02/05/2013
Disconnect to Reconnect The Impact of Technology on the
Developing Child
21st Century Family
New Millennium Child
Interface Communication
Advanced Learning
Play
1
02/05/2013
New Millennium Children
Agenda
Are they Sustainable?
No experience of life without
technology
Hard wired for high speed
Passive learners
Exposed to high levels of
media violence
Largely sedentary
1 in 11 children addicted
May not outlive their parents
1.
2.
3.
4.
Technology usage statistics.
Critical activities for meeting developmental
milestones, and foundation skills for school
entry.
Research on the impact of technology on
child development.
Balanced Technology Management
initiatives to ensure sustainable futures for
all children.
Small G 2008, Mangen 2008, Anderson C
2008, Tremblay M 2007, Gentile D 2010
Evidence Based Research
Look under “Resource Section” on
www.zonein.ca:
Technology Usage
Statistics
Fact Sheet – research summarized under topic
Email info@zonein.ca for copies of research
articles.
Usage Statistics
Infants 0-2 years watch 2.5 hours per day TV,
25% have TV’s in bedrooms.
Toddlers 2-5 years use 4.5 hours per day
technology, 50% have devices in their bedrooms.
Children 8-18 years use 7.5 hours per day
technology, 75% have devices in their bedrooms.
Expert Recommendations
These technology usage statistics reflect
“entertainment technology”, and do not include
passive watching or educational use.
0-2 years should not be
exposed to ANY technology
(even passively).
2-5 years should not use
more than 1 hour
technology per day.
5-12 years should not use
more than 1-2 hours
technology per day.
American Academy of Pediatrics 2004,
Canadian Pediatric Society 2010
Christakis 2004, Hamilton 2006, Rideout 2003, Anderson 2007, Active Healthy Kids
Canada 2008, Kaiser Foundation 2010, Pagani 2010
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02/05/2013
Balanced Technology
Management
Critical factors for growth
and success:
Critical Factors for Early
Development
•movement
•touch
•human connection
Technology Use
© 2009 Zone'in Programs Inc
www.zonein.ca
Movement
Technology overuse deprives
children of necessary vestibular and
proprioceptive stimulation.
Movement Promotes Literacy!
Vestibular System
3 semi-circular canals located
on each side of the brain
controls posture, coordination
and optimal arousal state
vestibular stimulation integral
for printing and reading
Proprioceptive System
receptors located in the
joints and muscles
controls fine and gross
motor movements
proprioceptive stimulation
refines movements integral
for printing
children often seek “prop”
when angry or stressed
Touch
Technology overuse deprives children
of necessary tactile stimulation.
Braswell 2006, Rine 2004
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02/05/2013
Touch – A Biological
Necessity
Connection
Without early touch, infants
die (orphanages).
Adequate touch produces
secure, gentle, relaxed
infants and toddlers.
Inadequate touch results in
fearful, anxious and
agitated infants and
toddlers.
More rough-n-tumble play!
Technology overuse deprives children
of necessary human connection and
attachment formation.
Hopper H 1957, Montagu, A 1978
Triple Disconnect
Connection to technology is
isolating children, and
disconnecting children from:
self
other
nature
The result is in a rise in
attachment disorders.
Humans are not designed to
survive outside of their “pack”.
Nature
Play is Boring?
1 in 5 parents report they “do not know how” to
play with their children.
1 in 3 parents report that playing with their child is
“boring”.
Guardian News, 2010
Play Again
What are the consequences of a child
removed from nature?
Parents who think it’s “unsafe”
outdoors have children who use
more technology
www.playagain.com
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02/05/2013
Nature is the Great Healer!
20 min per day access to ‘green
space’ significantly reduces
ADHD and improves attention
and behavior.
What is adhd?
Impact of Technology on
Child Development
R. Louv - Nature Deficit D/O
G. Mate’ – Attunement Deficit D/O
J. Merrow – Attachment Deficit D/O
physical social mental academic
What is autism?
Improves with movement and
access to nature.
Faber-Taylor A 2004, Louv, R 2005, Mate’ G, 2005,
Merrow, J 2010, Mukkades 2001
Suffer the Children
slide show
www.zonein.ca
Developmental Delay
1 in 3
30% of children enter school developmentally
delayed due to sedentary lifestyle, will fail grade 4
and 7 exams, and won’t finish high school.
TV and video game use is associated with delays
in fine/gross motor and speech development.
France and Australia have banned all ‘Baby TV’
due to negative impact on child development.
Kershaw P “15 X 15” Study 2009, Christakis 2004, APA 2004, CBC 2009
Physical Development
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02/05/2013
Electromagnetic Radiation
Obesity – 1 in 4
25% of Canadian children are
obese or overweight!
Obesity - increase of 6% for every
hour of TV watched per day, 31%
if have a TV in bedroom.
Diabetes – 30% of obese children.
Cardiovascular disease – 60% of
obese children.
Health and education
interventions for obesity need to
include technology reduction!
Tremblay 2007, Institute of Medicine Fact Sheet 2004,
Center for Disease Control 2005, Christakis D 2005,
Shao-I 2004, Thompson 2005, Horvath C 2004
EMF - Higher Penetration in
Younger Children
Emre 2010, Khurana 2009, Globe and Mail, 2011
Brain Damage
Excerpted from Wireless Radiation Rescue - Safeguard Your Family
From Electro-pollution, Kerry Crofton, PhD
All technology emits low
frequency radiation.
Early studies show EMF
causes cell death in rats.
Highest EMF in cell phones,
wireless internet and
mobile phones.
Cell death in humans
associated with
autoimmune disease,
cancer, neurological d/o’s.
Hard wired for high speed,
children are NOT using frontal
cortex.
The brain remakes and rewires
itself based on what we do.
Technology overuse is
permanently pruning paths to
frontal cortex with impaired
brain development.
Effects attention, learning,
impulsivity control…
Ruff, M 2005, Small G 2008, Lin F 2011
Aggression
Social Development
Media violence exposure is the salient
causal factor for rise in child aggression.
US has categorized media violence as a
Public Health Risk.
Violence in Vancouver school system has
doubled in the past 3 years.
Use of restraints, seclusion rooms and
psychotropic medication is not the answer.
Anderson C 2008, Huessman L 2007, Vancouver Sun 2010, Irwin, M 2009
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02/05/2013
Uncommunicative
Media Violence Alters Brain
Function
6 minutes
Audible television decreases
adult words by 89%, impacting
on infant vocalizations and
conversational turns
Baby TV results in delayed
speech
Federal Trade Commission
forced Disney to refund Baby
Einstein DVD’s due to “false
advertising”
Christakis 2009, 2007, CBC 2009
www.sosparents.org
Elementary Porn?
• 42% of children aged ten
use internet pornography.
• Pornography use in teens
results in tolerance and
need for increased
stimulation, addiction, and
sexual victimization.
•
Ybarra 2005, Wolack 2007, FreemanLongo 2000, DeAngelis 2007
Mental Development
Mental Illness
1 in 6
14.3% of Canadian children have a diagnosed
mental illness.
Child depression, anxiety, ADHD, Autism, LD, DCD,
OCD, are associated with technology overuse.
Adult Internet Addiction is the fastest growing adult
mental illness.
Detached parents are not available to form healthy
attachments with their children, and in default of the
parent, children attach to technology.
Waddell C 2007, Block M 2009, Robinson 2008, Mukkades 2002,
Rowan C 2008, CBC News 2007
Academic Performance
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02/05/2013
Spongeblobs
The Learning Paradox
9 minute exposure to
Spongebob cartoon
resulted in a significant
reduction in executive
function in 4 year old
children:
Decreased memory
Decreased attention
Increased distractability
Every hour of TV watched per day increases risk of
attention difficulties by 10%.
Technology use ‘prunes’ tracks to frontal cortex.
TV, video game and internet use correlate with
lower grades, higher dropout and increased violent
behavior.
50% of grade 8’s do not have job entry literacy and
30% high school students will not graduate.
Christakis D 2011
Christakis D 2004, Pagani L 2010, Hancox R 2005, Anderson C 2008, Small G
2008, Human Developmental Index 2007, Kershaw P 2009
Balanced Technology
Management
energy in = energy out
Initiatives
for Sustainable Futures
Critical factors for
growth and success:
movement, touch, human
connection, nature
Technology Use
© 2009 Zone'in Programs Inc
www.zonein.ca
Balanced Technology Management
Create Your Team Now!
Balanced Technology
Management Initiatives
slide show
www.zonein.ca
Parents - workshops
Educators – student/teacher
education
Health Professionals – tech
screens, public health educ
Researchers – improve
communication with public
Government – legislate risk
warnings, regulate industry
Technology Production
Corporations – do no harm
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02/05/2013
Technology Screening Tool
1.
2.
Parent Unplug’in Brochure
Does your child use
technology in their
bedroom? Yes / No
How much does your
child use technology?
Before school ___
After school
___
During dinner ___
After dinner
___
Prior to bed
___
During the nite ___
On weekends
___
“10 Steps to Unplug Your
Children from Technology”
1. Get informed
2. Disconnect – unplug
yourself
3. Reconnect – form
sacred time
4. Explore alternate
activities
5. Enhance skills
6. Move, touch, connect
7. Address perceptions of
safety
8. Create individual roles
– fuel inner drive
9. Schedule balance –
hour in = hour out
10. Link with community
Play With Your Children
Play stimulates sensory,
motor and attachment
development, improves
socialization, improves
mental health, decreases
aggression, improves selfregulation…and…it’s fun!
Put down the devices, turn
off the TV, and go outside
and play!
Exercise Improves Health,
Behavior and Attention!
45 minutes per day
exercise at 75%
maximum heart rate
improves health,
behavior, attention and
academic performance!
Google: CBC’s The
National - Brain Gains
Ratey J 2008
Create Family Traditions!
Monday night is ‘Cave Night’ where
everyone can do what they want.
Tuesday night is ‘Family Game Night’.
Wednesday is ‘Team Cooking’.
Thursday is ‘Cookie Mania’!
Friday is ‘Movie Night’.
Saturday is ‘Sports/Culture Night’.
Sunday is ‘Music and Chore Night’ of clean
up, laundry etc. to rocking music!
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02/05/2013
Community Playgrounds
Back to Nature Initiatives
Need Minimum Standards
Divert funds from
computers to playgrounds
More swings, slides, jungle
gyms, climbing
Address play needs of
children/youth 7-18 years
Interesting and interactive!
- habitat-systems.com
Safe! – CSA.ca
Sticks, leaves and dirt can be
just as enjoyable and
creative as a plastic toy.
Discuss perceptions of
safety re: outdoor play.
Backyards can be an
adventure playground!
Harnesses instead of
strollers allows exploration.
“Buddy up” for hikes.
Virtual Child
Introducing New Book!
www.amazon.com
Problems
Virtual Child
The Alarming Truth About What
Technology Is Doing To Children
www.virtualchild.ca
Amazon.com
By Cris Rowan
Requirements
Physical, mental, social,
academic
Movement, touch, human
connection
Solutions
Balanced Technology
Management for six sectors
Parents, teachers, health
professionals, government,
researchers, technology
production corporations
New
Introducing
Game
Helps children develop skills to
unplug from technology!
Builds skills in the Me, We, Earth
and Spirit dimensions so kids will
unplug themselves!
10
02/05/2013
Technology and Children
Tip of the Iceberg
Summary
Technology Addictions
Health and education
systems haven’t even
begun to detect, much
less understand the
profound ramifications of
child technology overuse.
Secondary effects are yet
to come.
Need to proceed with
caution.
Technology Train
Hit hard and fast – no time
to plan
Rapidly evolving technology
limits long term research
‘Technology Illusion’ – we all
need it, infants need it for
calming, children to learn
For the first time ever,
children have addictions
Don’t know where it’s going,
what the long term effects
are, yet are moving full
steam ahead.
Children are falling off.
Need to stop, bring the train
back to the station and
adequately research the
long term impact of
technology the developing
child.
Create initiatives that
promote balance.
Five Primary Concerns
Act Now!
Impact of Technology on the Developing Child
Your future is created by what you do today,
not tomorrow.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Irreversible changes to brain chemistry and
structure; frontal lobe atrophy.
Addicted parents neglect children, rise in
mental illness and attachment disorders.
Child technology addictions misdiagnosed
as ‘behavior’ and medicated.
Developmental delay and illiteracy.
Child aggression rising.
Robert Kiyosaki
What the mind can conceive and believe,
the mind can achieve.
Napoleon Hill
We cannot become what we need to be
by remaining what we are.
Max Depree
You must be the change you want to see in the world.
Mahatma Gandhi
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02/05/2013
Weblinks
American Academy of Pediatrics
www.aap.org/healthtopics/mediause.cfm
Center of Media and Child Health
www.cmch.tv
Center for Screentime Awareness
www.screentime.org
Campaign for a Commercial Free Childhood –
www.commericalexploitation.org
Center for Successful Parenting www.sosparents.org
Zone’in Resources
Website
Programs
Workshops
Training
Consultation
Website www.zonein.ca
Newsletter
Articles
Handouts
Book reviews
Weblinks
Video/Audio clips
Media Kit
Press Releases
Slide shows
www.movingtolearn.com
blog
Child Health Policy
Initiatives
Unplug – Don’t Drug
Creating Sustainable
Futures
Linking Corporations to
Communities
Programs
Zone’in – sensory
processing
Move’in – motor
development
Unplug’in – build
performance skills
Live’in – resource guide
Virtual Child - book
Workshops and Webinars
sensory processing
motor development
addictions and attachment
technology balance
science of attention and learning
successful schools
early intervention
generational healing
human productivity
12
02/05/2013
Instructor Training
Consultation
For consultation services,
call Cris Rowan, pediatric
occupational therapist
and Zone’in CEO
1-888-8zonein,
info@zonein.ca
Training pediatric occupational therapists as Zone’in
Certified Instructors to deliver Foundation Series
Workshops in every community!
Contact Information
Cris Rowan, BScOT, BScBi, SIPT
Sunshine Coast Occupational Therapy Inc.
and Zone’in Programs Inc.
6840 Seaview Rd.
Sechelt, BC V0N3A4
604-885-0986 phone 604-885-0389 fax
Email: crowan@zonein.ca
Websites: www.suncoastot.com and www.zonein.ca
13
Technology Screen
For Parents
Date:________________
Today’s children are exposed to a variety of media technology through use of TV, internet, video games,
iPods and cell phones. This exposure could be detrimental to their physical, mental, social and academic
performance. Please see www.zonein.ca Fact Sheet for additional information.
This screen has been designed to provide your health and education professional the information they
need to guide you toward managing a balance between activities your child needs to grow and succeed,
with their use of technology. There are additional grids for other family members. Please note that
bedroom technology use is largely unsupervised, and therefore total usage is likely significantly underreported.
Name:
Does your child use technology in their bedroom? Yes / No
How much does your child use technology...
Mon
Tues
Wed
Thu Fri
Sat
Sun
in the morning?
In the afternoon?
in the evening?
during dinner?
after dinner?
one hour prior to bed?
Total hours per week, divided by 7 = average hours per day of technology use _______
Name:
Does your child use technology in their bedroom? Yes / No
How much does your child use technology...
Mon
Tues
Wed
Thu Fri
Sat
Sun
in the morning?
In the afternoon?
in the evening?
during dinner?
after dinner?
one hour prior to bed?
Total hours per week, divided by 7 = average hours per day of technology use _______
Name:
Does your child use technology in their bedroom? Yes / No
How much does your child use technology...
Mon
Tues
Wed
Thu Fri
Sat
Sun
in the morning?
In the afternoon?
in the evening?
during dinner?
after dinner?
one hour prior to bed?
Total hours per week, divided by 7 = average hours per day of technology use _______
What can you do now?
Unplug – Don’t Drug!
Children need to learn how to play, and parents
need to teach them. Instead of trying to DO
something to your children, try to BE something
to them. Your children would rather have you
play with them any day, than watch TV or
videogames.
The activities listed below will
re-connection and prove to be
child will love you for taking the
activities with them, instead
movie ‘babysitter’.
encourage family
fun for all. Your
time to engage in
of popping in a
Ride bikes
Build a couch or table fort
Eat dinner as a family
Be artistic – paint, color, make crafts
Dance
Play wrestle
Listen to music
Play cards
Play a board game
Invent your own game
Garden or together
Read a book
Play a sport
Cook a meal together
Do chores together
Family life can be busy, and it may be hard to
find time to spend with your children. After work,
dinner needs cooking, and houses need cleaning.
Why not get your kids to help you with these
chores? You’d be surprised at how happy your
child can be cutting vegetables while chatting
with mom and dad.
Families that play
together stay together!
Introducing the
Unplug’in Game!
The Zone’in Unplug’in Game was created by
pediatric occupational therapist Cris Rowan, who
understands that unplugging from technology is
not going to be easy!
Zone’in
Unplug’in
Unplug’in is a board game where children are
trapped in a TV, and need to journey through
different dimensions in order to gain the
confidence and skills necessary to unplug.
Unplug’in theory is that prior to children
unplugging from technology, they first need to
develop a sense of themselves, others, spirit and
nature, which is what Unplug’in does!
Unplug’in is designed to be played over and over
again, because as children evolve, the game
changes! Unplug’in can be played with one to
five players, and can be used at home and in
classrooms.
To see more Zone’in Products, or
learn about our
Foundation Series Workshops,
visit www.zonein.ca
Contact us
Zone’in Programs Inc.
6840 Seaview Road
Sechelt, BC V0N 3A4
CANADA
1-888-896-6346 (toll free)
1-877-896-6346 (fax)
info@zonein.ca
www.zonein.ca
© Zone’in Programs Inc. 2008
‘Must read’
information for
everyone who loves
their children.
Addressing the effects of
technology on child
development
© Zone’in Programs Inc. 2008
FACTS
How do you know if your
child is addicted to TV?
FACT - 75% of North American children have
technology (computer, TV, video games) in their
bedrooms.
Chances are if your child or entire family is
addicted to technology, your lives have been
dramatically affected.
Short tempers, rude
comments, angry outbursts, no energy to do any
household chores or outdoor play, are common in
families with TV and videogame addictions.
FACT - The average child spends 7.5 hours per
day watching TV, playing video games or using
the internet.
FACT - The average parent spends 3.5 minutes in
meaningful conversation with their child – PER
WEEK.
FACT - Active Healthy Kids Canada 2010 report
gave Canadian children a grade “D” for physical
activity.
FACT - In order for children to develop properly,
they require lots of movement, touch and
connection with their families.
FACT – TV, video game and internet overuse is
linked to aggression, developmental delays,
impaired health, obesity, poor body image,
addictions to drugs/alcohol/cigarettes, attention
problems,
trouble
sleeping,
poor
school
performance, family conflicts, and early sexual
experiences.
FACT - Childhood diagnosis of mental disorders
has tripled in the past five years, with 15% of
children diagnosed with a mental illness.
FACT - Prescription of psychotrophic (mind
altering) medication to toddlers 2 – 4 years of
age has tripled in the past five years.
What does this mean for
your family?
• Do you have a hard time prying your child away
from TV or videogames?
• Does your child’s behavior change following
prolonged sitting in front of TV or videogames?
• Has your child gone all day without eating,
because he/she is glued to technology?
• Does your child watch the same amount of TV,
or play the same amount of videogames as they
used to, but does not appear to get the same
level of satisfaction as they used to?
• Can
your child imagine life without TV or
videogames? What else would they do?
• Does your child ever watch more TV or play
more videogames longer than they intended, or
longer than you allowed?
• Have you ever tried to stop your child from
using TV or videogames, but couldn’t?
• Do TV and/or videogames take up all of your
child’s free time?
• Does your child sometimes watch TV or play
videogames, when they should be spending time
with family or friends, doing homework, or going
to bed?
• Does your child continue to watch TV, even
though they know it isn’t good for them?
If you answered ‘yes’ to three or more of the
questions above, your child is addicted to
TV, videogames or both.
Children with technology addictions often
disconnect from themselves, others and nature.
They may exhibit behavior problems, not know
how to interact with other children, or may seem
either withdrawn or hyperactive. Children with
technology addictions also may have difficulty
paying attention at school.
Families with technology addictions may have
difficulties interacting and connecting with each
other in a healthy way, and may be prone to
intense conflict.
How does this affect
your child in the
classroom?
For every one hour of TV and videogames your
child uses per day, they will have a 10% chance
of an attention problem by age seven. So if your
child uses 6.5 hours of technology per day, they
will have a 65% chance of having attention
problems.
Ability to pay attention is essential for academic
performance. If your child has a TV in their
bedroom, chances are they will also be sleep
deprived at school, further limiting their ability to
perform academically.
Children’s bodies need to move to learn. When
children sit in front of a screen, they are not
moving, and their body energy becomes either
‘zoned out’ or hyper. When children’s bodies
move, their body energy becomes balanced, and
learning is easy.
Ten steps to successfully unplug children from technology
1. Become informed regarding the effects of technology on physical and mental health.
Technology overuse is related to child attention problems, poor academics, aggression, family
conflict, impaired sleep, developmental delays, attachment disorders, impaired body image,
obesity and early sexuality. The signs of technology addiction are tolerance, withdrawal,
unintended use, persistent desire, time spent, displacement of other activities, and continued use.
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends no more than one to two hours per day of
combined technology use, yet elementary children use on average eight hours per day!
2. Disconnect yourself – Be available for your children!
As child technology use patterns parallel that of their parents, a technology addicted child is likely
to live in a high technology usage household. Parents need to determine how much technology
is too much, and set limits. Parents should then model balancing technology use with other
activities. Schools could sponsor a Technology Reduction Week where classrooms compete to
reduce technology use.
3. Reconnect - Designate “sacred time” with your children.
The root of addiction is fear of human connection or “social anxiety”, and results from poor parent
– child attachment formation. Adults may benefit from exploring past experiences of attachment
with their own parents, and think about how this experience may have affected how they relate to
their own child or students. Designation of “sacred time” in the day with no technology (meals, in
the car, before bedtime, and holidays) is a first start toward reconnecting with your children.
4. Explore alternatives to technology as a class or family.
Not all children are interested in or value the same activities as adults. Fostering a tolerance for
differences and respecting individual preferences can go a long way toward promoting children’s
motivation to unplug.
5. Enhance performance skills PRIOR to unplugging your children.
Children with technology addictions have poorly developed identities, social skills, relationship to
nature and sense of spirit. Drastically or suddenly reducing technology with a child who has an
addiction, will result in chaos at school and home, as the child is now alienated from what has
become their whole meaning for living. Teachers and parents can help build performance skills
by exposing children to activities that are “just right challenge”, not too hard, not too easy.
6. Meet developmental milestones through engagement in the three critical factors for
child development - movement, touch and connection.
Children need to rough and tumble play 3-4 hours per day, and spend time connecting with their
parent(s), teacher and other children, in order to achieve optimal physical and mental health.
This type of play promotes adequate sensory development of the vestibular, proprioceptive,
tactile and attachment systems needed for paying attention, printing and reading.
7. Address perceptions of safety – Go Green!
Parents’ perceptions of safety correlate with child time indoors in front of TV and videogames e.g.
if a parent perceives the world as unsafe, that child will spend more time indoors using
technology. Fear of litigation has drastically changed playgrounds. Outdoor rough and tumble
play is a biological need for children, and has been proven to significantly reduce ADHD!.
8. Create individual roles and foster independence.
Children benefit from knowing their role in the big picture, and self esteem comes from being
independently productive. Realistic challenges and expectations by parents and teachers
promote defined roles for children, and provide a structure where they can begin to try out new
skills. When faced with a task that is perceived to be beyond a child’s skill level, frustration and
poor self-esteem will be the result.
9. Schedule a balance between technology use and activities.
Follow the Zone’in Concept of an hour of ‘energy in’ (technology use) equals an hour of ‘energy
out’ (movement, touch and connection). Make up a weekly schedule with designated time for
technology balanced with time for movement, touch and connection. When beginning the
technology unplug, it’s important to alternate between familiar, predictable, structured activities
and novel activities. The parent and teacher’s job is to skillfully dance the child between
predictability and novelty during the initial unplug period.
.
10. Link Corporations and Community to create sustainable futures for children!
Zone’in Programs Inc. offers an invitation to all corporations involved in technology production, to
re-direct a percentage of their gross profits back into building healthy communities. Free
recreation passes for children, building safe parks, and school camping trips are but a few
sustainability initiatives to ensure children stay unplugged.
© Zone’in Programs Inc. 2008
Disconnect to Reconnect
Workshop Evaluation
Strongly
agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly
disagree
The workshop objectives were met.
5
4
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The workshop was well organized.
5
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The workshop was just the right length.
5
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The instructor was well informed.
5
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The workshop materials were useful.
5
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The workshop objectives were achieved.
5
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What was the most valuable thing you learned in the workshop?
_____________________________________________________________________________
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Was there anything that was not covered in the workshop that you felt should have been?
_____________________________________________________________________________
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How could the workshop have been better or more helpful?
_____________________________________________________________________________
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Would you recommend this workshop to others? If not, why?
_____________________________________________________________________________
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Any other comments?
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