Street Lighting Design in KC
Panel Introductions
• Tate Betz – Lighting Designer & Daylighting Analyst
• Henderson Engineers, Inc.
• J. Phil Herrman – Civil Engineer
• Burns & McDonnell
• Michael Park – City Traffic Engineer
• City of Lee’s Summit, MO
• Mark Sherfy – Transportation Manager
• City of Shawnee, KS
Agenda – (30 minute segments)
• Lighting terminology, technologies, trends, and
specifications
• Local standards/specifications and lighting
software demo
• Metro streetlight survey results and agency
perspectives regarding streetlight maintenance,
energy use, and implementation challenges
• Roundtable discussion
Did you Know?
• There are an estimated 200,000 street lights in the KC Metro
• Survey indicates that 85% are High Pressure Sodium (HPS)
• Reviews of Municipal KCP&L street light energy bills indicate a
typical cost of $0.07/kWh (energy charges vary by kWh consumed)
• 150w HPS average around 800kWh/year = $60/year for energy
• 250w HPS average around 1280kWh/year = $85/year for energy
• Using an average of $72.50/light we estimate $14,500,000/year is
spent on energy costs to light streets in the Kansas City Metro
• Approximately 208 million kWh/year of energy is consumed by
street lights in the Kansas City Metro
Opportunities?
• Area experience indicates energy decreases between
35%-45% for new street lighting technologies (LED or
Induction of similar illuminance)
• Today, we will discuss the standards and cost hurdles
currently in the way to more use of new technologies
• Today, we will discuss how we can better work together
to overcome these hurdles
Lighting Topics
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What is IESKC and IESNA?
Lighting Essentials
Roadway Lighting Standards
Current Trends and New Concepts
IES
• Illuminating Engineering Society
– North America (IESNA)
– Kansas City Metro (IESKC)
• Goal
– Improve the lighted environment to benefit the public
• IESKC (Local section)
– Governing board of elected volunteers
– Over 100 IES members
– Over 275 total active and non-active individuals
IES
• Member Constituency
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Manufacturers
Lighting Designers
Architects
Contractors
Distributors / Wholesalers
Utility / Energy Sector / Government
• Endeavors and Responsibilities
– Lighting Standards / Guidelines / Technical Papers
– Design / Calculation Guides
– Lighting Measurement / Energy Management / Testing Guides
Lighting Essentials
• Light Source Parameters
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Wattage
Lumen output and lumen depreciation
Efficacy
Lamp life
Color Rendering Index (CRI)
Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)
• Light Fixture Parameters
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System wattage
Fixture lumen output
Distribution type
Ballast / Driver life
Heat dissipation
Lighting Essentials
Light Source
Rated Life
(Hours)
Lumen
Depreciation
Efficacy
(Lumen/Watt)
Mercury Vapor
24,000….
~60-70% Mean
50-70
Low Pressure
Sodium
18,000
~70-85% Mean
110-190
High Pressure
Sodium
30,000+
~75-90% Mean
80-150
Metal Halide
20,000
~55-80% Mean
60-120
Linear Fluorescent
62,000+
~95% Mean
60-120
Induction
100,000
~65-70% Mean
100-110
Light Emitting
Plasma
50,000
70% EOL
95-125
LED (Road/Site)
100,000….
70%-95% EOL
50-160
Lighting Essentials
• Light Source Type
– CRI & CCT
Lighting Essentials
• Light Source Type
– CRI & CCT
Lighting Essentials
• Vision perception
varies with level of light
– Photopic – Cones
Full daylight to the horizon,
overcast sky at sunset
– Mesopic – Cones and Rods
Horizon, clear sky just after
sunset to a moonless clear
night sky
– Scotopic – Rods
Moonless overcast night sky
to near darkness
Lighting Essentials
• Vision perception varies with level of light
.000001 .0001 .01
1
ROADWAY
LIGHT
LEVELS
100
10000 1000000 10^8
10^10
Lighting Essentials
• Light Source Distribution
– Type I
• Not common – Center of roadway
– Type II
• Side of roadway
– Type III
• Side of wide roadway
– Type IV
• Side of very wide roadway
– Type V
• Intersection
Lighting Essentials
• Light Source Distribution
– Typical LED manufacturer’s distributions
Lighting Essentials
• Why MH / HPS / Induction?
– Lower initial cost
– Higher light levels, but more on that later…
• Why LED?
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Longer life
Better CRI
More efficient at placing light where needed
Less maintenance
Control opportunities
Instant start and no restrike delay
Minimal color shift over time
More efficient at blue wavelengths than HPS/LPS
Lighting Essentials
• More about LED…..
– Lower design levels needed to meet minimum requirements
– Less spill light is good for light trespass and dark skies, but may
leave adjacent areas dark
– Many LED fixtures feature direct illumination, so may have
higher perceived glare
– Multiple CCT options
– Heat dissipation concern
– LED is not the same as HID……LED is a different animal….
NO TWO MANUFACTURER’S PRODUCTS ARE THE SAME
Lighting Essentials
• LED Testing Standards
– LM-79 – Standardized method for photometric and electric
measurements of an LED product.
• Demonstrates Lumens/Watt, CCT, and CRI
– LM-80 – Standardized method for measurement of the useful
lifespan of an LED product.
• Requires minimum of 6000 hours testing
• Data is obtained every 1000 hours
– TM-21 – Standardized method for forecasting long-term lumen
maintenance beyond 6000 hours
• Make sure the fixture manufacturer is demonstrating use
of these standards.
Lighting Essentials
• LED Testing Standards
Lighting Essentials
• Horizontal and Vertical Lighting
– Horizontal illumination describes visibility of the roadway
surfaces
– Vertical illumination describes the visibility of everything else
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Buildings
Signs
People
Animals
Rocks, sofas, tumbleweeds, etc.
– Both exist at the same time, but not always equally
– Both are always essential, but vertical is often overlooked as a
design metric
Lighting Essentials
• Horizontal and Vertical Lighting
RP-08 Roadway Lighting
• Purpose of Roadway
Lighting
– Reduction in night accidents,
attendant human misery, and
economic loss
– Aid to police protection and
enhanced sense of personal
security
– Facilitation of traffic flow
– Promotion of business and the use
of public facilities during the night
hours
– To be superseded by RP-08-14
THIS MONTH
RP-08-00 Roadway Lighting
• Decision Process
– Determine the design parameters
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Start from IES RP-08-00 (soon to be replaced by RP-08-14)
Road / Street classification
Road / Street surface type
Pedestrian conflict / traffic
Intersections / Roundabouts (DG-19-08)
– Develop design or specification based on the RP-08
requirements
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ILLUMINANCE / LUMINANCE / SMALL TARGET VISIBILITY (STV) methods
Choose a lighting product and a tentative pole spacing and arrangement
Develop a design layout or request one from a consultant or manufacturer
Over time, design patterns may emerge allowing for some prescriptive
design parameters
RP-08-00 Roadway Lighting
• Design Parameters - Application
– Roadways – no pedestrian conflict
• Freeway Class A
• Freeway Class B
• Expressway
– Streets – pedestrian conflict
• Major
• Collector
• Local
– Intersections
– Roundabouts
– Non-intersection pedestrian crossings
RP-08-00 Roadway Lighting
• Design Parameters
RP-08-00 Roadway Lighting
• Design Parameters
RP-08-00 Roadway Lighting
• Design Considerations
– Design of Public Right of way – Existing adjacent light
sources
– Appearance and Scale
– Visual Task – Driving, Seeing pedestrians, dropping off
passengers, traffic, reading signs, searching for
addresses/buildings, parking.
– Integration with non-lighting elements
– Vertical surface illumination
– Glare and sky glow
– Transition Lighting
RP-08-00 Roadway Lighting
• Illuminance (Footcandles)
– Quantity of light incident at a point
• Luminance (Candela / m2)
– Luminous intensity (brightness) of a surface directed at the
driver
• Veiling Luminance
– Visual field brightness which reduces visual acuity
• Small Target Visibility
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Luminance of the targets
Immediate background luminance
Adaption level of the adjacent surroundings
Disability glare
RP-08-00 Roadway Lighting
• Illuminance Method
RP-08-00 Roadway Lighting
• Illuminance Method
RP-08-00 Roadway Lighting
• Luminance Method
RP-08-00 Roadway Lighting
• Luminance Method
RP-08-00 Roadway Lighting
• Small Target Visibility Method
RP-08-00 Roadway Lighting
• Intersections
DG-19 Roundabout Lighting
• Safe Sight Stopping Distance
– Stopping distance from the crosswalk at a given
speed
DG-19 Roundabout Lighting
• Pole Placement Recommendations
Trends & Emerging Concepts
• RP-08-14
– Luminance design standard
• Wireless Controls
– Remote monitoring and operation
– Energy consumption data
– Communication between enabled devices
• Adaptive Lighting
– Reduce lighting when no one is present
• Autonomous Vehicles
– Reduce the significance of street lighting?
Additional Design Resources
•
IES TM-10 – Addressing Obtrusive Light in Conjunction with
Roadway Lighting
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IES DG-4 – Roadway Lighting Maintenance
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IES TM-15 – Luminaire Classification System for Outdoor
Luminaires
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IES 10th Edition Lighting Handbook
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DOE Model Specification for LED Roadway Luminaires
• AASHTO Roadway Lighting Design Guide
• FHWA Lighting Handbook
• FHWA Design Criteria for Adaptive Roadway Lighting
• MSSLC Model Specification for Networked Outdoor Lighting Control
Systems
KC Area Lighting Specs
• High Intensity Discharge (HID)
– High Pressure Sodium (HPS)
• Light Emitting Diode (LED)
• Induction
Street Lighting Design Software
• Industry Software
– Visual Professional 2012
• Used in Metro & Regionally
– AGi32
Street Lighting Design Demo
• HPS
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LED
Illuminance Method
4-lane Undivided
Staggered 200’
Arterial (low peds)
R3 Pavement
Street Lighting Order Form
Street Lighting Optical Distributions
Agency Perspective
All agencies in the metro have some
responsibility for street lights whether
owned or lease managed!
Survey Findings
Reporting Agency
Independence P&L
Kansas City BPU
City of Gladstone, MO
MoDOT
City of Westwood, KS
Kansas DOT
City of Overland Park, KS
Lighting Design Standards/Specifications
IES
Varied
Residential - Dead ends, cul-de-sacs, intersections, and other special road conditions. Midblock lighting will only be approved if the distance between lights exceeds 800-feet. Arterial Continuous lighting with spacing of 140 to 190 feet.
Continuous lighting along freeways, urban arterials, expressways and ramps thereto must
provide an average intensity of 0.6 fc (6.5 lux) and a minimum intensity of 0.2 fc (2.2 lux).
Continuous lighting on other roads must provide an average intensity of 0.4 fc (4.3 lux) and a
minimum intensity of 0.2 fc (2.2 lux). Basic lighting at intersections, including ramp terminals is
to provide an average intensity of 0.6 fc (6.5 lux) and a minimum intensity of 0.2 fc (2.2 lux).
Spacing is inconsistent.
Location is at ramp terminals for interchanges 150 watt HPS 40 ft poles
Arterial spacing is about 200' . Collector spacing is about 275'. For residential, one light at
every intersection and where street curves more than 60 degrees. Lights in between at noncontinuous lighting standard on residential. We have a policy on street lights but it is being
reviewed in light of the LED's.
City of Grandview, MO
400 foot spacing on all leased lights, about 250 foot spacing for Main Street LED's
City of Liberty, MO
None
City of Fairway, KS
None
City of Merriam, KS
None
IES Illuminance & Uniformity for Continuous Roadway Lighting. Residential streets based on
typical spacing guidelines for various classifications.
IES Illuminance & Uniformity for Continuous Roadway lighting. Set Spacing/Locations for
Residential Lighting.
City of Shawnee, KS
City of Lee's Summit, MO
Survey Findings
Reporting
Agency
# City Owned
Lights
# Leased Lights
Tried New
(KCPL & Westar) Technologies
/Energy
Efficient (EE)
Lighting
Require EE
Lighting/
Updated
Standards &
Specifications
Independence P&L
12000
0
Yes
Yes / Both (IES)
Kansas City BPU
20000
0
Yes
Partly / No
City of Gladstone, MO
300
1500
Yes
Partly / No
MoDOT
5000
0
No
No / No
City of Westwood, KS
38
188
Yes
Yes / Specs
Kansas DOT
100
0
No
No / No
17000
0
Yes
No / Yes (Mod. IES)
150
1150
Yes
Partly / No
City of Liberty, MO
0
2600
Yes
No / No
City of Fairway, KS
325
0
Yes
NA / No
City of Merriam, KS
0
0
Yes
NA / NA
City of Shawnee, KS
4095
2045
Yes
Partly / Des. (IES)
City of Lee's Summit, MO
2000
4000
No
No / No
City of Overland Park, KS
City of Grandview, MO
Survey Findings
From the 13 Agencies who completed the survey
Has your agency installed any higher energy efficient street lighting fixtures?
7.7%
23.1%
No
Yes - Within the last 4 years
Yes - Within the last 10 years
69.2%
Other (please
specify)
Plasma - For
continuous
street lighting
of…
Induction - For
continuous
street lighting
of…
LED - For
continuous
street lighting
of…
Survey Findings
From the 13 Agencies who completed the survey
What type(s) of higher energy efficient lighting have you installed?
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Survey Findings
From the 13 Agencies who completed the survey
Please indicate where you have installed higher energy efficient
street lighting?
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
New installations
Retrofit
New installations
Retrofit
on new light
installations on
on new light
installations on
poles along
existing light
poles in
existing light
thoroughares
poles along
subdivisions
poles in
(e.g. arterials) thoroughfares (e.g. residential subdivisions
(e.g. arterials)
areas)
(e.g. residential
areas)
Other (please
specify)
Survey Findings
Where are these installations?
Survey Findings
Other survey questions and feedback?
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New Projects versus Replacements and/or Retrofits
… LED, Induction Differences
Is variety of products an issue? Agency concerns
Maintenance Stories
Public Concerns (glare, color, visibility, demand)
Energy Saving Experiences? Cost-Benefit Analysis
Power Company (Leased Lighting) Opportunities
What do Street Lights Cost to Run?
Agencies get a break on energy charges as streetlights are on
during off-peak times. However, HPS lamps burn kWh of energy.
Lamp and Luminaire
250w HPS Cobra Head
150w HPS Post Top
Typical Annual
Energy Needs
1280 kWh
800 kWh
Typical Annual
Energy Cost
$85
$60
Survey revealed there is approximately 1 street light for every 10 people in the Metro.
A City of 10,000 population may have approximately 500 HPS (250w) and
500 HPS (150w lamps) and a typical annual energy cost of $72,500/year.
What do Street Lights Cost to
Purchase?
Luminaire Type
Cost Range
New 250w HPS Cobra Head Luminaire
$140-$190
New 250w LED Cobra Head Luminaire
$450-$550
New 250w Induction Cobra Head Luminaire
$450-$550
New 400w LED Cobra Head Luminaire
$575-$675
New 150w HPS Post Top Luminaire
$300-$350
New 150w LED Post Top Luminaire
$750-$850
New 150w Induction Post Top Luminaire
$650-$750
Retrofit 250w LED Cobra Head Luminaire
$450-$550
Retrofit 150w Induction Post Top Luminaire
$200-$300
Ranges shown do not represent a single product or manufacturer. They represent typical mid
range pricing (2014) for products currently implemented in the region.
Are the Numbers There Yet?
• Street light vendors market their numbers
Be cautious and verify they are using:
- True Agency energy rates, not residential rates
- True initial purchase, relamp and ballast costs
- Realistic LED and Driver replacement cycles
- Adequate design standards and spacing's
(Are we truly comparing the same amount of surface light?)
(Have we grounded these lights?)
Are the Numbers There Yet?
250w Cobra head LED Example – Replace in place with new head
Expense
HPS 250W
LED 250W
equivalent
Year 1 – Luminaire + Lamp Cost
$165
$500
Year 5 – Relamp Cost
$40
$0
Year 10 – Relamp Cost
$40
$0
Year 15 – Relamp Cost
(+ Ballast/Driver replacement)
$40
$100
$400
Year 1-15 Energy Costs
$1275
$750
Annual Energy Costs
Annual Energy Use
Total 15 Year Costs
$85/year
1280 kWh/year
$50/year
753 kWh/year
$1660
$1650
Example assumes 42% energy consumption decreases and product selection aimed at
similar surface lighting patterns.
Public/Private partnerships can minimize or eliminate Year 1 purchase costs. (Developers to install for example)
How About a Retrofit?
150w Post Top Induction Example – Replace in place with retrofit head
HPS 150W
Post Top
Induction
150W Post Top
equivalent
Year 1 – Lamp Cost
$0
$250
Year 5 – Relamp Cost
$40
$0
Year 10 – Relamp Cost
$40
$0
Year 15 – Relamp Cost
(+ Ballast/Driver replacement)
$40
$100
$250
Year 1-15 Energy Costs
$900
$525
Expense
Annual Energy Costs
Annual Energy Use
Total 15 Year Costs
$60/year
800 kWh/year
$35/year
465 kWh/year
$1120
$1025
Example assumes 42% energy consumption decreases and product selection aimed at
similar surface lighting patterns. Directional lighting patterns may vary.
Retrofit Hurdles
• LED retrofits tend to work best in Cobra Heads;
however, the current cost difference between retro and
new is not great
• Induction retrofits currently have a cost advantage for
Post Tops; but, are not truly designed for the luminaires
in which they are installed and throw varied light patterns
• Ultimately, luminaires all will need replaced, not
retrofitted
• LED technology appears to be the most likely long term
solution as the technology is efficient as it can be better
aimed, pointed and dimmed
Agency Hurdles
• Budgets are tight, should we just wait?
• Many Cities do not own all their street lights
• Will the product and vendor we select be around when it is
time to replace?
• Will their product remain as reliable as claimed?
• How can we keep competitive pricing, yet minimize the
number of different products we must keep in our
replacement inventory?
• Is our public ready for the new color and ‘brightness’ in their
neighborhood?
• Are there liabilities associated with not aligning new lighting
technologies with existing pole spacing and specifications?
What Can KCITE Do?
• Work together or partner with IES / APWA to establish
regional street lighting standards / best practices
• Support agencies in pursuing new tariffs for high
efficiency lighting (unmetered & leased)
• Help the region get comfortable with potential changes
• Develop a committee to share Agency testing
experiences and minimize the duplication of efforts
• Develop a regional approved product material list
• Develop a regional street light purchasing cooperative
Roundtable Discussion