44-6039/rev. B
December 2010
Conductance Data For Commonly
Used Chemicals
CONDUCTANCE DATA FOR COMMONLY USED CHEMICALS
From an analytical point of view, little can be done with
a conductance reading, however accurate it may be,
unless it can be related to chemical concentration via a
table or graph. Much data has been generated in the
past 100 years in this area, but a comprehensive gathering of the information in a form useful to industry has
been lacking1. It is hoped that the following will provide
a ready and reasonably accurate reference of conductance values for the majority of electrolytes encountered in industrial situations.
The information is presented in graphical form to permit rapid evaluation of response patterns and to eliminate the time consuming and often impractical
(because of non-linearity) extrapolation required in
tables with widely separated concentrations. This
method of presentation sacrifices the precision gained
by listing actual values, but the accuracy retained is
more than sufficient for the great majority of industrial
uses. The intent has been to provide a useful working
tool more so than a scientific reference.
Most of the data presented is the result of extremely
careful and accurate laboratory work conducted by
various researchers over the years. It is recognized
that older sources of information, notably the extensive
International Critical Tables, have been found to be
slightly inaccurate due to changes in the definition of
basic units in recent times as well as to erroneous
alignment procedures and measurement techniques.
However, with the previously stated area of application
in mind, these minor errors are of little significance and
may safely be ignored.
A few curves are based on more casual “field condition” observations, and others are derived from data
with a low degree of resolution in the original reference. Both will be marked with a single asterisk (*) in
the index that follows.
All conductance values have been referenced to a single temperature of 25°C for convenience (isothermal
plots are given for selected chemicals of major importance). Much of the original data was presented at this
temperature, and all sources fell in the range of 15° to
25°C. Where possible, the temperature correction factor was calculated from isothermal equivalent conductances listed in the International Critical Tables. An
average was taken over as wide a range as possible
from .5N to 5N and 0-25°C. When such a calculation
was not possible, the widely accepted “average” of
2%/°C was used. Temperature factors, of course, will
vary in a non-linear manner with respect to both temperature and concentration for many chemicals, but the
small size of the adjustments render this of little importance. As the majority of corrections involved differentials of only 5° or 7°C, errors introduced from this
source will be small. With this in mind, the final effect of
temperature correction error deserves further comment.
The relative conductance values at various concentrations would not be noticeably affected. The error could
be approximately but correctly described as relating to
the reference temperature rather than conductance.
Too much or too little correction simply means that the
curve shown is really that seen at 24° or 26° rather
than the indicated 25°. It is not anticipated that errors
will exceed the +1° examples given in any except the
most unusual cases.
No guarantees of accuracy can be given, but most of
the data should easily fall within 5% of the correct
absolute value. The choice of curve shape through
data points will be a factor in some cases, and it is for
this reason that the points were clearly indicated.
(Some were omitted in the lower portions of the scale
for the sake of clarity.)
1
An earlier and excellent series of curves was published for this purpose by Industrial Instruments Inc. It provided
very detailed data for a half-dozen or so commonly used chemicals, and has been included in the list of reference
sources.
NOTES:
1. Concentration is expressed as % by Weight of the anhydrous substance.
2. Conductance units are µmhos/cm.
3. Plotted data points are indicated by circles.
1
SOURCES OF CONDUCTANCE DATA
1. International Critical Tables, Vol. Vl, pp. 230-258; McGraw Hill, 1929.
2. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th Edition: CRC Press, 1976.
3. Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry, 10th and 11 th Editions.
4. Graphs published by Industrial Instruments, Inc.; Cedar Grove, N.J.
5. Previously unpublished laboratory measurements performed at Uniloc, Inc., Irvine, Calif. 1970-1976.
6. Miscellaneous information regarding single electrolytes obtained from various reliable industrial sources.
7. Electrolyte Solutions, Robinson and Stokes: Butterworths, 1959.
8. Electrochemical Data, Dobos: Elsevier, 1975.
9. Electrolytic Conductance and the Conductances of the Halogen Acids in Water, Hamer and DeWane: National
Bureau of Standards Publication NSRDS-NBS 33, 1970.
10.Handbook of Electrochemical Constants, Parsons: Butterworths/Academic Press, 1959.
2
INDEX OF ELECTROLYTES
Substance
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
Acetic acid
Aluminum chloride
*Ammonia/Ammonium Hydroxide
*Ammonium bifluoride
Ammonium chloride
Ammonium fluoride
Ammonium iodide
Ammonium nitrate
Ammonium sulfate
Ammonium thiocyanate
Barium chloride
*Barium hydroxide
*Barium nitrate
Cadmium bromide
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium iodide
Cadmium nitrate
Cadmium sulfate
Calcium chloride
Calcium nitrate
Cesium chloride
Chromic acid
Citric acid
Cobaltous Chloride
Cupric chloride
Cupric nitrate
Cupric sulfate
(Ethylenediamine) Tetraacetic acid
disodium salt, EDTA sodium
29. Ferric chloride
30. Ferrous sulfate
31. Formic acid
32. Hydrobromic acid
33. Hydrochloric acid
34. Hydrofluoric acid
35. Hydroiodic acid
36. Iodic acid
37. Lactic acid
38. Lanthanum nitrate
39. Lead (plumbous) nitrate
40. Lithium chloride
41. Lithium hydroxide
42. Lithium iodide
43. Lithium sulfate
44. Magnesium chloride
45. Magnesium nitrate
46. Magnesium sulfate
47. Manganous chloride
48. Manganous sulfate
49. Nickel sulfate
50. Nitric acid
51. Oxalic acid
52. Phosphoric acid
53. Potassium acetate
54. Potassium bicarbonate
55.Potassium biphthalate
Chemical
Formula
CH3COOH
AlCl3
NH3/NH4OH
NH4F•HF
NH4Cl
NH4F
NH4I
NH4NO3
(NH4)2SO4
NH4SCN
BaCl2
Ba(OH)2
Ba(NO3)2
CdBr2
CdCl2
Cdl2
Cd(NO3)2
CdSO4
CaCl2
Ca(NO3)2
CsCl
CrO3
(COOH)CH2C(OH)
(COOH)•H2O
COCl2
CuCl2
Cu(NO3)2
CuSO4
Na2C10H14O8N2•2H2O
FeCl3
FeSO4
HCOOH
HBr
HCl
HF
HI
HlO3
CH3CHOH COOH
La(NO3)3
Pb(NO3)2
LiCl
LiOH
LiI
Li2SO4
MgCl2
Mg(NO3)2
MgSO4
MnCl2
MnSO4
NiSO4
HNO3
HO2CCO2H
H3PO4
KCH3CO2
KHCO3
KHC8H4O4
Maximum conductance and
point of inflection at 25°C
[µmhos/cm/% by wt.]
1,850/17%
—
1,200/5.5%
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30,000/32%
35,000/22%
Mol. Wt.
(Anhydrous)
Graph
No.
108,000/32%
51,000/27%
204,000/24%
122,000/25%
—
670,000/35%
60.05
133.34
17.03/35.05
57.04
53.50
37.04
144.94
80.04
132.14
76.12
208.25
171.39
261.38
272.24
183.32
366.25
164.10
208.48
110.99
164.10
168.37
99.99
2
6
2
7
13
7
14
13
11
10
8
4
3
9
5
9
9
9
11
9
13
14
7,900/20%
—
108,000/23%
134,000/28%
—
210.14 (Hyd.)
129.84
134.45
187.55
159.61
2
6
11
8
6
—
96,000/16%
53,000/24%
11,500/30%
—
850,000/19%
—
—
—
5,700/15%
97,000/28%
—
190,000/21%
380,000/11%
—
83,000/18%
160,000/18%
—
58,000/17%
130,000/20%
51,500/22%
—
865,000/29%
—
230,000/50%
150,000/32%
—
—
372.24(Hyd.)
162.22
15.94
46.03
80.92
36.47
20.01
127.93
175.93
90.08
324.93
331.23
42.40
23.95
133.86
109.95
95.23
148.34
120.37
125.84
151.00
154.78
63.02
90.04
98.00
98.14
100.12
204.23
3
9
6
2
14
1
13
14
12
2
8
8
11
13
7
7
11
6
7
8
5
7
1
4
12
12
7
3
3
INDEX OF ELECTROLYTES (Continued)
Substance
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
Potassium bromide
Potassium carbonate
Potassium chloride
Potassium chromate
Potassium cyanide
Potassium dichromate
Potassium ferricyanide
Potassium ferrocyanide
Potassium fluoride
Potassium hydroxide
Potassium iodide
Potassium nitrate
Potassium oxalate
Potassium permanganate
Potassium phosphate (monobasic)
Potassium phosphate (dibasic)
Potassium sulfate
Potassium sulfide
Potassium thiocyanate
Procaine hydrochloride
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
Sea water
*Silver fluoride
Silver nitrate
Sodium acetate
Sodium bicarbonate
Sodium bromide
Sodium carbonate
Sodium chloride
Sodium citrate
Sodium diatrizoate (Hypaque)
Sodium dichromate
Sodium ferrocyanide
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium molybdate
Sodium nitrate
Sodium phosphate (monobasic)
Sodium phosphate (dibasic)
Sodium phosphate (tribasic)
Sodium sulfate
Sodium sulfide
Sodium tartrate
Sodium thiocyanate
Sodium thiosulfate
Sodium tungstate
Strontium chloride
Strontium nitrate
Sulfuric acid
Tartaric acid
Tetracaine hydrochloride
Trichloracetic acid
Zinc chloride
Zinc Sulfate
4
Chemical
Formula
Maximum conductance and
point of inflection at 25°C
[µmhos/cm/% by wt.]
KBr
—
K2CO3
KCl
K2CrO4
KCN
K2Cr2O7
K3Fe(CN)6
K4Fe(CN)6
KF
KOH
Kl
KNO3
K2C2O4
KMnO4
KH2PO4
K2HPO4
K2SO4
K 2S
KSCN
C6H4[COOCH2CH2N
(C2H5)2] (NH2)•HCI-1,4
—
AgF
AgNO3
NaCH3CO2
NaHCO3
NaBr
Na2CO3
NaCl
Na3C6H5O7
Na(CH3CONH)2C6l3CO2
Na2Cr2O7
Na4Fe(CN)6
NaOH
Na2MoO4
NaNO3
NaH2PO4
Na2HPO4
Na3PO4
Na2SO4
Na2S
NaOOC(CHOH)2COONa
NaSCN
Na2S2O3
Na2WO4
SrCl2
Sr(NO3)2
H2SO4
HO2C(CHOH)2CO2H
Cl5H24N2O2•HCI
CCl3COOH
ZnCl2
ZnSO4
Mol. Wt.
(Anhydrous)
Graph
No.
258,000/34%
—
—
—
—
—
—
288,000/34%
625,000/26%
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
535,000/30%
—
119.01
138.21
74.55
194.20
65.11
294.21
329.26
368.36
58.10
56.11
166.03
101.10
166.22
158.04
136.13
174.18
174.26
110.26
97.18
13
12
1
10
6
6
13
6
12
14
14
7
7
4
4
4
4
14
10
34,000/32%
—
—
—
78,000/22%
—
—
103,000/19%
—
64,500/23%
18,500/40%
165,000/40%
—
410,000/15%
—
—
60,000/28%
—
—
—
262,000/15%
68,500/24%
206,000/34%
152,000/29%
—
198,000/30%
113,000/30%
825,000/30%
11,800/24%
—
—
104,000/27%
56,500/4%
272.78
—
126.88
169.89
82.04
84.01
102.91
106.01
58.44
258.07
635.92
261.97
303.92
40.01
205.95
85.01
119.97
141.98
163.96
142.07
78.06
194.07
81.08
158.13
293.92
158.55
211.65
98.08
150.09
300.84
163.38
136.29
161.44
5
4
10
12
5
3
10
6
1
5
5
9
10
1
4
11
8
3
4
7
10
5
12
8
4
11
8
1
2
4
10
12
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE OF SATURATED SOLUTIONS OF SLIGHTLY SOLUBLE
ELECTROLYTES (SALTS ARE CORRECTED FOR CONDUCTANCE OF WATER)
(Data from International Critical Tables, Vol. VI)
SUBSTANCE
AgBr
AgBrO3
AgCH3COC(CN)CO2C2H5
AgCI
AgCN
Ag2C2O4
Ag2CrO4
AgI
AgIO3
AgONC(CN)CO2C2H5
AgONC(CN)CO2CH(CH3)2
AgOOCCH3
AgOH
Ag3PO4
AgSCN
Agn-Propionate
Agdl-Tartratc
Ag d-Tartrate
Ag l-Tartrate
Ag p-Toluate
Aragonite
Antipyrine Salicylate
BaCO3
BaCrO4
BaC2O4•?H2O
BaC2O4•2H2O
BaC2O4•3.5H2O
BaSO4
Barite
CaCO3
CaC2O4•H2O
CaF2
CaF2 (Fluorite)
CaSO4•2H2O
CdC2O4•3H2O
Ce(IO3)3•2H2O
Ce2(C2O4)3•10H2O
Ce2(C4H4O6)3•4.5H2O
CuI
CuSCN
Calcite
Celestite
TEMP.°C
SOLUTION
µMHOS/CM
SUBSTANCE
21.1
19.9
25.0
25.0
20.0
25.0
25.0
20.8
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
24 9
19.5
20.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
18.0
18.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
18.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
26.1
25.0
25 0
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
24.6
18.0
25.0
25.0
0.075
663.24
251.5
1.794
19.0
35.97
26.61
0.002
101.27
234.6
131.8
4,975
35.944
6.1
0.096
1,924
583.4
989
1009
251.7
41.0
1,000
25.475
4.345
91.62
108.6
94.91
2.923 (avg.)
3.517
35.97
12.37
50.55
45.81
2,210
36.22
636.8
0.651
51.66
2.128
0.4
33.8
147.4
HgCl
HgI2
La(IO3)3•3H2O
La2(C2O4)3•10H2O
La2(C4H4O6)3•3H2O
Li2PO3•3.5H2O
Li3PO4•0.5H2O
MgC2O4
MgCO3
MgF2
Mn(OH)2
Nd2(C2O4)3•10H2O
PbBr2
Pb(BrO3)2
PbCO3
PbC2O4
PbCl2
PbF2
PbI2
Pb(lO3)2
Pb3(PO4)2
Pb(SCN)2
PbSO4
Pr2(C2O4)3•10H2O
Sa2(C2O4)3
SrF2
SrC2O4
SrSO4
TlBr
TlBrO3
TlCl
TlC2O4
TlI
TlIO3
TISCN
TI2S
Y2(C2O4)•9H2O
Yb2(C2O4)3•10H2O
ZnC2O4•2H2O
TEMP.°C
24.6
18.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
18.0
25.9
27.0
18.0
25.0
20.0
19.9
20.0
22.0
20.0
25.0
20.1
25.0
20.0
20.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
19.9
25.0
20.0
25.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
SOLUTION
µMHOS/CM
2.13
0.2 (?)
692
953
58.5
274
937
199.3
885.1
270.7
9.49
0.764
3,692
4,630.4
1.39
1.54
53,540
514
338.4
8.75
0.14
5,346
40.3
1.164
0.82
204.6
70.79
147.4
293.8
1,079.
2,160.
5,341.
36.64
154.1
1,399
216
1.74
4.849
10.21
19
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE OF VARIOUS PURE LIQUIDS
(Data from Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 12th edition)
LIQUID
TEMP.°C
µMHOS/CM
LIQUID
ACETALDEHYDE
ACETAMIDE
ACETIC ACID
ACETIC ANHYDRIDE
ACETONE
ACETONITRILE
ACETOPHENONE
ACETYL BROMIDE
ACETYL CHLORIDE
ALIZARIN
ALLYL ALCOHOL
AMMONIA
ANILINE
ANTHRACENE
ARSENIC TRIBROMIDE
ARSENIC TRICHLORIDE
BENZALDEHYDE
BENZENE
BENZOIC ACID
BENZONITRILE
BENZYL ALCOHOL
BENZYL BENZOATE
BENZYLAMINE
BROMINE
15
100
25
25
25
20
25
25
25
233
25
-79
25
230
35
25
25
—
125
25
25
25
25
17.2
1.7
<43
.0112
.48
.06
7
.006
2.4
.4
1.45 (?)
7
.13
.024
.0003
1.5
1.2
.15
.076
.003
.05
1.8
<.001
<.017
1.3 x 10–7
DIETHYL OXALATE
DIETHYL SULFATE
DIETHYLAMINE
DIMETHYL SULFATE
EPICHLOROHYDRIN
ETHYL ACETATE
ETHYL ACETOACETATE
ETHYL ALCOHOL
ETHYL BENZOATE
ETHYL BROMIDE
ETHYL ETHER
ETHYL IODIDE
ETHYL ISOTHIOCYANATE
ETHYL NITRATE
ETHYL THIOCYANATE
ETHYLAMINE
ETHYLENE BROMIDE
ETHYLENE CHLORIDE
ETHYLIDENE CHLORIDE
EUGENOL
FORMAMIDE
FORMIC ACID
FURFURAL
GALLIUM
BROMOBENZENE
BROMOFORM
CAPRONITRILE
CARBON DISULFIDE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
CHLORINE
CHLOROACETIC ACID
CHLOROFORM
CHLOROHYDRIN
CYANOGEN
CYMENE
DICHLOROACETIC ACID
DICHLOROHYDRIN
DIETHYL CARBONATE
25
25
25
1
18
-70
60
25
25
25
25
25
25
<.00002
<.02
3.7
7.8 x 10 –12
4 x 10 –12
<1 x 10 –10
1.4
<.02
.5
<.007
<.02
.07
12
.017
GLYCEROL
GLYCOL
GUAIACOL
HEPTANE
HEXANE
HYDROGEN BROMIDE
HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
HYDROGEN CYANIDE
HYDROGEN IODIDE
HYDROGEN SULFIDE
IODINE
iso-BUTYLALCOHOL
20
GERMANIUM TETRABROMIDE
TEMP.°C
25
25
-33.5
0
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
0
19
25
25
25
25
25
25
30
30
25
25
25
20
18
-80
-96
0
-35
-60
110
25
µMHOS/CM
.76
.26
.0022
.16
.034
< .001
.04
.00135
<.001
< .02
< 4x10–7
.02
.126
.53
1.2
.4
<.0002
.03
<.17
.17
4
64
1.5
36,800
mhos
78
.064
.3
.28
<1x10 –7
<1x10 –12
.008
.01
3.3
.2
.00001
.00013
.08
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE OF VARIOUS PURE LIQUIDS
(Data from Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 12th edition)
LIQUID
TEMP.°C
KEROSENE
m-CHLOROANlLlNE
m-CRESOL
MERCURY
METHYL ACETATE
METHYL ALCOHOL
METHYL IODIDE
METHYL NITRATE
METHYL THIOCYANATE
METHYLETHYL KETONE
NAPTHALENE
NITROBENZENE
NITROMETHANE
NONANE
o- or m- NlTROTOLUENE
OLEIC ACID
PENTANE
PETROLEUM
PHENETOLE
PHENOL
PHENYL ISOTHIOCYANATE
PHOSGENE
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS OXYCHLORIDE
PINENE
PIPERIDENE
PROPIONALDEHYDE
PROPIONIC ACID
PROPIONITRILE
µMHOS/CM
LIQUID
25
18
25
25
25
25
82
0
18
25
25‘
15
19.5
—
<.017
.05
<.017
10,629.6
mhos
3.4
.44
<.02
4.5
1.5
.1
.0004
.005
.6
<.017
<.2
<.0002
<.0002
3 x 10 –7
n-PROPYL ALCOHOL
iso-PROPYL ALCOHOL
n-PROPYL BROMIDE
PYRIDINE
QUINOLINE
SALICYLALDEHYDE
STEARIC ACID
SULFONYL CHLORIDE
SULFUR
SULFUR
SULFUR
SULFUR DIOXIDE
SULFURIC ACID
SULFURYL CHLORIDE
TOLUENE
25
25
25
25
25
25
23
25
25
25
25
<.017
<.017
1.4
.007
.4
2.2
<.0002
< .2
.85
<.001
< .1
25
25
25
0
o-TOLUIDINE
p-TOLUIDINE
TRICHLOROACETIC ACID
TRIMETHYLAMINE
TURPENTINE
iso-VALERlC ACID
WATER
XYLENE
TEMP.°C
µMHOS/CM
25
25
25
18
25
25
80
25
115
130
440
35
25
25
—
.02
3.5
< .02
.053
.022
.16
< 4x10 –7
2
1x10 –6
5x10 –5
.12
.015
10000
.03
< 1x10 –8
25
100
25
-33.5
—
80
18
—
<2
.062
.003
.00022
2 x 10 –7
<4 x 10 –7
.044
1.43 x 10 –11
21
SUMMARY OF FORMULAE,
CONVERSION DATA AND MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION
CT = CR [1 + tc (T – TR)] for the general case.
boiling, and that a change of 5°C is matched by a
change of 9°F. Thus, 35°C is seven “increments”
above freezing. Multiply the seven by the Fahrenheit
“increments” of 9 to obtain a Fahrenheit reading that is
63 degrees above freezing, or 95°F.
CT = CR [1 + tc (T – 25)] for 25°C reference.
5.
1.
To obtain the conductance at temperatures other
than reference when the temperature coefficient is
known:
Concentration conversions:
Multiply the original concentration value by the
conversion factor shown.
T = temperature of
interest
TR = reference temperature
tc = temperature
coefficient
CT = conductivity at temperature of interest
6.
CR = conductivity at
reference
C25 = conductivity at 25°C
Resistance(ohms) = _______________________
Cell Constant x 106
µmhos of solution at 25°C
2.
To obtain the conductance at 25°C when conductance values at two other temperatures are
known:
7.
To obtain the temperature coefficent, referenced
to 25°C, when the conductance at any two temperatures is known:
tc = (CT1 – CT2)/[CT2 (T1 – 25) – CT1(T2 – 25)]
4.
Centigrade - Fahrenheit conversion:
°C = 5/9(°F – 32) °F = 9/5(°C) + 32
A rule-of-thumb method for making the conversion is to
recall the easily remembered values at freezing and
FROM
For a 1.0 cell constant:
Conductance, µmhos
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
C25 = [CT2(T1 – 25) – CT1 (T2 – 25)]/(T1 – T2)
3.
Resistance values to simulate contacting (electrode) sensor:
Resistance, ohms
1,000,000
100,000
10,000
1,000
100
10
1
Here is an easy way to remember it — there are
always a total of six zeros in the conductance/ resistance combination for the even decade values shown.
So, 100 umhos, having two, will require a resistance
with four, which is 10,000 ohms.
Weight Conc.
Molarity
Molality
Weight%
Grams Solute
______________
Liter solution
Wm
103p Wm
_____________
103 + C Wm
10p
Molarity
1
______
Wm
Moles solute
_____________
Liter Solution
103p
_____________
103 + CWm
10p
_____
Wm
Molality
103
______________
Wm(103p – Wc)
103
_____________
103p – MWm
Moles Solute
_____________
1000 Grams
Solvent
103
_______________
Wm(102 – W%)
1
_____
10p
Wm
_____
10p
102Wm
___________
103 + CWm
Grams Solute
__________________
100 Grams Solution
TO
Weight Conc.
Weight %
ppm = W% x 104
Wm = Molecular weight of solute (g)
Wc = Weight concentration
M
= Molality
22
Normality = Molarity x Equivalents per mole
p = Solution density (g/cm3)
W%= Weight %
C = Molarity
TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
NAME
SYMBOL
ATOMIC
WEIGHT
Actinium
Aluminum
Americium
Antimony
Argon
Arsenic
Astatine
Ac
Al
Am
Sb
Ar
As
At
(227)
26.9815
(243)
121.75
39.948
74.9216
(210)
Barium
Berkelium
Beryllium
Bismuth
Boron
Bromine
Ba
Bk
Be
Bi
B
Br
137.34
(245)
9.01218
208.9806
10.81
79.904
Cadmium
Calcium
Californium
Carbon
Cerium
Cesium
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Curium
Cd
Ca
Cf
C
Ce
Cs
Cl
Cr
Co
Cu
Cm
112.40
40.08
(248)
12.011
140.12
132.9055
35.453
51.996
58.9332
63.546
(247)
Dysprosium
Dy
162.50
Einsteinium
Erbium
Europium
Es
Er
Eu
(254)
167.26
151.96
Fermium
Fluorine
Francium
Fm
F
Fr
(253)
18.9984
(223)
Gadolinium
Gallium
Germanium
Gold
Gd
Ga
Ge
Au
157.25
69.72
72.59
196.9665
Hafnium
Helium
Holmium
Hydrogen
Indium
Iodine
Iridium
Iron
Hf
He
Ho
H
In
I
Ir
Fe
178.49
4.00260
164.9303
1.0080
114.82
126.9045
192.22
55.847
Krypton
Kr
83.80
Lanthanum
Lawrencium
Lead
Lithium
Lutetium
La
Lr
Pb
Li
Lu
138.9055
(257)
207.2
6.941
174.97
Magnesium
Manganese
Mendelevium
Mg
Mn
Md
24.305
54.9380
(256)
NAME
SYMBOL
ATOMIC
WEIGHT
Mercury
Molybdenum
Hg
Mo
200.59
95.94
Neodymium
Neon
Neptunium
Nickel
Niobium
Nitrogen
Nobelium
Nd
Ne
Np
Ni
Nb
N
No
144.24
20.179
237.0482
58.71
92.9064
14.0067
(254)
Osmi um
Oxygen
Os
O
190.2
1 5.9994
Palladium
Phosphorus
Platinum
Plutonium
Polonium
Potassium
Praseodymium
Promethium
Protactinium
Po
P
Pt
Pu
Po
K
Pr
Pm
Pa
106.4
30.9738
195.09
239.05
210
39.102
140.9077
(147)
231.0359
Radium
Radon
Rhenium
Rhodium
Rubidium
Ruthenium
Ra
Rn
Re
Rh
Rb
Ru
226.0254
(222)
186.2
102.9055
85.4678
101.07
Samarium
Scandium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Sulfur
Sm
Sc
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
150.4
44.9559
78.96
28.086
107.868
22.9898
87.62
32.06
Tantalum
Technetium
Tellurium
Terbium
Thallium
Thorium
Thulium
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten (Wolfram)
Ta
Tc
Te
Tb
Tl
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
180.9479
98.9062
127.60
158.9254
204.37
232.0381
168.9342
118.69
47.90
183.85
Uranium
U
238.029
Vanadium
V
50.9414
Xenon
Xe
131.30
Ytterbium
Yttrium
Yb
Y
173.04
88.9059
Zinc
Zirconium
Zn
Zr
65.37
91.22
23
CONDUCTANCE IN DILUTE AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
(Data obtained from Handbook of Electrochemical, Constants,
Parsons; Academic Press/Butterworths, 1959)
Conductance values at lower concentrations can be
approximately determined by use of the following formula:
_ 1000 C Ao (1-a 3C + bC )
Specific Conductance at 25°C ~
—
Ao, a and b are obtained from the tables that follow.
Parts Per million concentration
_ ———————————————
C = Normality ~
1000 X Equivalent weight
The equivalent weight may be obtained from the tables
also. The formula is useful for values of C between
0.0001 and 0.1 only. No allowance was made for solution density as it will be near that of pure water at lower
concentrations. However, if it is known and greater
accuracy is desired, simply multiply the value already
calculated for C times the density to obtain a more precise answer. If normality is known, rather than ppm or
wt. %, use it directly for C.
Example 1: What is the specific conductance of a
10,000 ppm solution of silver nitrate at 25°C?
_ 10,000/
C~
(1000 x 169.89) = .05886
Specific Conductance
_ 1000 (.05886) (133.3) [(1-.68 3———
~
.05886 + .35(.05886)]
_ 6,713 mhos/cm
~
24
How much would density correction affect the reading?
The relative density at 10,000 ppm is 1.007 (at 20 C).
C = 10,000 (1.007)/(1000 x 169 89) =
.05927 Corrected for density
Specific conductance
_ 1000 (.05927) (133.3) [(1-.68 3———
~
.05927 +
.35(.05886)]
_ 6,757 mhos
~
The error due to no density correction was less than 1%.
Example 2: What is the specific conductance of a 0.01 N
solution of KCI at 25°C?
_
Specific Conductance~
———
1000 (.01) (149.8) [1-.63 3.01 + .64 (0.1)]
_ 1,413 umhos/cm
~
Because C was given as normality, no density correction
is necessary. Referring to the table of conductance values
for standard KCI solutions, the measured value at 0.01N
is 1411 umhos/cm. The calculated value of 1413 is, thus,
in error by less than two-tenths of one percent. Not all calculations will be this close, but this approximation will be
more than adequate for most industrial applications.
_ 1000 CAo (1-a 3–
Specific Conductance (25°C) ~
C + bC) where .0001  C  .1
C = Normality = ppm concentration/(1000 x equivalent weight)
(Multiply ppm x density for greater accuracy.)
Substance
AgMnO4
AgNO3
Ag2SO4
AlBr3
AICI3
AII3
Al(NO3)3
BaAc2
BaBr2
Ba(BrO3)2
BaCl2
Bal2
Ba(MnO4)2
Ba(NO3)2
Ba(OH)2
CaBr2
CaCl2
Ca2Fe(CN)6
Ca3[Fe(CN)6]2
Ca(NO3)2
CaSO4
CdBr2
CdCl2
Cdl2
CdSO4
CoAc2
CoBr2
CoCl2
Co(NO3)2
CoSO4
CsCI
CsOH
CuAc2
CuBr2
CuCl2
Cu(NO3)2
CuSO4
FeCl2
FeSO4
GdBr3
GdCl3
Gdl3
HBr
HBrO3
HCNS
HCl
HClO3
HClO4
H2CrO4
Hl
HlO3
HMnO4
HNO3
KAc
Equivalent
Weight
Ao(25°C)
a
b
226.81
169.87
155.90
88.90
44.45
135.90
71.00
127.72
148.58
196.57
104.13
195.58
187.61
130.68
85.68
99.95
55.50
73.03
90.71
82.05
68.07
136.11
91.66
183.11
104.23
118.04
109.38
64.92
91.47
77.50
168.40
74.96
90.82
71.73
67.22
93.78
79.80
63.38
75.97
132.33
87.87
179.32
80.92
128.92
59.09
36.46
84.46
100.46
59.01
127.91
175.91
119.95
63.01
98.15
122
133.3
t42
139
137.6
137.6
129.5
104.2
141.1
118
139.5
141
119
132
256
133.0
135.6
118
138
130.0
104
97
104
77
105
90.1
126
124.5
122.4
100
154.6
271
60
134
131
128.8
113
137
99
139.9
140
139
429.4
408
404
426.0
408
417
207
428
391.2
410
420
115.4
0.72
0.68
1.30
1.64
1.65
1.66
1.72
1.59
1.28
1.44
1.28
1.28
1.42
1.34
0.88
1.32
1.3
5.47
3.87
1.35
2.9
1.73
1.65
2.02
2.89
1.74
1.35
1.37
1.39
2.07
0.62
0.45
2.36
1.31
1.33
1.38
2.79
1.34
2.08
1.63
1.63
1.64
0.37
0.37
0.38
0.37
0.36
0.37
0.97
0.37
0.38
0.38
0.37
0.75
2.0
0.35
-3.5
2.2
2.0
3.1
2.2
1.7
1.78
1.4
1.74
2.7
1.4
1.2
0.0
2.1
1.8
11.0
7.2
2.0
3.6
0.95
0.9
1.38
3.7
1.4
1.9
1.2
20
1.65
-0.7
0.5
2.2
1.6
1.5
17
3.3
1.05
1.7
3.2
2.5
4.0
0.35
-5.0
0.37
0.38
0.4
0.4
2.2
0.42
-4.7
0.2
0.36
1.3
Min./Max. ppm for
use of Formula
20
16
15
8
4
13
7
12
14
19
10
19
18
13
8
9
5
7
9
8
6
13
9
18
10
11
10
6
9
7
16
7
9
7
6
9
7
6
7
13
8
17
8
12
5
3
8
10
5
12
17
11
6
9
-
23,000
17,000
16,000
9,000
5,000
14,000
8,000
13,000
15,000
20,000
11,000
20,000
19,000
14,000
9,000
10,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
9,000
7,000
14,000
10,000
19,000
11,000
12,000
11,000
7,000
10,000
8,000
17,000
8,000
10,000
8,000
7,000
10,000
8,000
7,000
8,000
14,000
9,000
18,000
9,000
13,000
6,000
4,000
9,000
11,000
6,000
13,000
18,000
12,000
7,000
10,000
25
Substance
KBr
KBrO3
KCNS
KCl
KCLO3
K2CrO4
KF
K4Fe(CN)6
K3Fe(CN)6
K2Fe(CN)5NO
Kl
KlO3
KMnO4
KNO3
KOH
K2SO4
LiBr
LiCl
LiClO3
Li2CrO4
Lil
LiNO3
LiOH
Li2SO4
MgBr2
MgCrO4
Mg2Fe(CN)6
Mg(NO3)2
Mg(OH)2
MgSO4
MnBr2
MnCl2
MnSO4
NH4Br
NH4CNS
NH4Cl
NH4IO3
NH4Pic
(NH4)2SO4
NaAc
NaBr
NaBrO3
NaCNS
Na2CO3
NaCl
NaClO3
NaClO4
NaCrO4
NaF
Na4Fe(CN)6
NaHCO3
Nal
NaNO3
NaOH
26
Equivalent
Weight
Ao(25°C)
a
b
119.01
167.01
97.18
74.56
122.55
97.10
58.10
92.09
109.75
147.07
166.01
214.00
158.04
101.11
56.11
87.14
86.85
42.39
90.39
64.93
133.84
68.94
23.95
54.97
92.07
70.15
65.14
74.16
29.17
60.19
107.38
62.92
75.50
97.95
76.12
53.49
192.94
246.14
66.07
82.03
102.90
150.90
81.07
53.00
58.44
106.44
122.44
161.97
41.99
75.98
84.01
149.89
84.99
40.01
151.7
129.4
140.0
149.8
138.7
156
128
169
167.8
136.4
150.8
115
136
144.5
271
151.4
121.4
115
104.1
123.6
117.7
111
236.5
119.2
129
125
172
129.0
257
116
128
126
109
155
140.8
150.5
117
104.4
149.9
91.1
126.0
106.1
110.5
124.1
126.5
115
110
132
106
155
96.0
127.0
123
246.5
0.62
0.69
0.65
0.63
0.66
1.22
0.70
2.48
1.56
1.32
0.63
0.53
0.67
o.64
0.45
1.24
0.72
0.75
0.81
1.46
0.74
0.77
0.48
1.48
1.34
2.64
4.75
1.35
0.87
2.75
1.34
1.36
2.84
0.62
0.65
0.63
0.74
0.80
1.25
0.89
0.70
0.79
0.77
1.47
0.70
0.75
0.77
1.38
0.79
2.74
0.85
0.70
0.72
0.47
0.62
0.48
0.63
0.64
0.4
1.3
0.5
3.6
1.8
1.9
0.62
0.4
0.5
0.36
0.4
1.14
0.5
0.78
0.3
1.5
0.8
0.45
0.5
1.4
2.2
3.2
13
1.8
2.1
3.7
1.7
1.6
3.8
0.60
0.5
0.49
0
0.9
1.1
0.34
0.5
0.60
0.75
1.6
0.74
0.6
0.6
1.5
0.6
4.7
0.6
0.80
0.36
0.3
Min./Max. ppm for
use of Formula
11
16
9
7
12
9
5
9
10
14
16
20
15
10
5
8
8
4
9
6
13
6
2
5
9
7
6
7
2
6
10
6
7
9
7
5
19
24
6
8
10
15
8
5
5
10
12
16
4
7
8
14
8
4
-
12,000
17,000
10,000
8,000
13,000
10,000
6,000
10,000
11,000
15,000
17,000
22,000
16,000
11,000
6,000
9,000
9,000
5,000
10,000
7,000
14,000
7,000
3,000
6,000
10,000
8,000
7,000
8,000
3,000
6,000
11,000
7,000
8,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
20,000
25,000
7,000
9,000
11,000
16,000
9,000
6,000
6,000
11,000
13,000
17,000
5,000
8,000
9,000
15,000
9,000
4,000
Substance
NaPic
Na2SO4
Na2S2O3
NiAc2
NiBr2
NiCl2
Ni(NO3)2
NiSO4
PbCl2
Pb(NO3)2
RbBr
RbCl
Rbl
RbOH
SnlBr3
SmCl3
Sml3
SrAC2
SrBr2
SrCl2
Sr(NO3)2
TlCl
TlCIO3
TlOH
YBr3
YCl3
Yl3
ZnAc2
ZnBr2
ZnCl2
Zn(NO3)2
ZnSO4
Me3HNCl
Me4Nl
Me4NPic
Et4Nl
Et4NPic
Pr4Nl
Ac
Et
Me
Pic
Pr
=
=
=
=
=
Equivalent
Weight
Ao(25°C)
a
b
251.09
71.02
79.06
88.40
109.27
64.81
91.36
77.39
139.05
165.60
165.37
120.92
212.37
102.48
130.02
85.57
177.02
102.86
123.72
79.27
105.82
239.82
~87.82
221.38
137.59
65.09
156.54
91.73
112.60
68.14
94.69
80.72
95.56
201.03
290.22
257.15
346.34
313.27
81.
129.0
135.0
89.5
127
123.3
124.5
100
145.0
135.7
148
153
145.3
272
140.2
139.8
138.5
101
136.0
136.0
131.8
150.3
137.6
276.1
141
136
143.8
88
159
130
125
105
123.6
118.6
76
108
63
100
0.97
1.39
1.36
1.75
1.34
1.37
1.37
2.7
1.26
1.32
0.63
0.62
0.64
0.45
1.63
1.64
1.64
1.63
1.30
1.30
1.34
0.63
0.65
0.45
1.63
1.67
1.60
1.77
1.23
1.48
1.37
2.90
0.71
0.73
1.02
0.78
1.18
0.83
0.7
1.50
1.60
1.3
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.6
-7.0
0.89
0.2
0.7
0.65
0.5
2.9
3.0
3.4
2.0
1.8
1.74
1.5
-1.3
0.45
0.45
2.8
3.5
2.6
1.2
0.7
2.3
2.2
4.2
0.76
0.35
0.5
–.–
–.–
–.–
Min./Max. ppm for
use of Formula
25
7
7
8
10
6
9
7
13
16
16
12
21
10
12
8
17
10
12
7
10
23
28
22
13
6
15
9
11
6
9
8
9
20
29
25
34
31
-
26,000
8,000
8,000
9,000
11,000
7,000
10,000
8,000
14,000
17,000
17,000
13,000
22,000
11,000
14,000
9,000
18,000
11,000
13,000
9,000
11,000
25,000
30,000
23,000
14,000
7,000
16,000
10,000
12,000
7,000
10,000
8,000
10,000
21,000
30,000
26,000
35,000
32,000
Acetate
Ethyl
Methyl
Picrate
Propyl
27
CONDUCTANCE IN DILUTE NON-AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
(Data obtained from Handbook of Electrochemical Constants,
Parsons; Academic Press/Butterworths, 1959)
All comments, formulae, etc. regarding aqueous solutions will apply here as well (except as noted regarding limits for C and temperature).
ACETONITRIDE AT 25°C
Solute
AgNO3
Kl
1/3TlBr3
1/3TICl3
Pr4NClO4
Pr4Nl
Pr4NPic
Am4Nl
CPh2(p-C6H4OMe)CIO4
C(p-C6H4OMe)3ClO4
Ao
a
b
150.0
181.4
140.5
170.4
172.3
169.6
146.3
152.0
160.9
156.7
2.28
2.02
2.39
2.09
2.08
2.10
2.32
2.26
2.18
2.22
1.4
1.5
5.9
2.1
2.4
10.0
14.0
1.0
4.0
5.0
Ao
a
b
192.0
188.0
197.0
89.0
113.3
105.8
106.8
101.5
94.2
100.7
101.8
106.9
82.0
91.0
98.4
107.8
95.7
98.4
91.4
117.6
96.8
86.9
102.4
97.4
94.4
82.0
1.78
1.79
1.76
2.73
2.34
2.45
2.42
2.51
2.53
2.52
2.50
2.43
2.88
2.67
2.56
2.42
2.60
2.55
2.68
2.30
2-58
2.77
2.49
2.57
2.63
2.88
2.0
2.0
2.5
4.1
5.1
5.5
1.0
5.5
3.0
5.0
4.1
6.0
4.1
3.9
4.0
4.8
5.6
5.0
4.6
2.0
5.0
4.0
2.0
6.0
2.8
3.8
METHANOL AT 25°C
Solute
HBr
HCI
Hl
KCH3(CH2)COO
Kl
KOH
KOCH3
LiCHS
LiCI
LiNO3
NaBr
NaCNS
NaCH3(CH2)3COO
NaC6HCH3(NO2)3O
NaCI
Nal
NaOH
NaOH3
NaPic
Et4Nl
Me3NCH2Phl
(C5H11)Nl
C3H5H2Pic
i-C4H9H3NCl
C5H12NC6HMc(NO2)3O
PhH3NC6HMc(NO2)3O
28
Solute
1/2 Ba (NO3)2
1/2 Ca (NO3)2
CsCI
CsNO3
KCNS
KCI
Kl
LiNO3
NH4Cl
NH4l
NH4NO3
NaBr
1/2Na2CrO4
Nal
NaNO3
NaHCOO
NaPhCOO
NaSalicylate
NaPhSO3
RbBr
RbCI
Rbl
RbNO3
1/2Sr(NO3)2
Me4NCl
Me4Nl
Et4NCl
Et4Nl
Solute
CsCI
KBr
KCNS
KCI
KClO4
Kl
KNO3
LiBr
LiCNS
LiCI
LilCO4
Lil
LiNO3
NaBr
NaCNS
NaClO4
Nal
NaNO3
NaPic
RbCI
Et4NPic
FORMAMIDE AT 25°C
Ao
30.3
31.6
29.0
29.4
28.7
28.0
27.7
25.0
30.4
30.5
33.6
25.7
26.0
25.0
28.3
25.1
20.0
20.6
20.7
28.3
28.2
28.0
28.6
32.0
28.7
25.0
28.7
25.0
a
1.33
1.29
0.74
0.74
0.75
0.76
0.77
0.83
0.72
0.72
0.67
0.81
1.56
0.83
0.76
o.83
0.99
0.97
0.96
0.76
0.76
0.76
0.75
1.28
0.75
0.83
0.75
0.83
HYDROGEN CYANIDE AT 18°C b = 0
Valid to C = 10–5N.
Ao
368.2
363.2
358.0
363.4
353-3
363.3
353.9
356.9
340.6
345.4
336.9
348.0
336.6
343.8
337.7
335.5
344.9
333.8
266.9
363.2
282.3
b
1.33
1.00
0.75
0.61
1.20
0.90
1.04
1.05
1.60
1.10
0.60
0.80
1.80
1.18
0.63
0.65
0.78
0.60
0.75
1.10
0.60
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.65
1.10
0.65
1.10
A
200
248
243
280
275
235
253
270
400
335
230
258
402
243
230
235
238
250
195
195
215
29
SULPHUR DIOXIDE AT 0°C
Solute
Ph3CCl04
Ph2C(C6H4Me)ClO4
PhC(C6H4Me)2ClO4
C(C6H4Me)3Cl
C(C6H4Me)3ClO4
Ph2C(C6H4Ph)Cl
C(C6H4Ph)3Cl
Ph2C(p-C6H4OMe)Cl
Ph2C(p-C6H4OMe)ClO4
C(p-C6H4OMe)3ClO4
PhC(p-C6H4NO2)(p-C6H4OMe)Cl
C(p-C6H4NO2)2(p-C6H4OMe)ClO4
C(p-C6H4NO2)(p-C6H4OMe)2ClO4
Me4NCl
Me4NBr
Me4Nl
Me3Sl
Ao
a
b
153.6
149.8
141.3
168.5
150.0
78.3
5.0
169.1
148.0
144.4
90.0
103.5
123.0
160.5
160.8
166.0
150.2
5.03
4.93
5.06
4.69
4.92
6.83
5.00
4.68
4.95
5.03
5.97
5.86
5.39
4.80
4.79
4.72
4.93
17.0
15.0
16.0
15.0
15.0
16.0
12.0
13.0
17.0
16.0
20.0
17.0
20.0
11.8
11.8
12.0
12.0
Ao
a
b
161.0
152.0
89.1
160.0
160.2
3.71
3.83
5.34
3.72
3.72
6.0
6.0
9.0
5.0
8.0
ACETONE AT 25°C
Solute
Nal
Pr4Nl
C5Hl2NPic
CPh2(p-C6H4OMe)ClO4
C(p-C6H4OMe)3ClO4
30
HYDRAZINE AT 0°C
Solute
1/2 Cdl2
HCI
HPhCOO
HPh3CCOO
HCH2NO3
Hm–C6H4(NO2)O
KCI
Nam–C6H4(NO2)O
Et4Nl
HCI
KClO4
Kl
25°C
NaClO4
Nal
Et4NCl
{
Ao
a
b
76.0
103.0
85.9
74.8
87.0
86.4
85.0
58.1
66.6
153.9
128.2
130.0
110.0
112.5
99.7
1.97
0.858
0.950
1.03
0.94
0.95
0.96
1.21
0.87
0.90
0.90
0.99
1.09
1.07
1.16
2.2
0.7
0.0
–4.0
–3.0
–5.0
1.0
4.0
–1.0
0.6
0.6
1.3
14
0.8
1.6
Ao
a
b
241.7
183.8
245.5
295.7
108.7
230.0
155.0
225.7
240.2
206.9
265.1
224.8
201.8
219.6
198.7
249.0
202.5
183.0
210.0
3.92
4.48
3.89
3.59
6.55
4.01
5.14
4.05
3.92
4.22
3.76
4.05
4.27
4.32
4.3
3.86
4.26
4.43
4.19
8.0
9.0
7.3
6.0
13.0
8.0
10.5
8.5
7.0
8.0
7.2
8.0
9.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
98
8.0
6.9
AMMONIA AT –33°C
Solute
AgNO3
HCI
HNO3
Kl
KNH2
KPh2N
KPh3BNH2
LiNO3
NaBr
NaCI
Nal
NaNO3
NaEtS
NaPhS
NaPh2N
NaMe3Sn
NaPh3BNH2
Et2HNCl
Me3Sl
31
ETHANOL AT 25°C
Solute
Ao
HBr
HCI
Hl
Kl
KOH
LiCI
LiNO3
NH4CCl3COO
NH4Cl
NH4Pic
NaBr
NaCCl3COO
Nal
NaOH
Me3NCH2Phl
C5Hl2NCl
C5Hl2NPic
CPh2(p-C6H4OMe)ClO4
CPh(p-C6H4OMe)2ClO4
77.3
70.5
81.4
46.5
42.0
37.0
40.7
37.0
39.7
40.8
39.0
34.3
46.0
38.0
43.4
37.0
37.5
61.4
60.3
a
2.62
2.74
2.57
3.42
3.63
3.90
3.70
3.93
3.75
3.70
3.80
4.12
3.44
3.86
3.56
3.92
3.90
3.02
2.97
b
4.1
3.6
4.5
6.4
6.0
7.0
6.8
6.2
6.2
6.0
10.0
6.6
7.0
6.8
5.8
6.0
5.6
6.0
7.0
FORMIC ACID AT 25°C
Solute
CsHCOO
KHCOO
LiHCOO
NH4HCOO
NaHCOO
RbHCOO
PhNH3HCOO
KCl
8.50°C
Me4NCl
{
Ao
75.2
79.6
75.7
82.4
75.7
81.1
75.8
35.82
35.70
a
1.06
1.03
1.06
1.01
1.06
1.02
1.06
1.12
1.12
b
1.4
1.5
0.7
1.2
1.4
1.0
1.2
0.94
0.94
DIMETHYL-FORMAMIDE AT 25°C b = o
Solute
KBr
KCNS
KClO4
Kl
KNO3
NaBr
NaCNS
Nal
NaNO3
32
Ao
A
84.1
90.2
82.7
82.6
88.5
83.4
89.5
81.9
87.9
154
151
137
137
214
165
171
138
263
SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE OF STANDARD KCl SOLUTIONS
(Data obtained from Handbook of Electrochemical Constants,
Parsons; Academic Press/Butterworths, 1959)
Concentration
Conductance, µmhos/cm
0°C
18°C
20°C
25°C
1N KCl
71.3828 g KCl
per kg solution
65,430
98,201
102,024
111,733
0.1N KCl
7.43344 g KCl
per kg solution
7,154.3
11,191.9
11,667.6
12,886.2
0.01N KCl
0.746558 g KCl
per kg solution
775.12
1,222.69
1,275.72
1,411.45
33
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