Grid Technology for
Enhanced System Resilience
Erich W. Gunther, P.E., IEEE Fellow
Chairman and CTO, EnerNex
erich@enernex.com
© 2013 EnerNex. All Rights Reserved. www.enernex.com
The Case for Enhanced Resilience
 Apparent increase in weather “events”
 Utilities have shown rapid, continuous
improvement in disaster response through
processes and technology
 Consumer expectations for energy service
continuity has changed dramatically over
past 10‐15 years – always on, always
connected, digital society – Outpacing
Natural Disasters in the United States 1980-2012
utility advancements
 Consumers expect service to be affordable. Cost to prevent and recover from low probability, high impact events at odds with classic regulatory consideration of investments that are prudent and cost‐effective.
 Some emerging grid modernization technologies may provide enough value at low enough cost to be deployed to improve energy system resiliency
Source: Munich Re
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2
Critical Facility Hardening Options Matrix
Options are non-exclusive. Two options selected for analysis:
1. Emergency Generator at each facility
2. Underground circuit + Microgrid with 2 generators
Cost –
Installation
Cost –
O & M
Technical Complexity
Reliability
Environmental Impact
Operational Complexity
Implementation Complexity
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
5
4
3
4
4
4
3
4
5
4
4
3
3
Microgrid with 1 generator
2
3
3
4
3
1
1
Microgrid with 2 generators
1
2
3
5
3
1
1
Hardening Option
EG (Emergency Generator; reciprocating engine) at each critical facility
Undergrounding ‐ Local (Loop Style)
Undergrounding ‐ Critical Loads (Dedicated Circuits) (Conduit/manholes/etc)
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3
Utility Microgrid ‐ Project Scope
 Microgrid goals and objectives – response to impact of Hurricane Irene and October 2011 snow storm
 Define high level microgrid design/conceptual architecture
– Review the options and types of microgrid generation and fuel storage
– Define overall requirements for the system
o Generators
o Control systems
o Communications systems
– Develop conceptual microgrid circuit diagrams
 Prepare reports on potential pilot sites for regulator and utility
– Description of critical facilities
– Description of proposed solutions alternatives (microgrid vs. backup generators) and cost‐benefit analysis
– Review of risks and potential for unknown issues (“unknown unknowns”)
 Develop RFPs for pilots in two communities
– Specifications mapped from requirements – Generators, Controllers, Comms
– Regulatory requirements
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4
Disciplined Requirements Development via Use Case Methodology
High Level Microgrid Use Cases
Bill Microgrid
Operate Microgrid
Utility operates
microgrid generation
for economic or
reliability purposes
Microgrid executes an
unplanned transition to
island mode
Microgrid executes a
planned transition to
island operation
Microgrid reconnects
to the main grid
Utility Bills for
Microgrid Services
Test Microgrid
Test the microgrid to verify
ability to island and support
critical facilities
Microgrid
Commissioning
MMC controls
generation resources
IEC PAS 62559 - EPRI IntelliGrid Methodology for Developing Requirements for Energy Systems
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5
Utility Microgrid for Storm Resiliency
G
GENERATOR
V
VISTA SWITCH
E
V1
Assumes that each generator
can supply total load – peak of
2MVA
LCB CABINET
T
NEW PAD XFRMR
LV TRANSFER SWITCH
S
CONCRETE SPLICE BOX
S
S6
P1568
P1597
OH SUPPLY LINE
S
S2
P2845
P2844
P1New Source
G
PP 3
High School
575'
P615
,
PP 2
Buildings and property for
the First Church of Christ
UG SUPPLY LINE
S3
S
NEW UG SUPPLY LINE
Salt Storage
P1655
COMMUNICATION LINE
G2
OH TRANSFORMER
P2
G
New Source
KVA TBD
S4
E2
TS2
P814
360'
V3 T
E
P78
P79
Police
320'
S
,
É
P77
P679
,
290' P1372
P2311
P612
,
,
V
P2310
,
,
P2308
P2309
P608
L11
3-37KVA
12/208
,
L165
225KVA
120/208
P607
P607S
360'
Added a OH Tap off
P540 to Riser
Added loop from V 4 to
V5
E3
75'
Library
V4
T
P606
T
E4
E
Center Road 360'
E5
V5
E
,
V
520'
É
P540
T
P541
r,
P2628
r,
P2627
New Fire House
,
File:
.vsd
By:
5
New
150KVA
120/208
,
P3
r,
P2626
,
,
x
,
P2625
L234
150KVA
120/208
,
P1371
P3215
P
É
T
P605
,
Fire House
45'
T
ÉÉ
P539
Special Conduit Bridge
installed at the creek
. r,
S6
P615
V2
P4
P 616
S7
E1
,
New Garage
Service
KVA TBD
120/208
P 1652
P 1651
P 1650
P 1648
P 1649
V
L68
112.5KVA
120/208
P 1653
S
150'
Town Hall
P1654
560'
,
P 617
RECLOSER SWITCH
620'
S
S5
P613
,
E
3PH PAD TRANSFORMER
R
PP 1
P614
NEW OH SUPPLY LINE
T
PP 5
535'
PP 4
Riser off
P2846 to V1
Tap to the High
School
Crosses creek
S
P2843
S1
P1567
,
,
,
P
S
KVA TBD
P616r,
P
P2846
R
TS1
G1
TS
V
130 '
T
,
P2623
P603
P602
,
P601
P600
Beecher Road
Equipment Legend
Date : 06/14/2012
Revised :
Page : 1 of 1
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6
Conceptual Systems Diagram
Advanced Meter
Infrastructure
(AMI)
Microgrid Web
Application
Status &
Commands
Microgrid Local
Controller
Facility
Meter
Usage
Status &
Commands
Data Concentrator
Data
Local Data
Historian
Fault Locators
PLCs
Switches
RTUs
Generator
Controllers
Billing System
Usage during MG
& DR Events
Meter
tus
Sta
&
ds
an
mm
o
C
Microgrid
Generator
7
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7
Key Components
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8
Modeling: Right Tool for the Job
Study
Load Flow,
balanced
Load Flow,
unbalanced
Short Circuit
Relay Coordination
Arc Flash
Harmonics
Transient
Analysis
Dynamic Analysis
Quasi Steady‐
State Analysis
Tool
ATP, EMTP‐RV, Simulink, PSCAD
Aspen, Cape
DesignBase,
PowerFactory,
Gridiant
NexHarm
PSLF, PSS/E
OpenDSS
GridLAB‐D
Best choice
Can be done, but not preferred choice
Cannot be done
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9
Unique Aspects of Evaluated Microgrid
 “Hardened” microgrid
– Identified “critical load facilities” in
two towns to be placed on dedicated
underground circuits
 No solar, no storage
– Baseline ‐ Two natural‐gas fueled generators ‐
each sufficient to serve the entire microgrid load
– Evaluated economics of three generation options:
reciprocating, CHP, fuel cells
 Limited demand response requirement
 Utility owns the microgrid, but not the generators
 Microgrids driven more by politics than economics (or technology)
 Regulator will be asked to provide cost recovery; if wrong answer microgrids may get developed under state funding program
 Bottom Line – a challenging project technically, financially, operationally, and politically
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Other new technology options
Enhanced system observability
– Pervasive sensing
– AMI/DMS/OMS
Multiple, integrated, hardened field communications
Mobile workforce tools
Aerial damage assessment – Cameras and UAV’s
Standards to support mutual aid crew integration
Consumer side microgrids
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11
Corporate Campus Microgrid:
Business Values
 Summary Objective:
“Achieve business continuity with a system that pays for itself and supports environmental stewardship”
 Order of energy use / load order is:
1. Energy efficiency/energy conservation
2. Renewable energy
3. Direct access energy  Campus will be Net Zero Energy (NZE) facility – California AB900 Net Zero Facility
– Efficiency and conservation top priority – Minimum 30% reduction in energy use
– Minimum 30%‐35% reduction in water use – Reduce employee automobile trips Electric charging stations for 300 vehicles © 2013 EnerNex. All Rights Reserved. www.enernex.com
System Balancing
Dynamic Reliability Matrix
Generation Dispatch
Switching
Load Shedding
Management
Microgrid
Ancillary Services
Storage Dispatch
Islanding
BMS
Power Quality
12
Corporate Campus Microgrid:
Business Values
 Extremely high energy supply reliability required
– High hourly employee productivity/revenue generation
– Self generation needed in event of utility outage
 High power quality required – including during islanded operation
– Computer equipment sensitive to momentary conditions – Critical labs & loads have specific concerns
 100% renewable energy from on‐site generation preferred
– On‐site solar and on‐site fuel cells fueled with biogas
– Remaining power supplied by off‐site renewable energy
– Microgrid/storage/off‐site renewables used to balance load
 Direct Access is preferred method of purchasing renewable  Design for all revenue opportunities (e.g. peak shaving, ancillary
services, demand charge management, renewable energy supply
on weekends)
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That’s great but …
Now the Hard Part: Systems of Systems Engineering
Scalability – lots of stuff
Reliability – its gotta work
Security – don’t screw up
Privacy – lots of data
Configuration
Management – lots of stuff
– Network
Management – more stuff
– More value through
Integration – Opportunity!
–
–
–
–
–
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“Any competent engineer can glue two
systems together and make it work.
But it takes sound architecture and
good systems engineering practice to
make the resulting system scaleable,
manageable, secure – and oh, yeah…
address the business case.”
- Erich W. Gunther
14
New Engineering Skills Required
 Basic electrical and electric power engineering
– Electronics, load flow, short circuit, stability, transients
 Communications
– Physical media, protocols, info models, networks, traffic analysis
 Distributed Computing / Intelligence / Complex Systems
– Software, agent based computing, local automation, stochastic processes
 Security
– Physical and cyber
 Systems of Systems Engineering
– Integration, control theory, reliability, stability, security
 Enterprise Architecture
– Databases, Service Oriented Architecture
 Business, Economics, and Regulation
– Understanding the business, cost/benefit, business case
 People Skills – Internal to break down silos, external to understand customer needs
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15
Summary
 Utility side solutions to improving
resiliency face funding challenges
– who benefits? who pays?
 Consumer side solutions have
benefit of focusing on individually
tailored business case – controlling North American Electrical Disturbances Due to Weather
ones own energy destiny is attractive
 Both utility side and consumer side solutions are more complex than traditional approaches, capital intensive, and require new skills to design and implement
Source: NERC
 We like solving hard problems!
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16
Questions
Erich W. Gunther – erich@enernex.com
Now hiring! - http://www.enernex.com/careers/
Twitter: @ErichGunther
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