IJRDO-Journal Of Mechanical And Civil Engineering
-
ISSN: 2456-1479
JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL AND CIVIL ENGINEERING
Design and Fabrication of Typical Pipe Cutting Machine
1
P.Balashanmugam, Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering, Annamalai University,
Chidambaram, Email:Pbsapme1980@gmail.com, Mobile: 9486432546
2
G.Balasubramanian, Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering, Annamalai University,
Chidambaram, Email: gbala1972@gmail.com, Mobile: 9442273221
ABSTRACT
is connected to the moving cutting tool. It is
The Machine we designed and fabricated is
also used to cut the small size of sheet metal.
used for cutting any shape of object like
The machine is portable in size, so easy
Circular, Rectangular, and Polygon. Hence our
transportable.
project namely Typical Pipe Cutting Machine
Keywords
is a Special type of Machine. According to the
Pipe cutting machine, Automation, Pneumatic
cylinder. Flow control valve, check valve.
type of material to be cut, the cutting tool can
be changed. This project gives details of
Cutting
various
shapes
and
sizes
1. INTRODUCTION
This is an era of automation where
of
This machine can be widely
it is broadly defined as replacement of manual
applied in almost all type of industries. The
effort by mechanical power in all degrees of
components.
pipe cutting process is a main part of the all
automation.
The
operation
remains
an
industries. Normally the cutting machine is
manually hand operated one for medium and
essential part of the system although with
small scale industries. In our project is
changing demands on physical input as the
pneumatically operated “TYPICAL PIPE
CUTTING MACHINE”. Automation in the
modern world is inevitable. Any automatic
machine aimed at the economical use of man,
machine, and material worth the most. In our
degree of mechanization is increased. Degrees
of automation are of two types, viz.
Full automation.
Semi automation.
project is hand operated D.C valve and flow
control valve is used for semi-automation. The
In semi automation a combination of
pipe cutting machine works with the help of
manual effort and mechanical power is
pneumatic double acting cylinder. The piston
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required whereas in full automation human
applications with minimal or reduced human
participation is very negligible.
intervention. Some processes have been
1.1. Need for Automation
completely automated.
Automation can be achieved through
The biggest benefit of automation is
computers, hydraulics, pneumatics, robotics,
that it saves labour, however, it is also used to
etc., of these sources, pneumatics form an
save energy and materials and to improve
attractive medium for low cost automation.
quality, accuracy and precision. The term
The main advantages of all pneumatic systems
automation, inspired by the earlier word
are economy and simplicity. Automation plays
automatic (coming from automaton), was not
an important role in mass production.
widely used before 1947, when General
Reduction of lab our and material
Motors established the automation department.
cost
It was during this time that industry was
Reduction of overall cost
rapidly adopting feedback controllers, which
Increased production
were introduced in the 1930s. Automation has
Increased storage capacity
been achieved by various means including
Increased safety
mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical,
Reduction in fatigue
and electronic and computers, usually in
Improved personnel comfort
combination. Complicated systems, such as
Automation or automatic control is the
modern factories, airplanes and ships typically
use of various control systems for operating
use all these combined techniques.
equipment such as machinery, processes in
1.2. Types of automation
factories, boilers and heat treating ovens,
One of the simplest types of control is
switching in telephone networks, steering and
on-off control. An example is the thermostats
stabilization of ships, aircraft and other
used
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on
household
appliances.
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Electromechanical thermostats used in HVAC
for mathematical and organizational tools used
may only have had provision for on/off control
to create complex systems. Notable examples
of heating or cooling systems. Electronic
of CAx include Computer-aided design (CAD
controllers may add multiple stages of heating
software)
and variable fan speed control. Sequence
manufacturing (CAM software).
and Computer-aided
control, in which a programmed sequence of
The improved design, analysis, and
discrete operations is performed, often based
manufacture of products enabled by CAx have
on system logic that involves system states.
been beneficial for industry. Information,
An elevator control system is an example of
together
sequence control. The advanced type of
with industrial machinery and processes,
automation that revolutionized manufacturing,
assist in the design, implementation, and
aircraft, communications and other industries,
monitoring of control systems. One example
is
of an industrial is a programmable logic
feedback
control,
which
is
usually
continuous and involves taking measurements
controller (PLC).
using
calculated
hardened computers which are frequently used
adjustments to keep the measured variable
to synchronize the flow of inputs from
within a set range.
(physical) sensors and events with the flow of
2. AUTOMATION TOOLS
outputs to actuators and events.
a
sensor
and
making
Engineers can now have numerical
specialized
exist:
control over automated devices. The result has
been a rapidly expanding range of applications
human
are
Different types of automation tools
2.1. Introduction
and
PLCs
can
activities. Computer-aided
technologies (or CAx) now serve as the basis
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ANN - Artificial neural
network
DCS
- Distributed
Control System
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HMI - Human Machine
Interface
potentially
hazardous.
Therefore,
some personnel are needed to insure
SCADA
- Supervisory
Control and Data Acquisition
PLC
that the entire system functions
properly and that safety and product
- Programmable
quality are maintained.
Logic Controller
Host
ISSN: 2456-1479
As
a
process
becomes
Instrumentation
increasingly automated, there is less
Motion control
and less labour to be saved or quality
Robotics
improvement to be gained. This is an
When it comes to Factory Automation,
example
Simulation
the logistic function.
Software
(HSS)
is
a
of
both returns
and
commonly used testing tool that is used to test
As more and more processes
the equipment software. HSS is used to test
become automated, there are fewer
equipment
to
remaining non-automated processes.
(timeouts,
This is an example of exhaustion of
Factory
performance
Automation
with
respect
standards
response time, and processing time).
opportunities.
2.2. Limitations to automation
paradigms may however set new
Current technology is unable to
automate all the desired tasks.
Many
operations
product,
limits that surpass the previous
using
invested capital and produce high
of
technological
limits.
automation have large amounts of
volumes
New
making
malfunctions extremely costly and
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2.3. Current limitations
Many roles for humans in industrial
processes presently lie beyond the scope of
automation.
Human-level pattern
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recognition, language
comprehension,
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and
productivity. Test automation is one way to do
language production ability are well beyond
this. The Promise of Test Automation Test
the capabilities of modern mechanical and
automation implementations are expected to
computer systems. Tasks requiring subjective
achieve some or all of the following
assessment or synthesis of complex sensory
objectives;
data, such as scents and sounds, as well as
high-level tasks such as strategic planning,
Speed up testing to accelerate
releases
currently require human expertise. In many
cases, the use of humans is more cost-effective
Allow testing to happen more
frequently
than mechanical approaches even where
automation of industrial tasks is possible.
Reduce costs of testing by
reducing manual labour
Overcoming these obstacles is a theorized path
Improve test coverage
to post-scarcity economics.
Ensure consistency
2.4. Why the need for Automation
Improve
Over the past several years, tools that
graphical
dramatically
user
improved
interfaces
have
of
Allow testing to be done by
staff with less skill
programmer
productivity. This has increased the pressure
reliability
testing
help programmers quickly create applications
with
the
Define the testing process and
reduce dependence on the few who know it
on testers, who are often perceived as
Make testing more interesting;
bottlenecks to the delivery of software
reduce the mundane repetitive execution of
products. Testers are being asked to test more
tests.
and more code in less and less time. They
need to dramatically improve their own
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This is the promise of test
automation.
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The Reality
The
Test
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Automation
Engineers
Unfortunately, more often than
automate the tests previously executed for
not, automation implementations fail due for a
each release, adding to the regression test
number of reasons, the most common being;
pack. This results in a large number of (short)
Effective
test
automation
requires developer skills, already a rare
commodity,
segmented automated tests.
2.5. Benefits of Industrial Automation
Automation,
robotics,
industrial
Building a regression test suite
automation, process control, and numerical
requires significantly more time to develop
control is the use of control systems such as
than purported by the tool vendors,
computers to control industrial machinery and
A reasonable maturity and
competence in manual testing is lacking,
processes. Some advantages are repeatability,
tighter quality control, and waste reduction,
Maintenance of the regression
integration with business systems, increased
suite becomes unmanageable with the number
productivity and reduction of labour. Some
of changes implemented in each release,
disadvantages are high initial costs and
The
available
and
application
stable
must
before
be
script
development/ maintenance can take place,
ROI on the tools and labour
seldom, if ever, occurs in the short term,
increased dependence on maintenance. Major
benefits
of
industrial
automation technology are the latest fieldbus
developments. The most popular protocols are
Device Net, Profibus and ASi and the
Test Automation Engineers are
emerging Industrial Ethernet. Implementation
seldom included as an integral part of the
of industrial automation provides capital
development/test team,
expenditure savings associated with cable
elimination (multiple devices share wire-pairs
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and communicate over the bus network) and
The need for automation is felt because
other savings are also available through
of the following reasons. These reasons
speedier commissioning.
emphasize on importance of automation. The
A
automation
increased
major
and
advantage
process
emphasis
on
of
control
industrial
is
flexibility
reasons are:
the
Automation facilitates efficient and
and
detailed information through the use
convertibility in the manufacturing process.
of mechanical aids like computers.
Manufacturers are increasingly demanding the
It
ability to easily switch from manufacturing a
Processing
wide range of products without having to
information.
completely rebuild the production lines.
Increased volume of work, scarcity
Warehouses benefit from the marriage of
of time and the slow manual
automated guided vehicle technology and
processes
conventional industrial trucks. This system
introduction of automation.
combines a very narrow aisle truck with
It facilitates better quality work by
guidance controls and software directed by the
reducing errors which are created on
system controller. The driverless operation is
manual work.
capable of complete “lights out” operation
Revolution in office has been
from the warehouse receiving area to the
brought by automation because
shipping dock. Best of all, the vehicles can be
increased
introduced into current operations, using
handled in a better manner with
existing racking and floor.
greater accuracy and speed because
2.6. Needs and Importance
of automation. This process results
ensures
speedy
and
recording.
presenting
necessitate
volume
of
the
work
in increased output.
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Automation increases the goodwill
It requires huge investment and as
and reputation of the firm because it
such it goes beyond the capacity of
adds to the prestige and status
small scale firms to afford for
symbol of the enterprise.
automation.
It brings about a complete change in
2.7. Effects of Automation
Automation is suited to the developed
the organizational structure and
countries of the world which have attained a
involves a great deal of additional
state of full employment phenomenon. In
cost.
those
countries,
automation
becomes
necessary because of scarcity of manpower.
3. WORKING PRINCIPLE
The
compressed
air
from
the
Automation is not suggested for a developing
compressor is used as the force medium for
country like India because here the state of
this operation. There are pneumatic double
unemployment is visualized and automation
acting cylinders, Direction control valve and
will increase this state of unemployment. But
flow control valve. The arm from the
automation should be introduced in post
compressor enters to the flow control Valve.
offices, railways, banks where the increased
The controlled air from the flow control valve
workload necessitates quick and accurate
enters to the D.C valve. The function of D.C
service to the public. Automation leads the
valves to enter the air into the pneumatic
following effects:
cylinder.
Automation results in the state
unemployment
because
The 5/2 D.C valve is used. In one
human
position air enter to the cylinder and pusses
labour is replaced by mechanical
the piston, so that the cutting stroke is
work.
obtained. The next position air enters to the
other side of cylinder and pusses the piston
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return back, so that the releasing stroke is
obtained. Figure 1 and 2 shows the typical
pipe cutting machine
ISSN: 2456-1479
Cost of the unit is less when
compared to other machine
No fire hazard problem due to
over loading
Comparatively the operation
3.1. Applications
This machine is very useful for
cost is less
small and medium scale industries
This machine is used to cut the
plastic pipes
All Industrial Application
3.2. Disadvantages
While working, the compressed
air
produces
noise
therefore
a
silencer may be used.
High torque cannot be obtained
Load carrying capacity of this
Figure 1.The typical pipe cutting
machine
unit is not very high.(<50 N)
3.3. Advantages
The pneumatic is more efficient in
the technical field
Quick response is achieved
Simple in construction
Easy to maintain and repair
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Figure 2.The typical pipe cutting
3.6. Specification of Connectors
machine
3.4. Specification of
pneumatic cylinder
Technical Data
Stroke length
Technical data
Double
acting
Max working pressure:
10 x 10 ⁵
Temperature
:
N/m²
:
Cylinder
stoker length 160 mm = 0.16 m
Piston rod
:
0-100 º C
18 mm =
Fluid media
18 x 10ˉ³ m
:
2
Material
Seals
:
Nitride
Brass
(Buna-N) Elastomer
:
3.7. Specification of Hoses
End cones
:
Cast iron
Technical data
Piston
:
EN – 8
Max pressure
Media
:
Air
Temperature
:
0-80 º C
Pressure Range
:
8 N/m²
:
10 x 10 ⁵
N/m²
Outer diameter
:
6
mm = 6 x 10 ˉ ³m
3.5. Specification of Flow control Valve
Inner diameter
:
3.5 mm
= 3.5 x 10 ˉ ³m
Technical Data
:
0.635
x
10² ֿ m
4. PNEUMATIC CYLINDER
Pneumatic
Pressure
:
Air
Quantity
Port size
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:
0-8 x 10
⁵ N/m²
cylinders
(sometimes
known as air cylinders) are mechanical
devices which use the power of compressed
Media
:
Air
gas to produce a force in a reciprocating linear
Quantity
:
1
motion. Like hydraulic cylinders, something
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forces a piston to move in the desired
rod) to move. The port at the other end lets air
direction. The piston is a disc or cylinder, and
on the opposite side of the piston escape —
the piston rod transfers the force it develops to
usually to atmosphere. Reversing the roles of
the object to be moved.
85 Engineers
the two ports makes the piston and rod stroke
sometimes prefer to use pneumatics because
in the opposite direction. Rod-style cylinders
they are quieter, cleaner, and do not require
function in two ways:
large amounts of space for fluid storage.
Double-acting
cylinders
use
Because the operating fluid is a gas, leakage
compressed air to power both the extend and
from a pneumatic cylinder will not drip out
retract strokes, moving the rod back and forth.
and contaminate the surroundings, making
This arrangement makes them ideal for
pneumatics more desirable where cleanliness
pushing and pulling loads. Controlling the rate
is a requirement. For example, in the
at which air exhausts determines rod speed.
mechanical puppets of the Disney Tiki Room,
Single-acting cylinders have compressed air
pneumatics is used to prevent fluid from
supplied to only one side of the piston; the
dripping onto people below the puppets.
other side vents to atmosphere. Depending on
4.1. Cylinder design
whether air is routed to the cap or rod end
The basic, rod-style industrial cylinder
determines whether the rod extends or retracts.
consists of a tube sealed by end caps. A rod
The most common type is pressure-extended,
attached to an internal piston extends through
with an internal spring returning the piston to
a sealed opening in one of the ends. The
its original position when air exhausts. In
cylinder mounts to a machine and the piston
other designs, gravity or an external spring
rod acts upon the load. A port at one end of
powers the return stroke.
the cylinder supplies compressed air to one
Repairable
side of the piston, causing it (and the piston
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cylinders
can
be
disassembled to replace seals and other
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internal components. This extends a cylinder’s
cases, the guides reduce rod and piston
life. These durable cylinders are generally
bending and uneven seal wear. They are
used in rugged, heavy-duty applications.
recommended in applications with sizeable
Sealed-for-life or “disposable” cylinders have
offset loads or require that the load be guided,
end caps mechanically crimped to the tube.
for example, down a conveyor.
Internal components are preluded prior to
Rack-and-pinion
units
convert
a
assembly. Although they are less expensive to
cylinder’s linear motion to angular rotation
manufacture
repairable
that can exceed 360°. The rotary actuators —
cylinders, they cannot be taken apart to repair
with the rack mounted on the rod — are often
without
These
used in process industries to operate quarter-
cylinders are usually used in lighter-duty
turn valves. Bellows are durable, single-acting
applications and must be replaced when they
actuators with flexible, reinforced-elastomeric
fail. Compact cylinders fit into smaller spaces
walls and metal end plates. They extend when
where only a short stroke is required. They are
inflated and can generate high forces, thanks
used in lighter-duty applications due to the
to their large diameters. A cylindrical shape
small bearing surface on which the rod slides.
lets them bend in any direction, making them
They mainly come in single-acting versions,
useful where load direction might curve. Note
but double-acting styles also are available.
that external restraints should be used to limit
than
destroying
comparable
the
housing.
Guided cylinders have guide rods and
maximum
extension
and
compression.
guide blocks mounted parallel to the piston
Unrestrained extension can blow off the end
rod, or dual piston rods. They prevent the
plate, and exhaust without restraint can let the
piston from rotating and provide precise,
load crush the sidewalls.
controlled linear motion — especially when
Rodless cylinders, as the name implies,
the unit is subject to high side loads. In such
have no rod extending through the end caps.
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Instead, an external carriage slides back and
the required force should be twice the load to
forth on the tube. The load mounts on this
be moved. In some cases additional force is
carriage. In many designs, an internal piston is
necessary to compensate for friction.
mechanically
carriage
Designers can calculate cylinder force
through a sealed longitudinal slot in the
by multiplying the effective piston area by the
cylinder wall. Long sealing strips inside and
working pressure. The effective area for push
outside the cylinder tube prevent air leaks and
force is the cylinder bore. For pull, it’s the
dust and dirt ingression. Other variations
bore area less the cross-sectional area of the
include cable-and-pulley arrangements and
piston rod. Thus, theoretical push force is:
magnetically
connected
coupled
to
the
pistons
F = π (D2/4 –
and
carriages.Rodless cylinders are well suited for
d2/4) P
applications with long strokes or high moment
where
loads. They save space because the stroke is
F = force, lb;
contained
D = cylinder bore, in.; and
within
the
cylinder’s
overall
envelope. Most manufacturers offer several
P = pressure, psi.
carriage designs. Three of the most common
Theoretical pull force is:
F = π (D2/4 – d2/4)
are internally guided, externally guided, and
precision-roller guided.
4.2. Force output
Another key selection criterion is how
much force a cylinder generates. Determine
P
where
d = piston rod diameter, in.
Force
calculations
get
more
this from the air pressure and bore size (the ID
complicated in single-acting cylinders with a
of the cylinder.).A general rule of thumb is
spring. The force opposing the push or pull
that for vertical and high-friction applications,
increases as the stroke progresses. In practice,
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manufacturers’ catalogs often list push and
pressure that is barely capable of moving the
pull values for both double-acting and single-
load will hamper speed.
acting cylinders, simplifying calculations for
With any fixed combination of valve,
users. When estimating the relative force of
cylinder, pressure, and load, it is usually
cylinders with different bore sizes, remember
necessary to have adjustable control over
that thrust increases with the square of the
cylinder speed. Flow controls at the cylinder
diameter. In other words, doubling the bore
ports let users tune speed to their application.
will quadruple the thrust.
For most applications, unidirectional flow
Speed
regulators installed to restrict flow out of the
Speed affects productivity, longevity,
cylinder and permit free flow in give the best
and controllability. Calculate the stroking
results. A regulator in the rod-end port
speed of a pneumatic cylinder from:
controls extension speed, and one on the cap-
s = 28.8q/A
end port controls retraction.
where
4.3. Air consumption
s = speed, ips;
q
=
airflow
Calculating
in
standard
cubic
feet/minute; and
a
air
cylinder’s
consumption is often necessary on fast-cycling
equipment to ensure enough supply air is
A = piston area, in.m2
available. There are two parts to cylinder air
Other factors that might affect speed
consumption. One is the volume the piston
include port sizes, inlet and exhaust flow
displaces. The other is the unswept volume
through control valves, and hose or tubing
from
sizes — if they create bottlenecks that restrict
connecting tubing, and valves. The unswept
air flow to or from the cylinder. Likewise, air
portion is likely to be a small percentage of the
end-cover
cavities,
cylinder
ports,
total and will vary with the installation.It’s
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best to ensure the compressor has sufficient
cylinder can execute the specific movements
capacity to supply pneumatic equipment under
an application requires.
“worst-case”
4.5. Cylinder materials.
starvation
at
conditions.
critical
Otherwise,
times
will
air
cause
The operating environment is the
performance to suffer.
major factor that governs material choice.
4.4. Additional considerations
Pneumatic cylinders are typically made of
After sizing a cylinder for force and
steel, aluminum, stainless steel, brass, or
stroke, engineers have a lot of leeway in
engineered plastics. Some models combine
tweaking a cylinder so it best fits an
several materials.
application. Here are a few considerations.
Seal materials. Cylinder manufacturers
Port sizes and locations are usually
use a variety of methods to seal the end caps
dictated by bore size, but can be adjusted in
and rod. Designers can specify alternative seal
custom designs. Envelope dimensions. The
materials for applications that operate in
National Fluid Power Assn. and International
extreme high or low ambient temperatures or
Standards
are exposed to caustic chemicals.
Organization
have
established
standards for many cylinder dimensions,
Position feedback. Magnetic cylinders
letting engineers interchange cylinders from
have a band of magnetic material around the
different manufacturers. Many models also
circumference of the piston and a nonmagnetic
have unique dimensions.
cylinder barrel. The magnetic field travels
Mounting configuration refers to how a
with the piston as the rod strokes in and out.
cylinder attaches to the adjacent equipment.
Mounting reed switches on the outside of the
The large number of standard mountings —
barrel — one at each end, for example —
both rigid and articulated — usually ensures a
generates a signal each time the piston
completes a stroke. More-advanced versions
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use
LVDT
potentiometers
transducers
to
or
provide
LRT
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linear
centreline of the piston rod and free from
continuous
misalignment or side thrust. Cylinders are
indication of piston position.
normally intended to push and pull without
Cushions. If the piston makes metal-to-
excessive side loads. Off-center loads can
metal contact with the end covers, the result is
substantially reduce the service life of rod
noise and potential mechanical damage.
bearings and seals.Off-center and side loading
Cushions in cylinders prevent such contact.
are caused by improper mounting, cylinder
Adjustable cushions let operators control the
deflection
rate at which cylinders decelerate at the end of
deflection, and rod bending or sagging — as
stroke.
well as by poor machine design. Sometimes
under
load,
machine
frame
Some cylinders have integral fixed
adding an optional internal stop tube can
cushions. They have a pre-engineered fixed
reduce a cylinder’s bearing load. A stop tube
cushion orifice that restricts exhaust airflow to
is a spacer between the piston and rod-end
slow the piston at the end of stroke. The
head. It increases the distance between the
amount of cushioning is repeatable but cannot
piston bearing and rod bearing when the rod
be altered in the field.
fully extends. This configuration also helps in
Only use non cushioned cylinders at
long-stroke applications.
slow speeds. To operate non cushioned
If the piston rod sees compressive axial
cylinders faster, install external stops with
loads, care must be taken to ensure its length,
shock absorbers. Position these to prevent
diameter, and load are within safe limits to
contact between the piston and end covers.
prevent the exposed rod from buckling.
4.6. Cautionary tips
Most
pneumatic
cylinders
are
An important design consideration is to
assembled with a coating of grease on the bore
keep cylinder thrust as close as possible to the
of the barrel and seals for service with non-
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lubricated air. If the compressed air supply is
ISSN: 2456-1479
Reduced direct human labour
clean and dry, the grease will give the seals a
costs and expenses.
long life without adding oil through an airline
The following methods are often
lubricator. However, contaminated air will
employed to improve productivity, quality, or
gradually compromise the original grease
robustness.

lubricant and shorten seal life.
Lubricated air will extend the life of
to reduce cycle time.

the cylinder, but it will also wash out the
original lubrication. So once lubricated air is
Install automation in operations
Install automation where a high
degree of accuracy is required.
introduced, it must always be used, and the

Replacing human operators in
that
involve
lubricator should be regularly checked and
tasks
maintained.
monotonous work.

4.7. Advantages and disadvantages
The main advantages of automation
are:
throughput
or
Improved quality or increased
predictability of quality.
Improved
volcanoes,
nuclear
facilities,
underwater, etc.)
Performing
tasks
that
are
beyond human capabilities of size, weight,
speed, endurance, etc.
robustness
(consistency), of processes or product.
Increased
or
Replacing humans in tasks

productivity.
physical
done in dangerous environments (i.e. fire,
space,
Increased
hard
consistency
output.
of

improvement:
Automation may improve in economy of
enterprises, society or most of humanity. For
example, when an enterprise invests in
automation,
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Economic
technology
recovers
116
its
IJRDO-Journal Of Mechanical And Civil Engineering
investment; or when a state or country
High
ISSN: 2456-1479
initial
cost:
The
increases its income due to automation
automation of a new product or plant typically
like Germany or Japan in the 20th Century.
requires a very large initial investment in

Reduces operation time and
work handling time significantly.

although the cost of automation may be spread
Frees up workers to take on
other roles.

comparison with the unit cost of the product,
among many products and over time.
In manufacturing, the purpose of
Provides higher level jobs in
automation has shifted to issues broader than
the development, deployment, maintenance
productivity, cost, and time.
and running of the automated processes.
CONCLUSION
The main disadvantages of automation
are:
Pipe cutting, or pipe profiling, is a
mechanized industrial process that removes
Security Threats/Vulnerability:
material from pipe or tube to create a desired
An automated system may have a limited level
profile. Typical profiles include straight cuts,
of
more
mitres, saddles and midsection holes. These
susceptible to committing errors outside of its
complex cuts are usually required to allow a
immediate scope of knowledge (e.g., it is
tight fit between two parts that are to be joined
typically unable to apply the rules of simple
via arc welding.
intelligence,
and
is
therefore
logic to general propositions).
Cutting is performed by means of a
Unpredictable/excessive
development
costs:
The research
thermal torch (plasma or ox fuel) and is
and
mounted to the last axis of a multi-axis
development cost of automating a process may
machine. The axes of the multi-axis machine
exceed the cost saved by the automation itself.
are powered by electric motors and are
synchronized to create a path for the torch and
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IJRDO-Journal Of Mechanical And Civil Engineering
ISSN: 2456-1479
pipe that yield a desired profile. The
Vol. 1 Issue 7, September - 2012 ISSN: 2278-
synchronization of axes is accomplished either
0181.
mechanically, via cams, levers and gears, or
electronically,
via
microprocessors
[2] P.M.Pradhan, “Experimental Investigation and
Fabrication of Pneumatic Cutting tool”,
and
International Journal of Innovative Research
controllers.
in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol.
Pipe cutting machines are popular in
2, Issue 6, June 2013.
offshore, pipe processing, ship building,
[3]
pressure vessel, structural and mechanical
Pneumatic
Systems
(principles
and
maintenance) written by S.R. Majumdar.
contracting manufacturing because of the
[4] E. Paul. Degarmo, “Shearing in Metal
complex cuts and profiles typical required in
Cutting”, Pages 518-528, Materials and
their respective industries. Some common pipe
Processes in Manufacturing, Eighth edition,
cutting applications are: pipe work, offshore
2003, Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd.
jackets, industrial steel structures, stadiums,
cranes, nozzles, and pipe laying stingers.
REFERENCES
[1] A.S. Aditya Polapragada & K. Sri Varsha,
“Pneumatic Auto Feed Punching, cutting and
Riveting Machine “, International Journal of
Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
[5] K. Mahadevan, Design Data Handbook, Third
edition, Reprint 2002, CBS Publishers &
distributors.
[6] Solar Energy". 2013 Journal Citation Reports.
Web of Science (Science ed.). Thomson
Reuters. 2014.
[7] Fundamentals, modeling and application of
solar
Volume-1 | Issue-5 | May,2015 | Paper-19
energy
written
by
G.N.
Tiwari.
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