Lecture #22 OUTLINE The MOS Capacitor • Capacitance • Effect of Oxide Charges Reading: Course Reader (Part III, Chap. 2) Spring 2003 EE130 Lecture 22, Slide 1 Review: Threshold Voltage • For p-type Si (“NMOS”): VT = VFB + 2ψ B + 2qN Aε Si (2ψ B ) Cox • For n-type Si (“PMOS”): VT = VFB + 2ψ B − Spring 2003 2qN Dε Si 2ψ B Cox EE130 Lecture 22, Slide 2 1 ψs and Wd vs. VG (p-type Si) 2φ F ψs: ψs = 2 qN Aε si 2C (V − VFB ) 1 + ox G − 1 2 qN 2Cox Aε si 0 Wdm = Wd = 0 2ε Si (2ψ F ) qN A 2 2ε Siψ S ε Si 2C (V − VFB ) 1 + ox G = − 1 (for VFB < VG < VT ) qN A Cox qN Aε si VG accumulation V depletion V inversion FB T Spring 2003 (for VFB < VG < VT ) VG accumulation V depletion V inversion FB T Wd: 2 EE130 Lecture 22, Slide 3 Total Charge Density in Si, Qs Qacc = −Cox (VG − VFB ) depletion 0 accumulation 0 depletion inversion VG depletion VFB depletion inversion VG Qdep = − qN AW 0 accumulation VT VFB accumulation Qs = Qacc + Qdep + Qinv VG VT VFB accumulation inversion 0 inversion VFB VT VG VT Qinv slope = -Cox Qinv = −Cox (VG − VT ) Spring 2003 EE130 Lecture 22, Slide 4 2 MOS Capacitance Measurement • VG is scanned slowly • Capacitive current due to vac is measured iac iac = C GATE vac C= Si C-V Meter dvac dt dQGATE dQs = dVG dVG MOS Capacitor Spring 2003 EE130 Lecture 22, Slide 5 MOS C-V Characteristics (p-type Si) accumulation depletion inversion VG VFB VT C= Qinv dQs dVG C slope = -Cox Cox Ideal C-V curve: VG VFB accumulation Spring 2003 VT depletion inversion EE130 Lecture 22, Slide 6 3 Capacitance in Accumulation (p-type Si) • As the gate voltage is varied, incremental charge is added/subtracted to/from the gate and substrate. • The incremental charges are separated by the gate oxide. M O S ∆Q Q C= -Q dQacc = Cox dVG −∆Q Spring 2003 Cox EE130 Lecture 22, Slide 7 Flat-Band Capacitance • At the flat-band condition, variations in VG give rise to the addition/subtraction of incremental charge in the substrate, at a depth LD • LD is the “extrinsic Debye Length” – characteristic shielding distance, or the distance where the electric field emanating from a perturbing charge falls off by a factor of 1/e LD = ε Si kT q2 N A 1 1 L = + D CFB Cox ε Si Spring 2003 EE130 Lecture 22, Slide 8 4 Capacitance in Depletion (p-type Si) • As the gate voltage is varied, the width of the depletion region varies. → Incremental charge is effectively added/subtracted at a depth Wd in the substrate. M O ∆Q Q S C= Wd -Q −∆Q dQdep dVG = 2(VG − VFB ) 1 + 2 qN Aε Si Cox 1 1 1 1 Wd = + = + C Cox Cdep Cox ε Si Cox Cdep Spring 2003 EE130 Lecture 22, Slide 9 Capacitance in Inversion (p-type Si) CASE 1: Inversion-layer charge can be supplied/removed quickly enough to respond to changes in the gate voltage. → Incremental charge is effectively added/subtracted at the surface of the substrate. ∆Q M O S WT −∆Q Spring 2003 Cox Time required to build inversion-layer charge = 2NAτo/ni , where τo = minority-carrier lifetime at surface C= dQinv = Cox dVG EE130 Lecture 22, Slide 10 5 Capacitance in Inversion (p-type Si) CASE 2: Inversion-layer charge cannot be supplied/removed quickly enough to respond to changes in the gate voltage. → Incremental charge is effectively added/subtracted at a depth Wd in the substrate. 1 1 1 = + C Cox Cdep ∆Q M O S Wdm −∆Q Cox Cdep Spring 2003 = 1 Wdm + Cox ε Si = 1 2(2ψ B ) 1 + ≡ Cox qN Aε Si C min EE130 Lecture 22, Slide 11 Supply of Substrate Charge (p-type Si) gate gate Accumulation: Depletion: Cox Cox + + + + + + C dep p-type Si p-type Si Inversion: Case 1 Case 2 gate gate Cox N+ Wd - - - - - - Cox DC - - - - - Cdep,min - DC and AC Wdm p-type Si Spring 2003 AC WT p-type Si EE130 Lecture 22, Slide 12 6 Capacitor vs. Transistor C-V (or LF vs. HF C-V) p-type Si: C MOS transistor at any f, MOS capacitor at low f, or quasi-static C-V Cmax=Cox CFB MOS capacitor at high f Cmin accumulation VFB Spring 2003 depletion VT inversion VG EE130 Lecture 22, Slide 13 Quasi-Static C-V Measurement C p-type Si: Cmax=Cox CFB Cmin accumulation VFB depletion VT inversion VG The quasi-static C-V characteristic is obtained by slowly ramping the gate voltage (< 0.1V/s), while measuring the gate current IG with a very sensitive DC ammeter. C is calculated from IG = C·dVG/dt. Spring 2003 EE130 Lecture 22, Slide 14 7 Examples: C-V Characteristics C QS Cox HF-Capacitor VG VT VFB Does the QS or the HF-capacitor C-V characteristic apply? (1) MOS capacitor, f=10kHz. (2) MOS transistor, f=1MHz. (3) MOS capacitor, slow VG ramp. (4) MOS transistor, slow VG ramp. Spring 2003 EE130 Lecture 22, Slide 15 Deep Depletion • If VG is scanned quickly, Qinv cannot respond to the change in VG. The increase in substrate charge density Qs must then come from an increase in depletion charge density Qdep ⇒ depletion depth Wd increases as VG increases ⇒ C decreases as VG increases C Cox Cmin VFB Spring 2003 VG VT EE130 Lecture 22, Slide 16 8 Parameter Extraction from C-V From a single C-V measurement, we can extract much information about the MOS device. • Suppose we know that the gate-electrode material is heavily doped n-type poly-Si (ΦM=4.05eV), and that the gate dielectric is SiO2 (εr=3.9): – From Cmax = Cox we determine the oxide thickness tox – From Cmin and Cox we determine substrate doping (by iteration) – From substrate doping and Cox we calculate the flat-band capacitance CFB – From the C-V curve, we can find VFB = VG C =C FB – From ΦM, ΦS, Cox, and VFB we can determine Qf Spring 2003 EE130 Lecture 22, Slide 17 Example: Effect of Doping C/Cox 1 VFB VT VG • How would C-V characteristic change if substrate doping NA were increased? – VFB – VT – Cmin Spring 2003 EE130 Lecture 22, Slide 18 9 Example: Effect of Oxide Thickness C/Cox 1 VFB VG VT • How would C-V characteristic change if oxide thickness tox were decreased? – VFB – VT – Cmin Spring 2003 EE130 Lecture 22, Slide 19 Oxide Charges In real MOS devices, there is always some charge in the oxide and at the Si/oxide interface. • In the oxide: – Trapped charge Qot • High-energy electrons and/or holes injected into oxide – Mobile charge QM • Alkali-metal ions, which have sufficient mobility to drift in oxide under an applied electric field • At the interface: – Fixed charge QF • Excess Si (?) – Trapped charge Qit • Dangling bonds Spring 2003 EE130 Lecture 22, Slide 20 10 Effect of Oxide Charges • In general, charges in the oxide cause a shift in the gate voltage required to reach the threshold condition: ∆VT = − t ox 1 ε SiO 2 ∫ xρ ox ( x)dx 0 (x defined to be 0 at metal-oxide interface) • In addition, they may alter the field-effect mobility of mobile carriers (in a MOSFET) due to Coulombic scattering Spring 2003 EE130 Lecture 22, Slide 21 Fixed Oxide Charge QF M 3.1 eV O S qQF / Cox Ec= EFM |qVFB | Ev Ec EFS Ev VFB = φ MS − QF Cox 4.8 eV Spring 2003 EE130 Lecture 22, Slide 22 11 Determination of QF Measure C-V characteristics of capacitors with different oxide thicknesses. Plot VFB as a function of tox. VFB 10nm 20nm 30nm 0 x ox VFB = φ MS − –0.15V × tox ε SiO QF 2 × –0.3V Spring 2003 × EE130 Lecture 22, Slide 23 Mobile Ions • Odd shifts in C-V characteristics were once a mystery: ∆VFB = − QM Cox • Source of problem: Mobile charge moving to/away from interface, changing charge centroid Spring 2003 EE130 Lecture 22, Slide 24 12 Interface Traps Traps cause “sloppy” C-V and also greatly degrade mobility in channel Q (ψ ) ∆VG = − IT S Cox Spring 2003 EE130 Lecture 22, Slide 25 13