1.Electrons jump from energy level to energy level.
They cannot be found in between energy levels.
2. Diļ¬erent elements are made up of certain frequencies of light.
3. Neils Bohr (worked in Rutherford’s lab) proposed the quantum model for the hydrogen atom . He said that hydrogen had certain allowable energy states.
4. the lowest allowable energy state of an atom is called the ground state and when energy is added to an atom it goes into an excited state due to the added energy. It’s the electrons that take on this energy, respond to the change in energy by jumping to another level and eming photons of energy in the form of light as they return to ground state.
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5. A quantum number is the number that Bohr assigned to each orbit of an atom, that surrounds the nucleus. He called the value, 'n'.
6. The higher the quantum number, the farther
away from the nucleus you are.
The higher the quantum number the larger
the radius...does not increase in a consistant
pattern.
each orbital is NOT the same size.
As the quantum number increases, the
relative energy of the orbital increases.
7. Bohr was ONLY referring to hydrogen but said that it does not radiate energy in ground state.
But when energy is added the electron will move
to a higherenergy orbit.
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8. A photon of light energy is released in an electron's attempts to become stable again.
9. The difference between the two energy levels.
E = E higher energy orbit
E lower energy orbit
= E photon
= h v
10. Unlike rungs on a ladder the different energy levels are not symetrical, or evenly spaced.
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11. Lynman, Balmer, and Paschen are words to describe the different transitions between energy states for these electrons. Though we mainly measure things in terms of visible light there is also energy that is given off that we can not see but we can measure. Lynman series refers to the ultraviolet light, Balmer accounts for the visible, and
Paschen accounts for the infared series.
12. Bohrs model only accounted for hydrogen not for any of the other spectrum of the other elements. This is because it didn't fully account for the chemical behavior of atoms.
13. Scientists still do not fully understand the movement of electrons but we are pretty sure that they do not move around in circular orbits as Bohrs model suggests.
14. de Broglie accounted for the fixed energy levels of Bohrs model. He treated electrons as waves. He said only odd numbers of wavelengths were allowed in a circular orbit with a fix radius. He also felt that light had both wave and particle characteristics.
15. His equation predicts that all moving particles have wave characteristics. Explains why you can't see wavelengths of fast moving objects. He knew if an electron had wavelike motion and was restricted to circular orbits of fixed radius there would only be certain wavelengths, frequencies and energies that would be possible.
16. m = mass of the particle, v = velocity
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17. Heisenberg uncertainty principle. It is impossible to know both the speed and the position of a particle because when a photon interacts with an electron at rest (in attempt to find the position) both the position and the electron's velocity are modified due to the energy added by the photon.
Example we can see: If I wanted to find a helium filled balloon in a dark room...I might shine a flashlight around until I found it. The flashlight is like a photon.
The beam of light won't have much effect on the balloons position, but it would on a little tiny electron.
Similarily if I was in a dark room trying to locate a helium balloon I might reach my hand around until I found it. This too would be transferring energy to the balloon and changing the position of it.
18. We know the probability for an electron to occupy a certain region around the nucleus.
19. Schrodinger's equation accounted for other elements, still treated the electrons as waves.
Both limits an electron's energy to certain
values...due to only being on energy orbitals
not between them.
Schrodinger's quantum mechanical model
does not attempt to describe the electron's
path around the nucleus.
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20. Schrodinger's atomic model is called the quantum mechanical model of the atom.
21.Threedimensional region around the nucleus that is predicted by the wave function. This is related to the probability of finding the electron within a particular volume of space around the nucleus. An atomic orbital is like a fuzzy cloud.
22. Density at a given point in the 'cloud' is proportional to the probability of finding the electron at that point. Probability map is like a timeexposure photo of the electron moving around the nucleus
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