Unit 2
Components of Computer Integrated
Manufacturing: CAD/CAM
Computer-Integrated Manufacturing
(CIM)
• CIM is the manufacturing approach of using
computers to control the entire production process.
• This integration allows individual processes to
exchange information with each other and initiate
actions.
• Through the integration of computers,
manufacturing can be faster and less error-prone.
CIM Components or Subsystems Include:
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CAD
CAM
CAPP
CAE
ERP
PLC
CAE
Computers
Automated conveyors
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CNC
DNC
Robotics
Controllers
FMS
ASRS
AGV
Monitoring equipment
Others
Chapter 3
Product Design and Production
Engineering
Product Design and Production
Engineering
• These areas or departments are appropriate
starting points for a detailed study of CIM
• The two have embraced and encouraged the use of
technology to reduce many tedious manual tasks
• The initial creation of data starts in these areas
• It is appropriate to have a common data base for
all the data
Sample CIM Sub-Systems
Design
Prod
Eng
Sales
& Mark
Man
Design Information Flow
• The product area is responsible for product
design and analysis, material selection, and
design and production documentation.
• The production engineering area adds
production standards for labor, process, and
quality to the product data from design area.
• Engineering release is responsible for
product change control.
The Design Process: A model
Although there is a five-step design
process, marketing plays a role before
design engineering picks up
Step 1: Conceptualization
• Conceptualization (recognition of need &
definition of the problem)
– Form (shape, style, and character)
– Fit (marketing fit or order winning criteria)
– Function is determined with data from marketing
• Divided into two: Typical and atypical
• Typical design relates to repetitive design
• Atypical design is for new product
Step 2: Synthesis
• Specification of material
• Addition of geometric features
• Inclusion of greater dimensional details to
conceptualized design
• Removes (filters) cost-adding features and
materials
• Employs DFM and DFA to ensure good design
• About 70% of manufacturing cost is fixed in steps
1 and 2 activities
Step 3: Analysis
• Analysis means determining/describing the nature
of the design by separating it into its parts to
determine the fit between the proposed design and
the original design goals
• Two categories of analysis are mass properties and
finite
• Can be performed manually, but the computer
increases analysis capability and reduces its time
Step 4: Evaluation
• Checks the design against the original
specifications
• Often requires construction of a prototype
to test for conformance
• Often employs rapid prototyping technique
Step 5: Documentation
• Creating all necessary product and part views in
the form of working drawings, detailed and
assembly drawings
• Addition of dimensions, tolerances, special
manufacturing notes, and standard components
• Creation of part numbers, bill of materials, and
detailed part specifications
• Creation of product electronic data files used by
manufacturing planning and control, production
engineering, marketing and quality control
Types of Data Generated in Design
1. Product names
2. Parts names
3. Part views
4. Design notes
5. Product materials
6. Bill of materials (BOM)
7. Material shapes and forms
8. Product quantities
9. Material suppliers
10. Products and parts dimensions
11. Product and parts tolerances
12. Part numbers
13. Drawing numbers
14. Product cost
15. Others
Design Database
Design Subsystem
Material
Suppliers
Cost
CAD
Parts
BOM
Dimensions
Part
Nos.
Types of CIM Subsystems
CAE
CAD
Data Base
CAPP
CAM
Chapter 4: Design Automation:
CAD
• CAD is the application of computers and graphics
software to aid or enhance the product design from
conceptualization to documentation.
• Computer-aided drafting (CAD) automates the
drawing or product documentation process.
• Computer-aided design (CAD) is used to increase
the productivity of the product designers.
CAD System Capabilities Include:
• Stand-alone PC and RISC-based CAD
workstations at each engineering and design
drafting location
• The ability to share part data and product
information with every station in the system
CAD System Capabilities Include:
• Access to part data files from the mainframe
computers on the network
• Shared peripheral resources such as printers
and plotters
• Concurrent work on the same project from
multiple workstations, one of the reasons
our team project needs a web site or data
base.
Basic CAD System Includes:
• Keyboard
• Input devices
• Output devices
Application of CAD to
Manufacturing Systems
• Concept and repetitive design (product,
fixtures, gauges, pallets, mold, etc.)
• Drafting
• New product development management
(PDM) and the Internet
Computer-aided Manufacturing
(CAM)
 CAM is the effective use of computer
technology in the planning, management, and
control of production for the enterprise.
 One of the major applications of CAM is in
CAD/CAM where the part geometry created
with CAD in the design engineering is used with
CAM software to create machine code
(NC/CNC) capable of machining the part.
Computer-aided Manufacturing
Includes the use of CAD files to:
1. Define the machine tool that will process the part
2. Define the stock or material
3. Define the features to machine
4. Generate operations
5. Select the origin
6. Generate tool paths
7. Simulate tool paths
8. Generate NC code
9. Download NC programs
10. Operate the CNC machine that will cut the part
Data Communication Processes in
CAD/CAM
In CAD/CAM:
• Data is created
• Data is generated
• Data is simulated
• Data is transformed
• Data is translated
• Data is cleaned
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Data is stored
Data is communicated
Data is manipulated
Data is managed
Data is analyzed
Data is retrieved
Data is interpreted
Numerical Control (NC), Computer
Numerical Control (CNC), and Distributive
Numerical Control (DNC)
• NC
• CNC “behind the reader” system
• DNC minicomputer system
Computer Integrated Manufacturing
Network Demands
 A common database for enterprise information flow
 Easy, accurate and instantaneous movement of part
geometry files and product data between departments
 An enterprise network is a communications system
that supports communications and the exchange of
information and data among various devices
connected to the network over distances from several
feet to thousands of miles
Data is Defined as:
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Information
Statistics
Facts
Figures
Number
Records
Report
Account
Minutes
Proceedings
How Data is Acquired and Used in
a CIM Environment
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By Simple Data Acquisition, such as:
 Given Data
 Measurement Data
By Data Generation (from CAD)
By Data Importation (from CAD)
By Data Analysis (from CAD)
By Data Computing (from CAD)
By Data Conversion (from CAD)
By Data Formatting (from CAD)
By Data Processing (from CAD)
By Data Translation
Product As Origin Of Data
Des
Lay
Sup
CUS
M/H
MA
R
Insp
Mat
e
Product
Ana
l
Pro
c
Cos
t
Wor
Co
m
Unit
Life
Sch
Design
1Conceptual design (parts and
assembly)
2Synthesis (materials, geometry, DFM
etc.)
3Analysis (meeting original design
goals)
4Evaluation (using prototypes)
5Documentation (views, BOM, part
numbers, dimensions etc.)
6Bill of materials (BOM) creation
7Product structure diagram
Manufacturing
1MRP & daily production scheduling
tasks
2Capacity & production activity control
tasks
3Part manufacture (material
processing)
4Product assembly
5Quality and inspection tasks
6Material handling tasks
7Storage & retrieval tasks
CIM Database
Sub-Systems of CIM
Mkt
Des
CIM
DATABASE
Man
Pro
Eng
System-To-System
CAD
CAM
Worker-To-System
Worker
CAPP
System-To-Worker
CNC
Machine
Operator
Worker-To-Worker
CAD
(Designer)
CAE (Man
Engineer)
INS
CA
D
CUS
RO
B
BOM
MA
R
CAP
P
MR
P
CIM
DATABASE
AG
V
CAE
EST
CN
C
DO
C
PUR
AN
A
CA
M
Current Capabilities and
Applications
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Networks
Hardware communications
Embedded computers
Systems integration
Problems to Overcome in
Implementing CIM
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Interdepartmental support/politics
CIM justification
Intangible benefits
Sample CIM Sub-Systems
Design
Prod
Eng
Sales
& Mark
Man
INS
CA
D
CUS
RO
B
BOM
MA
R
CAP
P
MR
P
CIM
DATABASE
AG
V
CAE
EST
CN
C
DO
C
PUR
AN
A
CA
M
Design
Sample
CIM Network
Man
Prod
Eng
Sales
& Mark