ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI
1
2009
Integrated Circuits
1947 – germanium point transistor
1954 – silicon transistor
1957 – precise SiO2 photolitography
1958 – planar transistor
1959 – integrated circuit
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ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI
2
2009
The birth of the IC
The integrated circuit was first conceived by a radar scientist, Geoffrey W.A.
Dummer (born 1909), working for the Royal Radar Establishment of the British
Ministry of Defence, and published in Washington, D.C. on May 7, 1952. Dummer
unsuccessfully attempted to build such a circuit in 1956.
The first integrated circuits were manufactured independently by two scientists:
Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments filed a patent for a "Solid Circuit" made of
germanium on February 6, 1959. Kilby received patents U.S. Patent 3138743 ,
U.S. Patent 3138747 , U.S. Patent 3261081 , and U.S. Patent 3434015 . Robert
Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor was awarded a patent for a more complex
"unitary circuit" made of Silicon on April 25, 1961. (See the Chip that Jack built for
more information.)
Noyce credited Kurt Lehovec of Sprague Electric for the principle of p-n junction
isolation caused by the action of a biased p-n junction (the diode) as a key
concept behind the IC.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit
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stanislovas.staras@el.vgtu.lt
ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI
3
2009
Jack St. Clair Kilby (November 8, 1923 – June 20, 2005)
was a notable American electrical engineer who co-won the
Nobel Prize in physics in 2000.
He invented the integrated circuit in 1958 while working at
Texas Instruments (TI).
A patent for a "Solid Circuit made of Germanium", the first
integrated circuit, was filed on February 6, 1959. In addition
to the integrated circuit, Kilby also is noted for patenting the
electronic portable calculator and the thermal printer used in
data terminals. In total, he held about 60 patents.
In the summer of 1958, Kilby was a newly employed engineer at Texas Instruments who did
not yet have the right to a summer vacation. He spent the summer working on the problem
in circuit design that was commonly called the "tyranny of numbers" and finally came to the
conclusion that manufacturing the circuit components en masse in a single piece of
semiconductor material could provide a solution. On September 12 he presented his
findings to the management of Texas Instruments: he showed them a piece of germanium
with an oscilloscope attached, pressed a switch, and the oscilloscope showed a continuous
sine wave, proving that his integrated circuit worked and thus that he solved the problem.
From 1978 to 1985, he was Distinguished Professor of Electrical Engineering at Texas A&M
University. In 1983, Kilby retired from Texas Instruments.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_S._Kilby
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ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI
VGTU EF ESK
4
2009
stanislovas.staras@el.vgtu.lt
ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI
5
2009
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5/17614/00811607.pdf
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stanislovas.staras@el.vgtu.lt
ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI
6
2009
Jack Kilby examines a wafer filled with chips.
Photo: Texas Instruments
http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/physics/integrated_circuit/history/
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ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI
VGTU EF ESK
7
2009
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ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI
8
2009
Robert Noyce, Ph.D. (December 12, 1927 – June 3, 1990),
nicknamed "the Mayor of Silicon Valley", co-founded
Fairchild Semiconductor in 1957 and Intel in 1968. He is also
credited (along with Jack Kilby) with the invention of the
integrated circuit or microchip although Kilby's invention was
6 months earlier.
While a student at Grinnell College, Noyce stole a pig from a nearby farmer for a college luau and then
slaughtered it in Clark Hall. The prank nearly earned him expulsion, if not for the intervention of Grant O.
Gale, a physics professor at the time. He later returned the favor by allowing the college to invest in Intel
at an early stage.
He joined William Shockley at the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory division of
Beckman Instruments, but left with the "Traitorous Eight" to create the influential
Fairchild Semiconductor corporation.
Intel's headquarters building, the Robert Noyce Building, in Santa Clara,
California is named in his honor, as is the Robert N. Noyce '49 Science Center.
Noyce was awarded the IEEE Medal of Honor in 1978 "for his contributions to the
silicon integrated circuit, a cornerstone of modern electronics.“
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Noyce
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stanislovas.staras@el.vgtu.lt
ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI
9
2009
Robert Noyce
Photo: Intel Museum Archives
http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/physics/int
egrated_circuit/history/
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stanislovas.staras@el.vgtu.lt
ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI
VGTU EF ESK
10
2009
stanislovas.staras@el.vgtu.lt
ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI
11
2009
The First Integrated Circuit
http://www.answers.com/topic/integrated-circuit
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ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI
12
2009
The First Integrated Circuit
By 1961, Fairchild and Texas Instruments had announced the availability of the
first commercial planar integrated circuits comprising simple logic functions.
http://www.maxmon.com/1952ad.htm
1968 m. MTI “Venta” pagamino pirmąją puslaidininkinę mikroschemą Lietuvoje.
Puslaidininkinės fizikos pradininku Lietuvoje laikomas prof. Povilas Brazdžiūnas.
Paminėtini prof. Stepono Janušonio, Albino Marcinkevičiaus, Romualdo Navicko
nuopelnai.
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stanislovas.staras@el.vgtu.lt
ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI
13
2009
Types of Integrated Circuits
An integrated circuit or microcircuit is a complete electronic circuit containing both
active and passive components and metallic interconnections. It is manufactured
as a single package.
A hybrid integrated circuit consists of separate component parts attached to a
ceramic substrate and interconnected by a suitable metallization pattern. The
individual parts are unencapsulated and may consist of thin-film components and
one or more monolithic circuits.
In a monolithic (Greek: single-stone) integrated circuit all the circuit components
are manufactured into or on top of a single chip of a semiconductor.
There are two types of monolithic circuits.
Bipolar ICs are based on bipolar junction transistors and are formed using
bipolar technology.
MOS ICs are based on insulated-gate field-effect transistors and MOS
capacitors.
We shall overview the elements of bipolar and MOS ICs.
http://images.google.lt/images?q=Integrated+circuit&ndsp=18&svnum=10&hl=lt&start=0&sa=N
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stanislovas.staras@el.vgtu.lt
ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI
14
2009
Integriniai grandynai
Integrated circuit
Интегральная схема
Integralinė schema
Intégrinė schema
Integr í nė schema
Integrinė grandinė
Telktinis grandynas
Integrinis grandynas
Integruotoji grandinė
Integralioji grandinė
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ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI
15
2009
Hybrid Integrated Circuit
http://www.answers.com/topic/transistor
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stanislovas.staras@el.vgtu.lt
ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI
16
2009
Monolithic Integrated Circuit
http://images.google.lt/images?q=Integrated+circuit&hl=lt&sa=X&oi=images&ct=title
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stanislovas.staras@el.vgtu.lt
ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI
17
2009
Monolithic Integrated Circuit
The integrated circuit from an Intel 8742, an 8-bit microcontroller that includes a CPU
running at 12 MHz, 128 bytes of RAM, 2048 bytes of EPROM, and I/O in the same chip.
http://www.answers.com/topic/transistor
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ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI
VGTU EF ESK
18
2009
stanislovas.staras@el.vgtu.lt
ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI
19
2009
ELEMENTS OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
1. Isolation of elements
2. Bipolar integrated circuits
3. MOS ICs
4. Individual processing
5. Complexity of integrated circuits
Objectives:
Studies of types of ICs, manufacturing of
monolithic ICs, stucture and properties of IC
elements, and trends of microelectronics.
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stanislovas.staras@el.vgtu.lt
ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI
20
2009
ELEMENTS OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
1. Isolation of elements
2. Bipolar integrated circuits
2.1. Fabrication processes
2.2. Bipolar transistors
2.3. Integrated circuit diodes
2.4. Capacitors
2.5. Resistors
2.6. Conductors and contact pads
3. MOS ICs
4. Individual processing
5. Complexity of integrated circuits
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stanislovas.staras@el.vgtu.lt