Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. DYNAMIC LOADS There are two types of forces/loads that may act on structures, namely static and dynamic forces. Static forces are those that are gradually applied and remain in place for longer duration of time. These forces are either not dependent on time or have less dependence on time. Live load acting on a structure is considered as a static load because it usually varies gradually in magnitude and position. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Similarly moving loads may also be considered as statically applied forces. Dynamic forces are those that are very much time dependent and these either act for small interval of time or quickly change in magnitude or direction. Earthquake forces, machinery vibrations and blast loadings are examples of dynamic forces. Structural response is the deformation behavior of a structure associated with a particular loading. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Similarly, dynamic response is the deformation pattern related with the application of dynamic forces. In case of dynamic load, response of the structure is also time-dependent and hence varies with time. Dynamic response is usually measured in terms of deformations (displacements or rotations), velocity and acceleration. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Dynamic force, F(t), is defined as a force that changes in magnitude, direction or sense in much lesser time interval or it has continuous variation with time. Impact load is the other extreme where the load is applied only for an infinitesimal interval of time with some momentum and is considered separate from the dynamic loads. The variation of a dynamic force with time is called history of loading. Prescribed dynamic loading is regularly varying loading in which well-defined cycles of loading are repeated after equal intervals of time. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. F(t) t Fig. A Typical Dynamic Force. Example of prescribed loading is a regular vibration of machinery with a certain amplitude and frequency. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Amplitude of vibration is the maximum structural displacement during one complete cycle of load. Frequency is the number of loading cycles in a unit time (usually one second). Types Of Prescribed Loading a) Periodic loading i) Sinusoidal Loading: ii) Stepped Loading: iii) Complex Variation Loading: Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. F(t) Typical Sinusoidal Loading. t F(t) Typical Stepped Loading. t F(t) Typical Complex Variation Loading. t Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. b) Non-periodic loading F(t) Typical Impulsive Loading. t F(t) Typical Earthquake Loading. t Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. EARTHQUAKES An earthquake is the vibration of earth produced by rapid release of energy from within itself. This extra energy may be stored in earth and released at intervals due to many different phenomena, some of which are as under: 1. Plate tectonics. 2. Volcanic eruptions. 3. Atomic explosions. 4. Collision of massive meteorites with the surface of earth. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Plate Tectonics Crust: Crust is the outermost layer of earth consisting of solid material varying in temperature from surface temperature to a maximum temperature of 1000° C. Its thickness under deep oceans is between 4 to 6 km and the thickness under continents is approximately 30 to 40 km. Mantle: This layer has an approximate thickness of 3000 km and consists of semi-solid to plastic material. The temperature ranges from 1000 to 3500° C. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Outer Core: Outer core is a thickness of approximately 2250 km and consists of liquid at a temperature of 3500 to 4000° C. Inner Core: The inner core has a radius of approximately 1200 km and is a layer of solid material at temperature higher than 4000° C. The outer layer of earth having a thickness of 100 km is relatively rigid and is called lithosphere. The layer of earth below lithosphere having a thickness of 400 km is softer and is called asthenosphere. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. The lithosphere acts as rigid plate that moves over partly molten asthenosphere. According to this theory, lithosphere is cracked in places or broken in to smaller pieces or plates. This may have happened during initial drying of the earth from a molten state. There are seven large and several small plates. The largest plates are the Pacific plate, the North American plate, the Eurasian plate, the Antarctic plate, the Indo-Australian plate and the African plate. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Plate boundaries a) Mid-Oceanic Ridge: b) Subduction Zone: Further, there are three types of plate boundaries depending on the relative movement between the two adjoining plates. i) Convergent Plate Boundary: ii) Divergent Plate Boundary: iii) Transform Plate Boundary: Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. According to continental drift theory, all the continents were once part of a huge landmass, which have slowly moved apart. The Indian sub-continent was not a part of Asia. It drifted over millions of years from Australia to Asia and the collision produced Himalayas. Modern techniques such as GIS and GPS prove such movements of continents. Faults are cracks which are developed within the main plates. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Focus And Epicenter The point within the earth along the rupturing geological faults where an earthquake originates is called the focus or hypocenter. The point on the earth’s surface directly above the focus is called the epicenter. Earthquake waves radiate out from the focus. The focal depth is the depth of the hypocenter below the epicenter. Focal distance is the distance from the hypocenter to a given reference point. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Earthquake / Seismic Waves The waves originated at the rupture zone are called body waves and are of the following two types: (1) P-Waves or Primary Waves or Dilation Waves: These waves involve particle movement parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave, as shown in Fig. The speed of travel of these waves is appr. 1.73 times greater than the other waves. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. These waves are felt earlier in an earthquake and cause relatively less damage. There is usually an after-shock at an interval during which the other more damaging waves approach the area. Wave Direction Wave Direction Particle Movement Particle Movement (a) P-Waves (b) S-Waves Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. (2) S-Waves or Secondary Waves or Shear Waves: These waves involve particle movement perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave (refer the Fig.). When body waves reach the ground surface, part of these is reflected back while other part produces surface waves. Surface waves are the waves produced on the earth’s surface due to an earthquake and are of following two types: Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. (1) R-Waves or Rayleigh Waves: These waves produce a circular motion analogous to the motion of ocean waves. Hence, rotation along with vertical movements takes place in case of Rayleigh waves (Fig.). Movement of Particles in Rayleigh Waves. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. (2) L-Waves or Love Waves: These waves produce horizontal motion along the ground surface transverse to the direction of propagation. Earthquake magnitude and Richter scale Earthquake magnitude is a measure of the energy released during an earthquake. It defines the size of the seismic event but is not related with damage or effect of earthquake at a given location. The magnitude of earthquake is usually measured on Richter scale, which is a log scale. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. A magnitude of M5 Richter scale is ten-times greater than a magnitude of M4 and is associated with an increase in energy release of 31.6 times. A magnitude of M5 is 100 times greater than a magnitude of M3 scale. Earthquake intensity and Mercalli scale Intensity is an assessment of the effect of the earthquake at a given location and is not directly related to the earthquake magnitude. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. This is determined not by reading instruments but by observing the effects on structures, human life and disturbance to the ground surface. Modified Mercalli index is based on the observed effects of an earthquake at a specific site. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Mercalli Scale Effect I. Felt by almost no one. II. Felt by very few people. III. Tremor noticed by many, but they often do not realize it as an earthquake. IV. Felt indoor by many. Feels like a truck has struck the building. V. Felt by nearly everyone; many people awakened. Swaying trees and poles may be observed. VI. Felt by all; many people run outdoors. occurs. VII. Everyone runs outdoors. Poorly built structures considerably damaged; slight damage elsewhere. VIII. Specially designed structures damaged slightly, others collapse. IX. All buildings considerably damaged, many shift off at foundations. Noticeable cracks in ground. X. Many structures damaged. Ground is badly cracked. XI. Almost all structures fall. Bridges wrecked. Very wide cracks in ground. XII. Total destruction. Waves seen on ground. Furniture moved, slight damage Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Main Considerations For Seismic Design Design of structures to withstand the maximum intensity earthquake is highly expensive and may not even be possible due to the following factors: 1. The magnitude, intensity and other characteristics of future earthquakes are not precisely known. 2. Stiffer structures attract more earthquake loads. These structures cannot dissipate energy and all the energy is stored in them making them unstable. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. 3. Heavier design means more mass of the structure. Due to larger mass, more inertial forces are produced during the ground excitation. The most common method to design earthquake resistant structures is to design for mild earthquakes of expected common occurrence in the elastic range or in the inelastic range with less or no permanent deformations. Ductility is then provided for maximum expected intensity of earthquakes. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Ductility is a measure of inelastic deformations that may be produced in a structure before its collapse. Inelastic deformations release energy in the form of heat and make the structure stable. Permanent deformations may be produced in the structure with considerable cracking and structure may not be useable after a severe earthquake. However, the life is saved as the people may escape out of the building. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. In essence the main aim of earthquake resistant design is to avoid loss of life and then less loss to property is the second criterion. It may be tried that the damage is repairable for moderate earthquakes. Methods Of Analysis For Earthquake Loading 1 Free Vibration Analysis 2 Response History Analysis (RHA) 3 Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA) 4 Equivalent Static or Pseudo-Static Load Method Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Related Methods Of Dealing With Earthquakes 1 Base Isolation Method 2 Use Of Special Energy Dissipating Devices DAMPING Damping means the presence of frictional forces in the structure, which transforms the mechanical energy of system in to other forms of energy, such as, heat. If damping is completely absent in an ideal system, a structure once excited will oscillate indefinitely with constant amplitude at its natural frequency. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. The viscous damping forces produced are proportional to the velocity of the piston. However, the actual damping in a structure may result from looseness of joints, dry friction between components (called Coulomb damping), material damping (or internal damping found by examining the area within the hysteresis loop between stresses and acceleration), structural damping (general term for all types of damping in a structure) and many other complex causes that would lead to nonlinear behavior of the structure. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Critical Damping (ccr): It is defined as that amount of damping due to which a freely excited system does not oscillate but returns to its original position in the shortest possible time. Damping Ratio Of System (ξ): Damping ratio of a system is defined as the ratio of damping present in a system to its critical damping. ξ = c / ccr. Citical damping coefficient usually ranges between 2 to 10% of ccr (ξ = 0.02 to 0.10) for actual structures. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. ξ=1 ⇒ ξ>1 ⇒ ξ<1 ⇒ critically damped response over-damped response under- damped response EQUIVALENT STATIC LOAD METHOD The parameters discussed in the following sub-sections are required to be evaluated to get the values of equivalent static loads according to UBC-97. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Seismic Zone Factor (Z) The zone factor (Z) is given as a factor of peak acceleration with respect to acceleration due to gravity (g) and it varies from 0.075 to 0.40. The suggested values correspond to recurrence interval of 475 years giving a 10 percent probability of being exceeded in a 50 years period. Table. Seismic Zones and Effective Peak Ground Accelerations. Zone Effective Peak Ground Acceleration (EPA) 4 3 2B 2A 1 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.075 Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Soil Profile Types The ground vibrations traveling through the soil may be amplified or reduced depending upon the fundamental period and type of strata. UBC classifies soils into six profile types, as given in Table. This classification depends on the average shear wave velocity in the top 30m of material. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Table. Soil Profile Types. Soil Profile Type Description of Soil Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) SA Hard rock > 1500 SB Rock 760 to 1500 SC Soft rock 360 to 760 SD Stiff soil 180 to 360 SE Soft soil < 180 SF Very soft clayey soil Detailed investigations required Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Seismic Source Types The seismic source types are decided based on the maximum moment magnitude potential of a fault and its slip rate per year. Type C represents almost an inactive fault in Table. Table. Seismic Source Characteristics. Seismic Source Type Maximum Moment Potential Slip Rate (mm/year) A ≥ 7.0 ≥ 5.0 B C Source Characteristics The fault which is not A or C ≤ 6.5 ≤ 2.0 Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Near-Source Factors Two factors, Na and Nv, are used to consider increased ground motions near a fault. The factor Na is the acceleration-based factor that is important for short-period structures and velocity-based factor Nv that is important for periods exceeding one second. Table. Near Source Factors (Na and Nv) for Various Seismic Source Types. Seismic Source Type Distance From Fault ≤ 2 km 5 km 10 km 15 km Na Nv Na Nv Na Nv Na Nv A 1.5 2.0 1.2 1.6 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.0 B 1.3 1.6 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Ground Response Coefficients The two ground response coefficients, Ca and Cv, give indication of the vibration amplification capacity of a soil depending on zone factor (Z), soil profile factor (S) and the near-source factors (Na and Nv). The fundamental period of a structure determines whether Ca or Cv is more important for design of a structure. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Table. Ground Response Coefficients, Ca and Cv. Soil Profile Zone 1 Zone 2A Zone 2B Ca Cv Cv Zone 3 Ca Cv Zone 4 Ca Cv Ca Ca Cv SA 0.06 0.06 0.12 0.12 0.16 0.16 0.24 0.24 0.32 Na 0.32 Nv SB 0.08 0.08 0.15 0.15 0.20 0.20 0.30 0.30 0.40 Na 0.40 Nv SC 0.09 0.13 0.18 0.25 0.24 0.32 0.33 0.45 0.40 Na 0.56 Nv SD 0.12 0.18 0.22 0.32 0.28 0.40 0.36 0.54 0.44 Na 0.64 Nv SE 0.19 0.26 0.30 0.50 0.34 0.64 0.36 0.84 0.36 Na 0.96 Nv Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. When soil parameters are unknown, soil profile type SD may be assumed in seismic zones 3 and 4 and profile SE may be assumed in other zones. For a regular structure, the near source factor needs not exceed 1.3. Fundamental Time Period Of A Structure The time period of a structure may exactly be calculated by performing free vibration analysis of the structure, which involves lengthy calculations. Following empirical methods are also available to reasonably guess the fundamental time period of a structure: Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Approximate method Fundamental time period, T = number of stories sec 10 Method A of UBC TA = Ct (hn ) 3 4 where = height of the roof above the base in hn meters, not including the height of parapets. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Ct = 0.085 for steel moment resisting frames = 0.073 for reinforced concrete moment resisting frames and eccentric braced steel frames = 0.050 for all other buildings Method B of UBC TB = 2π ∑W δ g∑ f δ i 2 i i i ≤ 1.4TA for Zones 1,2 and 3 ≤ 1.3 TA for Zones 4 Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. where δi = = ki = fi = wi = and g = = static elastic deflection at level “i” due to the forces applied at all levels, increasing in a linear way with height. The value of deflection must be with respect to the base in mm. total lateral force at i - th floor + δ i −1 ki shear stiffness of columns under floor “i” lateral force at level “i”, N dead load located at level “i”, N acceleration due to gravity 9810 mm/sec Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Ductility Ductility of an element shows its capacity to deform in the inelastic range without collapse. Due to these inelastic deformations, the energy is dissipated making the structure relatively stable against earthquake forces. If these deformations successfully occur in the two opposite directions causing reversal of stresses in the members, hysteresis loops are produced dissipating energy in each cycle of loading, unloading and loading in the opposite direction. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Response Modification Factor (R) The response modification factor of a structure (R) is ratio of the seismic base shear of an elastic system to a reduced design base shear depending upon ductility, energy absorbing capacity, increase in natural period due to yielding and increase in damping ratio of the structure. If shear walls or braced frames provide support to gravity loads and all the lateral loads, the structural system is a Bearing Wall System (BWS). In other words, the gravity loads are resting on walls. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. If separate systems are provided to resist lateral and gravity loads, the structural system is called Building Frame System (BFS). No special detailing is required for gravity load supporting frames. Special Moment Resisting Frames (SMRF) are frames specially detailed to provide high ductility and support for lateral and gravity loads by flexural action. Moment Resisting Frames With Masonry Shear Walls are called MRWF systems. Dual Systems are those in which more than one systems are used together. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Table. Response Modification Factor, R. Structural System R Height Limit (m) 1. BWS with concrete or masonry shear walls 4.5 49 2. BWS with steel braced frames 4.4 49 3. BFS with steel eccentrically braced frames 7.0 73 4. BFS with concrete shear walls 5.5 73 5. BFS with masonry shear walls 5.5 49 6. BFS with steel ordinary braced frames 6.4 73 7. Steel or concrete SMRF 8.5 None 8. Masonry MRWF 6.5 49 9. Concrete shear walls with SMRF 8.5 None Many other types given in UBC Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. The value of the response modification factor (R) is determined from consideration of a structure’s over-strength capacity beyond the point at which the elastic response of the structure is exceeded. The value of R always exceeds unity, which indicates that all structures are designed for forces less than would be produced in a completely elastic structure. This reduced force level is made possible by the energy absorption and dissipation capacity of the structure at displacements in excess of initial yield. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Seismic Importance Factor (I) The factor is equal to 1.25 for essential and hazardous facilities and 1.00 for special occupancy, standard occupancy and miscellaneous structures. Seismic Response Coefficient (Cs) The seismic response coefficient (Cs) is the fraction of total dead load of the structure that is acting as base shear on the structure. This means that the base shear (V) is: V = Cs W. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. This factor depends upon velocity of acceleration based ground response coefficient (Cv or Ca), importance factor (I), response modification factor (R) and time period (T). Cv and Ta = 0.2Ts Response time Ts = 2.5C a Cv I (if T > Ts) subjected to maximum Cs = RT and minimum values Max. value = 2.5 Ca I / R (Controls when T = Ta to Ts) Min. value = 0.11 Ca I (OR) 0.8ZNvI / R for zone-4 Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Seismic Dead Load (W) The seismic dead load (W) consists of the following: i)Dead load of the structure. ii)25 percent of the floor live load for storage warehouses. and iii)A minimum allowance of 50 kg/m2 for movable partitions. iv)The total weight of permanent equipment and fittings. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Magnitude Of Base Shear (V) 1 UBC refined formula Base shear V = Cs W Maximum inelastic displacement ∆m = 0.7 R ∆s Where ∆s = the displacement corresponding to the shear V, given above. 2 UBC simplified formula Base shearV = (3.0 Ca / R)W Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. This is a conservative formula having the following restrictions: i)Ordinary occupancy type. ii)Light-frame construction not exceeding 3 stories. iii)Any construction, except bearing wall systems, but not exceeding two stories. Distribution Of Base Shear At Various Story Levels V ′W x a x Shear at a particular story, FX = ∑ Wi a i Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Where level-i level-x and level-x V′ = modal base shear Wi= seismic dead load at level-i ai= mode shape component at for the given mode wx= seismic dead load located at ax= mode shape component at for the given mode For uniform distribution of mass over height and for first linear mode, the distribution of base shear may be simplified as follows: Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. W x hx FX = V1 ∑ Wi hi Where V1 = base shear corresponding to first mode hi = height above the base to level-i and hx = height above the base to level-x In order to account for higher mode effects in the above expression for long period buildings, an additional force Ft is added at the top of the structure. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Ft = 0.07 T V when T > 0.7 sec Where V= total base shear = Ft + Σ Fx In such cases: FX W x hx = (V − Ft ) ∑ Wi hi RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS (RSA) Spectral response means the maximum displacement, velocity or acceleration response. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Pseudo-Acceleration is the maximum displacement of the structure multiplied with square of natural circular frequency. Pseudo-Velocity is the maximum displacement of the structure during an earthquake multiplied with the natural circular frequency. Sd Sv = spectral displacement = spectral velocity Sa = ω Sd = spectral acceleration = ω Sv = ω 2 Sd Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Because of this inter-relationship, all three spectra may be plotted on the same graph using tripartite axes and logarithmic scales. A response curve or response spectrum is a graph of the spectral (or maximum) response of a range of single-degree-of-freedom oscillators to a specified ground motion, plotted against the frequency or period of the oscillators. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. 1,000 500 200 Spectral Velocity 100 (Sv), mm/sec (on log scale) 50 ξ=0% ξ=2% ξ=5% ξ = 10 % 20 10 50 0.05 0.10 0.20 0.50 1 2 Time Period, sec (on log scale) 5 A Typical Out-of-Scale Response Spectrum. 10 Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Procedure To Use Response Spectra For SDOF Systems The procedure to use response spectrum to calculate the earthquake lateral forces for single degree of freedom systems is summarized as under: i) Calculate angular speed ω and time period T for the structure. ii) Estimate the damping ratio, ξ. iii) Use applicable response spectrum for a particular area and find Sd or Sv or Sa (the values are inter-convertible) against the time period. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. iv) Find shear force in each column as: S.F v) = Sd × k Find the total lateral force by adding shear forces in all the columns. Procedure To Use Response Spectra For MDOF Systems The procedure to use response spectrum for the calculation of the earthquake lateral forces in case of multiple degrees of freedom systems is summarized as under: Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. 1. Calculate angular speed ω and time period T for the desired mode of vibration of the structure. 2. Find the mode shape ai. 3. Estimate the damping ratio ξ. 4. Find Sd, Sv and Sa from the response spectrum or calculate others after knowing one out of these. 5. Calculate the effective weight as follows: (∑W a ) (∑W a ) 2 WE = i i i 2 i Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. 6. Calculate the base shear as follows: V = WESa / g 7. Find the lateral force at each level as follows: Wi ai Fi = V ∑Wi ai Example : Determine the base shear for the fundamental mode with ξ = 0.05. Also determine the lateral load at each level for the fundamental mode. 1.00 ω= 15.1 rad/sec ai = 1.95 2.86 Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. 3 2 1 880 kg/m2 590 kg/m2 880 kg/m2 30m × 30m Frame For Example. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Solution: Dead Loads: Level 1 & 3 = (880)(30)(30) = 7770 kN Level 2 = (590)(30)(30) = 5209 kN ω = 15.1 rad/sec T = 2π / ω = 0.416 sec From the response spectrum, Sv = 350 mm/sec Sa = ω Sv = 5285 mm/sec2 = 5.285 m/sec2 Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. The calculations are made in Table using the following expressions: (∑W a ) (∑W a ) 2 WE = V = i i i 2 i WESa Wi ai / g and Fi = V ∑Wi ai Table. Calculation Sheet For Example. Wi ai Wiai Wiai2 Fi kN mm kN-mm kN-mm2 kN 1 7770 1.00 7770 7770 1844 2 5209 1.95 10158 19807 2411 3 7770 2.86 22222 63555 5275 Total 20749 40150 91132 9530 Level Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. = (40150) (91132) = 17689 kN 2 WE V = 17689 × 5.285 = 9530 kN 9.81 Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. UBC RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD UBC Design Response Spectrum is an elastic response spectrum for 5 percent equivalent viscous damping used to represent the dynamic effects of the Design Basis Ground Motion for the design of structures. This response spectrum may be developed for a site-specific spectrum based on geologic, tectonic, seismological and soil characteristics associated with a specific site. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Alternatively, the spectrum constructed in accordance with the spectral shape given in UBC using the site-specific values of Ca and Cv and multiplied by the acceleration of gravity, 9.815 m/sec.2. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. According to UBC 1633, the following requirements must be satisfied: 1. Only the elements of the designated seismic-force-resisting system need to be used to resist design forces. 2. The individual components should be designed to resist the prescribed design seismic forces acting on them. 3. All building components in Seismic Zones 2, 3 and 4 shall be designed to resist the effects of the calculated seismic forces and the effects of gravity loadings from dead, floor live and snow loads. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. 4. Consideration shall be given to design for uplift effects caused by seismic loads. 5. In Seismic Zones 2, 3 and 4, provision should be made for the effects of earthquake forces acting in a direction other than principal axes. 6. If the axial load in the column due to seismic forces acting in either direction is less than 20 % of the column capacity, the orthogonal effects may simply be considered by designing for 100 % of the design seismic forces in one direction plus 30 % of the design seismic forces in the perpendicular direction. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. 7. The combination requiring the greater component strength should be used for design. 8. Alternatively, the effects of the two orthogonal directions may be combined on a square root of the sum of the squares (SRSS) basis. 9. When the SRSS method of combining directional effects is used, each term computed shall be assigned the sign that will result in the most conservative result. 10. The strength and stiffness of the framing between the base and the foundation shall not be less than that of the superstructure. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. According to UBC 1633.2.7, concrete frames that are part of the lateral-force-resisting system should conform to the following: 1. Should be special moment-resisting frames in Seismic Zones 3 and 4. 2. Should be a minimum of intermediate moment-resisting frames in Seismic Zone 2. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. According to UBC 1631.4.1, response spectrum analysis is defined as an elastic dynamic analysis of a structure utilizing the peak dynamic response of all modes having a significant contribution to total structural response. Peak modal responses are calculated using the ordinates of the appropriate response spectrum curve which correspond to the modal periods. Maximum modal contributions are combined in a statistical manner to obtain an approximate total structural response. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. This condition is considered satisfied by demonstrating that for the modes considered, at least 90 percent of the participating mass of the structure is included in the calculation of response for each principal horizontal direction. The peak member forces, displacements, story forces, story shears and base reactions for each mode should be combined by recognized methods. When three-dimensional models are used for analysis, modal interaction effects shall be considered when combining modal maxima. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. Reduction of Loads Based On Ductility According to UBC 1631.5.4, the Elastic Response Parameters may be reduced for purposes of design in accordance with the following items, with the limitation that that the corresponding design base-shear should not be less than the Elastic Response Base Shear divided by the value of R. The corresponding reduced design seismic forces shall be used for design. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. 1. For all regular structures where the ground motion representation complies with Ground Motion definition of UBC using design spectrum, Elastic Response Parameters may be reduced such that the corresponding design base shear is not less than 90 percent of the base shear determined in accordance with Static Force Procedure. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. 2. For all regular structures where the ground motion representation complies with Ground Motion definition of UBC using site-specific design spectrum, Elastic Response Parameters may be reduced such that the corresponding design base shear is not less than 80 percent of the base shear determined in accordance with Static Force Procedure. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. 3. For all irregular structures, regardless of the ground motion representation, Elastic Response Parameters may be reduced such that the corresponding design base shear is not less than 100 percent of the base shear determined in accordance with Static Force Procedure. Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore. 4. The vertical component of ground motion may be defined by scaling corresponding horizontal accelerations by a factor of two-thirds. Alternative factors may be used when substantiated by site specific data. Where the Near Source Factor, Na, is greater than 1.0, site-specific vertical response spectra should be used in place of the factor of two-thirds.