Lighting and Controls -Concepts and Importance
Sandy McCardell
Current-c Energy Systems, Inc.
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Lighting terminology
Fixtures or Luminaires
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Lamps
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Compact Fluorescent lamps; can be grouped for intense light as well
HPS
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Measurement of light output
CFL
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Measurement of light intensity, usually at eye level
Lumens
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The controls for FL lamps; new longer life ballasts can last up to 5 years
Footcandle (FC)
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The “tubes” which go in the fixtures; T12, T8, T5, T8HO, etc.
Ballasts
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Variety of types, new and retrofit
High pressure sodium lamps, yellow light; primarily used in outdoor applications as their re-strike time is
long
MH
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Long re-strike time, white light, have been the “standard” high wattage lamps until the new fluorescent
technology was developed
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Lighting Terminology (cont’d)
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Footcandle (FC)
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Lumens
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Measurement of light intensity, usually at eye level
Measurement of light output
Efficacy (lumens per watt)
– The higher the efficacy the better.
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Color Temperature
– Choose “white” light sources between 3000K (“warm”) and 4100K (“cool”). Consider
5000K (cold) for studios.
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Color Rendering Index
– Measures light source quality.
– Where color is important choose light sources with CRI > 85.
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Lamp Life
– Choose lamps with the maximum life possible to minimize maintenance.
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System Costs
– Choose systems that employ efficient lamps and ballasts.
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Design Lighting for Human Needs
Facility Lighting Issues
• Lighting accounts for 40% of electricity
usage and costs
• Lighting & HVAC at full output when building
at low or no occupancy
• Uncontrolled lighting results in substantial
energy waste
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Good Lighting and Controls:
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Are efficient and lower energy costs
Lower pollutants in the atmosphere
Raise productivity
Lower operational costs
Improve the work area
Are easy to maintain
Generate funds for productive use
Increase asset value
Enhance Occupant convenience
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What does lighting REALLY cost?
• Fixtures and lamps
4%
• Maintenance
8%
• Energy
88%
…Of the total
lifetime cost of the lamp
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Areas of Lighting Design Focus
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Visibility
Task performance
Mood and atmosphere
Visual comfort
Aesthetics
Social interaction
Health, safety, well-being
Integrate human needs,
architecture, lighting, and energy
efficiency
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Visibility
Task Performance
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Mood and
atmosphere
Visual
Comfort
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Aesthetics
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Social Interaction Health and Safety
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The Lighting Design Challenge:
• Balancing and
Integrating:
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Human Needs
Architecture
Lighting
Energy Efficiency
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The Larger Design Challenge:
• Balancing and Integrating
Lighting Design with Economics
and the Environment
– High performance technology and
techniques
– First cost vs. long term “better”
solutions
– Increasing understanding and
importance of health issues
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Long-term “Better” Solutions
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Visibility and Design
– New fixtures are very appealing
– Direct / indirect systems provide good visibility and architectural interest
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Energy Efficiency
– Lighting energy costs are among the largest utility costs of most non-industrial
buildings.
– Modern designs can use 50% of the energy of 1980s and early 1990s designs.
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Lighting Maintenance
– Modern lighting systems can have 50% lower maintenance costs.
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Lamp Disposal
– Low Mercury lamps reduce environmental risk and liability.
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Better Exterior Lighting
– Prevents light pollution and light trespass.
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Lighting can be beautiful, efficient, better for the building
occupants, and better for the environment
Lighting Design Pallette
• Primary Lighting Sources
– Daylight
– Fluorescent Lights
• Supplemental Lighting
Sources
– CFL
– Metal Halide
– LED
• Special Use Lighting
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LED / Exit signs
Outdoor
Signage
Architectural
Security
• Controls
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The variety of lighting products is astounding
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Light Source Applications
Linear
Fluorescent
General
(Indoor)
Special &
Utility
(Indoors)
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Display &
Mood
(Indoors)
Outdoor
Lighting
Compact
Fluorescent
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Metal Halide
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LED
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Daylighting
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Integrated day-lighting design
Holistic design
includes:
• Structure
• HVAC
• Daylight
• Electric Light
•Lighting controls
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Linear Fluorescent Lamps
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T-8 Second Generation or “Super”
Lamps
– 93 MLPW vs. 83 MLPW for
ordinary T-8
– 85+ CRI.
– 30,000 hour lamp life on program
start electronic ballasts.
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T-5 HO
– 80 MLPW.
– 83+CRI.
– 20,000 hours life.
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T12 Vs T8
Watts
Initial Lumens
Mean Lumens
Mean LPW
Lumen Maintenance
CRI
T12
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3350
3050
76.3
78%
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T8
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2950
2800
87.5
90%
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The T8 gave us a 15% improvement in efficacy while
improving on lumen maintenance and color rendering.
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T5HO Vs High HID
Lamp
4 - T5/HO lamps
1 - M250/U
1 - M250/PS
Maintained Lumens
at 8000 hrs
18,600 lm
13, 500 lm
17,000 lm
6 - T5/HO lamps
1 - M400/U
1 - M400/PS
27,900 lm
23,500 lm
31,000 lm
System
Wattage*
234 W
295 W
288 W
351 W
460 W
452W
* Impact of fixture design on performance not included
Advantages: No color shift, compatible with
occupancy sensors, and instant on
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Compact Fluorescent
Light Output Equivalency
15 - watts
60 - watts
20 - watts
75 - watts
23 - watts
90 - watts
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CFL Systems
• Applications: downlights, wall washers, wall sconces, table lamps, floor
lamps, pendants, low and high-bay industrial/sports lighting
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LEDs
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Technology and applications expanding rapidly
Exit Signs:
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Traffic Signals
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Significantly less energy use
Brighter than incandescents
Long life reduces operations and maintenance
costs
Signage
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Unless otherwise required by code use LED exit
signs.
Red or green depending on local authorities.
Use very low power making them especially
easy to equip with their own backup battery, but
do not include downlight egress light
LEDs are both much more flexible and energy
efficient than neon lights
Building highlights
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LEDs provide excellent and energy efficient
architectural accents
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Lighting Controls –
reduce wasted lighting & increase asset value
Energy Savings = Increased Asset Value
Cost of Automatic lighting controls
Annual Savings
“Payback”
Annual ROI
Net Operating Income Increase
Asset Value Increase (at 10% Cap Rate)
Increase in asset value per 100,000 sq. ft
Per Sq.ft.
$0.35
$0.18
2.0 years
56%
$0.18
$1.80
$180,0000.00
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Lighting Controls -- Design Principles
• Switches
– A minimum requirement
• Occupancy (Motion) Sensors
– Can be used in most interior spaces.
• Time Controls
– Used where predictable scheduling is possible.
• Manual Dimmers
– For A/V spaces and other rooms where manual adjustments make sense.
• Photoelectric controls
– Dimming, switching lights on/off in response to daylight.
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Integrating Controls with Daylight
• Ensure harvesting of available daylighting.
– Use daylighting controls.
– Study spaces to determine appropriate daylight amounts.
• Provide daylight glare management.
– Determine direct solar glare situations.
– Design manual or automatic blinds or other means of
reducing the direct solar exposure glare and excessive
light levels and heat gain.
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Lighting Controls -- Basic Principles
• Turn off lights when spaces
are not in use.
• Turn off lights when there is
adequate daylight.
• Dim lights if daylight levels
vary.
• Dim lights when task lighting
is used.
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3 Main Types of Automatic Lighting Controls
provide excellent energy savings:
• Daylighting devices
• Panel / Computer controls
• Occupancy sensors
16 – 30%
18 – 30%
30 – 80%
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Control Panels
• Automatically turn off, turn on, or dim
lights
• Applications:
– Open Office Space
– Lobbies / Auditoriums
– Security, parking lots
• Benefits
– Adapts to predictable Occupancy
– Facilitates use of load shedding
programs
– Predictable savings
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Time Controls
• Timer Switches
– Mechanical or Electronic Time Out.
• Time Clocks
– Mechanical or Electronic Time Trips.
• Lighting Relay Panels
– For automatic time controls of large and/or
complex facilities, especially schools.
• Building Energy Management Systems
and Building Automation Systems
– Integrate lighting relay panel operation with
HVAC and other building systems.
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Dimmers
• Manual Dimmers
– For single rooms and single circuits.
• Preset Dimmers
– For A/V spaces and social spaces.
• Dimming Systems
– For managing large facilities and
integrated systems.
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Occupancy (Motion) Sensors
• Types
– Passive Infrared (PIR.)
– Active Ultrasound.
– Dual Technology (PIR+Ultrasound or
PIR+Audible Sound).
• Applications
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Private offices.
Open Offices.
Conference Rooms.
Restrooms.
Storage areas (on-off and high-low).
Halls and Lobbies (off-hour override).
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PIR Sensor Placement
• Sensor must be able to see the
coverage area
• Partitions and bookshelves will prevent
detection in blocked area
• Should be placed so as not to have a
view out the door
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Ultrasonic Best Applications
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Open office spaces
Conference rooms
Restrooms
Enclosed hallways
Large areas controlled in zones
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Dual Technology Advantages
• Effective occupancy detection capabilities in
tough applications
• Maximal sensitivity without false ONs
• Complete coverage definition
• Choice of logic configurations
30'
30'
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DT-200
Energy Savings
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Offices 15-70%
Conference rooms 5-24%
Restrooms 30-75%
Classrooms 20-75%
Storage areas 45-65%
Warehouses 25-75%
Open office spaces 5-25%
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Thank You!
(Questions?)
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