Evolution of
sustainable
propulsion
technologies
Federico Galliano
Government Relations Manager
1
Items List
9 Propulsion Technologies
evolution
9 ICE Optimization
9 Hybrid vehicles
9 Electric vehicles
2
22 years to go from Euro1 to Euro6
Diesel engines
Euro11992
Euro21996
Euro4Euro6- Euro5- 2005
2014 2009
Euro32000
Huge reduction in emissions leading to development and applications of
new technologies to diesel engines (after treatment, common rail, engine
management system, turbo-charging)
3
Sustainable Mobility Dilemma
ENERGY
SOURCES
SHORT DISTANCES
WATER
LONG
DISTANCES
ENVIRONMENT
AIR
PASSENGERS
TRANSPORT GOODS
TRANSPORT
To satisfythe
mobility
needs
our
Preserving
resources
to of
satisfy
generation
the needs of
future generations
4
Efficiency
Electrification: enabler of further steps
in efficiency improvement
Displace Petroleum
• Grid connection
Hybridization Upper Bound
Hybridization
Conventional
Upper Bound
• EV Operation
• Load Shifting
• Regeneration
• Stop / Start
Improvements
in Conventional
Powertrain
Technology Implementation
5
Gasoline engines - Current state of the Art
Spark
Spark Ignition
Ignition
Direct
Injection
Direct Injection
Cam
Cam Phasing,
Phasing, Variable
Variable Valve
Valve
Lift,
Active
Fuel
Management
Lift, Active Fuel Management
Downsized
Downsized SIDI
SIDI
Turbo
Boosting
Turbo Boosting
Advanced
Advanced Combustion
Combustion
6
Diesel engines – Current State of the Art
Advanced
Advanced Boosting
Boosting with
with
Small
Displacement
Small Displacement
Cylinder
Cylinder Pressure
Pressure Sensing
Sensing
HP Turbo
LP Turbo
Diesel
Diesel Particulate
Particulate Filter
Filter
NO
NOXX Aftertreatment
Aftertreatment
Oxidation
Catalyst
Porous
Porous
Cell
Cell Wall
Wall
Urea
Injection
Particulate
Filter
SCR Urea
NOx Catalyst
7
New 1.6-liter diesel engine powered by GM
New family of state-of-the-art, fourcylinder, 1.6-liter diesel engines
Class-leading refinement, high
power/torque density
Fuel consumption reduced by up to 10
percent
Compliant with future Euro 6
emissions requirements
8
System Optimization in the Vehicle
„ In a lighter vehicle, a
smaller less powerful
powertrain may be used
Powertrain solutions
solutions
Powertrain
„ These downsized
onlypowertrains
achievecan
their
full
only
achieve
their
still full
potential,
if combined
combined
benefit from
the
potential,
if
technology
improvement
with
vehicle
level
with
vehicle
level
optimizations such
such
optimizations
as mass
mass reductions
reductions &
&
as
aerodynamic
aerodynamic
improvements
improvements
Maintained Performance
9
DOWNSIZED TURBO GASOLINE ENGINE
42mpg = 17.9 km/l
ECOFLEX TURBO DIESEL ENGINE
Opel Astra EcoFlex
1.7L CDTI
99g/km CO2
Energy sources, paths, on-vehicle storage
and vehicle propulsion systems
Energy Resouce
Conversion
Oil (Conventional)
Liquid Fuels
&
CNG
Oil (Non Convent.)
Biomass
Energy Carrier
Propulsion System
Conventional ICE
Gasoline / Diesel
ICE Hybrid
Syngas
Electricity
Plug – In Hybrid
Coal
Range Extender EV
Renewables
Hydrogen
Electrification
Natural Gas
Battery Electric
Nuclear
Fuel Cell Electric
12
Alternative Fuels
Source
1,81€
Gasoline
Refinery
Diesel
Refinery
CNG
Natural
Gas
(Metano)
LPG
Refinery
(GPL)
Ethanol
(E85)
Biodiesel
€/lt
Influenced by tx
41% - indust price
59% - Taxes
1,71€
47% - Indust price
53% - Taxes
0,99€
80% - Indust. Price
20% - Taxes - TBC
0,87€
80% - Indust. Price
20% - Taxes - TBC
Canna da
zucchero
…
NN
Olio estratto
da semi di
girasole,
soia, colza
NN
Emissions
(PM/Nox)
CO2
N. fuel pumps
(Italy)
Limitations
22,900
22,900
790
2,970
<10
13
Alternative Fuels
Opel Astra Sports Tourer 140 Hp/130 Hp Ds
Diesel
4,5
Lt/100 km
1,71
€/lt
3,8
€/50 km
Reference
Gasoline 6,1
Lt/100 km
1,81
€/lt
5,5
€/50 km
43%
-8%
LPG
Ampera
8,1
Lt/100 km
0,87
€/lt
3,5
€/50 km
1
€/50 km
14
Gravimetric Energy Density
(Wh/kg)
Energy Density in Carriers
Gasoline & Diesel vs batteries
Gasoline
Diesel
H2 700 bar Ethanol
Li-Ion
Lead
NiMH
Volumetric Energy Density (Wh/I)
15
ee-Assist
-Assist Technology
Buick’s e-Assist Technology
Mild Hybrid architecture based on:
¾State-of-the-art lithium-ion battery
¾High power Motor Generator Unit (BAS)
¾Real time energy optimizer ECU
Features:
Power Flow Display
¾Enhanced Start & Stop
¾Regenerative coasting/braking
¾Torque/power electrical assist
¾Electric launch
16
Cost
Range and Cost
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Range/km
17
Cost
Range and Recharging Time
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Range/km
Î The same is valid for mass and volume
18
Typical Daily Mileage
25%
20%
80% of daily driving
50 km or less
15%
10%
5%
0%
0-1
2-4
5-10
11-20
21-50
51-100
> 100
km
Source: Mobilität in Deutschland, 2002
19
Opel Ampera
A Fully Capable Electric Vehicle
40–80 km
Battery-electric driving
Full usability:
Performance and refueling
like conventional vehicles
20
Reliability in Daily Use
21
Opel Ampera
A Fully Capable Electric Vehicle
ƒ Battery not greater than necessary Æ 4-seater + trunk Æ primary vehicle
ƒ Opel as first German manufacturer of volume production electric vehicle
ƒ Start of sales: End of 2011
22
Chevrolet Spark EV
• This electric mini car utilizes some of the
same cutting-edge electric power
technology proven in the Chevrolet Volt.
• Motor that delivers 130Hp and 542Nm for
instant acceleration, 20kWh Li-Ion battery
• Battery is backed by an 8-year/100,000mile limited warranty
• It will be sold in USA, initially
80% re-charge in 20min with dedicated
SAE Combo DC Fast Charge
Full re-charge in 7 hours with AC 240V
station
23
The Challenge of a New Technology
1983: Martin Cooper introduces
first Motorola Mobile
Dynatac 8000 «The Brick»
4000US$ - 1000 g
«A portable Desk Phone»
2010: Steve Jobs
introduces
New
Generation
iPhone
300US$
- 135
g4
«A Smart Netbook
integrated in a Mobile
Case»
24
It is also the Challenge of Infrastructure
25