.43
24
Paint two coats of emulsion paint on ceiling
90.92
m
2
2.90
263.67
1
SET
1609.00
1609
1
SET
1681.00
1681
1
SET
1500.00
1500
42.9
m
52.50
2252.25
1
NO
2145.00
2145
ELEMENT NO.9 - SANITARY FITTING
25
Supply and fix sanitary system
ELEMENT NO.10 - COLD WATER SERVICES
26
Supply and fix cold water services
ELEMENT NO.11 - ELECTRIC
INSTALLATION
27
Electric Installation
ELEMENT NO.12 - EXTERNAL WORKS
28
Chain link fencing 1.50 m high
29
Mild Steel double leaf gate
TOTAL
45776.54
50
ITEM
NO.
RATE
(RM)
TOTAL
(RM)
3
15.50
522.35
m
2
5.50
439.07
26.34
m
2
5.50
144.87
c. 50mm thick of sand filling under ground slab
79.83
m
2
2.00
159.66
d. 50mm thick of sand filling under apron slab
26.34
m
2
2.00
52.68
a. In Stump
29.29
Kg
2.50
73.21
b. In Ground Beam
115.13
Kg
2.50
287.82
DESCRIPTION FOR INTERLOCKING BLOCK
QUANTITY
UNIT
33.70
m
a. 150 mm thick of hardcore under ground slab
79.83
b. 150mm thick of hardcore under apron slab
ELEMENT NO.1 - WORKS BELOW LOWEST
FLOOR LEVEL
1
Excavate for foundation not exceeding 1.5m
2
Bed of Hardcore and Sand Filling
3
4
5
6
Mild Steel Bars Reinforcement
High Tensile Steel Bars Reinforcement
a. In Foundation
268.48
Kg
2.50
671.20
b. In Stump
63.92
Kg
2.50
159.81
c. In Ground Beam
377.33
Kg
2.50
943.32
a. In ground slab
79.83
m
2
10.60
846.20
b. In apron slab
26.34
m
2
10.60
279.20
7.78
m
3
179.00
1392.62
179.00
289.98
Steel Fabric Reinforcement (MS - A142/A6)
Concrete grade 20 ( 1:2:4 - 20mm )
a. Foundation
7
8
b. Stump
1.62
m
3
c. Ground Beam
4.67
m
3
179.00
835.57
d. 100mm thick slab
7.98
m
3
179.00
1428.42
e. 100mm thick apron slab
2.63
m
3
179.00
470.77
a. To sides of foundation
25.92
m
2
23.60
611.71
b. To sides of stump
21.60
m
2
24.20
522.72
c. To sides ground beam
85.58
m
2
23.60
2019.69
225mm wide precast concrete drain
43.90
m
21.00
921.90
Use and Waste Sawn Formwork
51
ELEMENT NO.2 - ROOF
9
123.03
m
2
26.50
3260.30
193.40
m
2
44.00
8509.60
495.95
Kg
2.50
1239.88
a. 2 panel
4.00
SET
800.00
3200
b. 3 panel
1.00
SET
1040.00
1040
2.00
NO
101.00
202
Interlocking concrete roofing tiles
ELEMENT NO.3 - WALL
10
150mm thick interlocking blocks
11
High Tensile Steel Bars Reinforcement
a. In wall
ELEMENT NO.4 - WINDOW
12
Adjustable louver window
ELEMENT NO.5 - DOOR
13
28mm thick PVC flush door
14
38mm thick skeleton flush door
5
NO
120.00
600
15
Sliding door 3 panel
1
NO
500.00
500
ELEMENT NO.6 - CEILING FINISHES
16
8mm thick gypsum plaster board in ceiling
90.92
m
2
14.60
1327.43
17
Paint two coats of emulsion paint on ceiling
90.92
m
2
2.90
263.67
1
SET
1609.00
1609
1
SET
1681.00
1681
1
SET
1500.00
1500
42.9
m
52.50
2252.25
1
NO
2145.00
2145
ELEMENT NO.7 - SANITARY FITTING
18
Supply and fix sanitary system
ELEMENT NO.8 - COLD WATER SERVICES
19
Supply and fix cold water services
ELEMENT NO.9 - ELECTRIC INSTALLATION
20
Electric Installation
ELEMENT NO.10 - EXTERNAL WORKS
21
Chain link fencing 1.50 m high
22
Mild Steel double leaf gate
TOTAL
42401.84
52
No
Description
Conventional System
Interlocking Block System
Cost For Each Element (RM)
Cost For Each Element (RM)
1.0
Substructures
1.1
Foundation and Stump
3721.25
3721.25
1.2
Ground Beam
3373.36
4086.40
2.0
Super Structures
2.1
Column
1691.19
-
2.2
Roof Beam
1394.58
-
2.3
Slab
2873.34
2873.34
2.4
Roof
3260.30
3260.30
3.0
Wall
6401.54
9748.42
4.0
Windows and Doors
5637.52
5542.00
5.0
Apron
947.52
947.52
522.35
6.0
Excavation
522.35
7.0
Wall Finishes
4253.35
-
8.0
Ceiling Finishes
1591.10
1591.10
9.0
Drainage
921.90
921.90
10.0
Electric Installation
1500.00
1500.00
11.0
Sanitary Fitting
1609.00
1609.00
12.0
Cold Water Services
1681.00
1681.00
13.0
External Works
4397.25
4397.25
Total Cost
45776.54
42401.84
Cost for each square feet
52.02
48.18
APPENDIX B
(MS EXCEL PROGRAM)
54
APPENDIX B1
USER INTERFACE
COMPARISON OF INTERLOCKING BLOCK BUILDING SYSTEM TO
CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM FOR AFFORDABLE HOUSING
*please insert the values in the blue shaded cell
INSERT DATA:
Overall Length, L (ft) =
34
Overall Width, W (ft) =
20
L1 (ft) =
14
L2 (ft) =
10
L3 (ft) =
10
LT1(ft) =
6
LT2 (ft) =
6
W1(ft) =
W2 (ft)
=
W3 (ft)
=
WT1 (ft)
=
WT2 (ft)
=
10
10
10
4
4
RESULTS:
Cost for conventional ( RM ) =
24240.21
Cost for interlocking ( RM ) =
25443.27
APPENDIX C
(AutoCAD DRAWING)
56
APPENDIX C1
57
APPENDIX C2
58
APPENDIX C3
59
APPENDIX C4
60