Latin IB Supplementum:
Nōmen ____________________________
“National Latin Exam”
Diēs _______________________________
NATIONAL LATIN EXAM
LATIN I
STUDY PACKET
page 2
SYLLABUS
I.
LANGUAGE
A
NOUNS: Declensions I, II & III
1.
Nominative: subject & predicate nominative
2.
Genitive:
possession
3.
Dative:
indirect object
4.
Accusative: direct object
object of the prepositions ad, ante, circum, contra,
in, inter, per, post, prope, trans
5.
Ablative:
object of the prepositions ā / ab, cum, dē, ē/ex, in,
prō, sine, sub; means / instrument
6.
B.
C.
D.
Vocative:
direct address
PRONOUNS
1.
Personal:
egō, tū, nōs, vōs (all four cases)
2.
Interrogative: quis, quī, quid (nominative & accusative)
ADJECTIVES: Declensions I & II
1.
Noun / Adjective Agreement
2.
Interrogative quot
3.
Numbers
a.
Cardinal Numbers 1-10, 100, 1000
b.
Roman Numerals
ADVERBS: Positive forms from I & II adjectives
1.
Interrogative cūr, ubi, quōmodō
2.
Irregular bene, male
E.
CONJUNCTIONS: aut, et, neque, quod, sed, ubi, et…et, neque…neque
F.
ENCLITICS: -ne, -que
page 3
G.
VERBS: Conjugations I, II, III, & IV
1.
Four tenses of the Indicative Mood / Active Voice: Present,
Imperfect, Future, & Perfect
II.
B.
C.
D.
IV.
Present Active Imperative & Negative Imperative
3.
Irregular Verb sum in Present, Imperfect, Future, & Perfect
4.
Present Active Infinitive
CULTURE & CIVILIZATION
A.
III.
2.
GEOGRAPHY
1.
Important Italian locations
2.
Provinces & major cities
HISTORY
1.
Basic historical divisions & associated terms
2.
Kings of Rome and early Roman heroes
MYTHOLOGY
1.
The Olympians and associated myths
2.
Major heroes & monsters
ROMAN LIFE
1.
City of Rome
2.
Architectural structures
3.
Housing, Meals, & Clothing
LATIN IN USE
A.
BASIC SPOKEN PHRASES
B.
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES
C.
EXPRESSIONS, MOTTOES, & ABBREVIATIONS
READING LEVEL:
Students read words, phrases and simple sentences
designed to assess their ability to comprehend the Latin.
The reading
comprehension passage is composed of mostly familiar vocabulary with
glosses provided where appropriate. Passage content is based on familiar
topics.
page 4
GRAMMAR REVIEW
I.
NOUN CHART
(Singular)
Nominative
Genitive
1st Declension
(F, few M)
2nd Declension
(M)
2nd Declension
(N)
3rd Declension
(M/F)
3rd Declension
(N)
-a
-ae
-us
-ī
-um
-ī
varies
-is
varies
-is
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
(Plural)
Nominative
Genitive
-ae
-am
-ā
-ō
-um
-ō
-ō
-um
-ō
-ī
-em
-e (-ī)
-ī
varies
-e (-ī)
-ae
-ārum
-ī
-ōrum
-a
-ōrum
-ēs
-(i)um
-(i)a
-(i)um
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
-īs
-ās
-īs
-īs
-ōs
-īs
-īs
-a
-īs
-ibus
-ēs
-ibus
-ibus
-(i)a
-ibus
II.
III.
CASE FUNCTIONS
A.
Nominative = Subject OR Predicate Nominative
B.
Genitive = Possession
C.
Dative = Indirect Object OR Object of Special Verbs
D.
Accusative = Direct Object OR Object of Prepositions
E.
Ablative = Object of Prepositions
F.
Vocative = Direct Address
DEFINITIONS
A.
The SUBJECT is the noun which DOES the action.
B.
The PREDICATE NOMINATIVE is a noun or adjective which follows the
verb (in English) and DESCRIBES / MODIFIES THE SUBJECT
(nominative) in the sentence.
C.
The DIRECT OBJECT is the noun which RECEIVES the action.
D.
The INDIRECT OBJECT in the noun which RECEIVES the direct object.
E.
POSSESSION is expressed by “of” or an APOSTROPHE, e.g., Mike’s book.
page 5
F.
PREPOSITIONS (in Latin) usually show PLACE or MOTION.
G.
The VOCATIVE CASE is used when addressing someone. The
VOCATIVE CASE is usually the same as the NOMINATIVE CASE
EXCEPT in forms that end in a -us suffix or an -ius suffix. When the
Nominative form ends in a -us, change the -us to an -e. When the
Nominative form ends in an -ius, change the -ius to an -ī.
IV.
EXAMPLES
A.
Caecilius Quīntō togam dedit.
Nom + Dat + Acc + Verb
Caecilius gave a toga to Quintus.
Sub + Verb + D.O. + I.O.
B.
amīcus in vīllā Caeciliī cēnābat.
Nom + Abl/Prep + Gen + Verb
The friend was dining in the house of Caecilius.
Sub + Verb + Prep Phrase + Possessive
C.
turba per portas urbis ruebat.
Nom + Acc/Prep + Gen = Verb
The crowd was rushing through the gates of the city.
Sub + Verb + Prep Phrase + Possessive
D.
Vocative Case
1.
Metella (Nominative)
→
Metella (Vocative)
2.
puellae (Nominative)
→
puellae (Vocative)
3.
Quīntus (Nominative)
→
Quīnte (Vocative)
4.
Caecilius (Nominative)
→
Caecilī (Vocative)
5.
servī (Nominative)
→
servī (Vocative)
6.
Clēmēns (Nominative)
→
Clēmēns (Vocative)
7.
Grumiō (Nominative)
→
Grumiō (Vocative)
8.
iūvenēs (Nominative)
→
iūvenēs (Vocative)
page 6
V.
PRONOUN CHART
1st Person / Singular
2nd Person / Singular
Nominative
egō
mihi
mē
mē
1st Person / Plural
nōs
tū
tibi
tē
tē
2nd Person / Plural
vōs
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
nōbīs
nōs
nōbīs
vōbīs
vōs
vōbīs
Nominative
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
VI.
ADJECTIVES
A.
B.
NOUNS & ADJECTIVES must AGREE in three ways…
1.
Gender; Masculine, Feminine, Neuter
2.
Number; Singular, Plural
3.
Case; Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Ablative
Nouns & Adjectives must be EQUAL but not IDENTICAL
2+2=1+3
4=4
The sides of the equation do not look IDENTICAL
BUT
If you solve the equation, both sides are EQUAL.
C.
CARDINAL NUMBERS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
ūnus, -a, -um = one
duō, duae, duō = two
trēs, trēs, tria = three
quatttuor = four
quīnque = five
sex = six
septem = seven
octō = eight
novem = nine
decem = ten
centum = one hundred
mille = one thousand
page 7
D.
ROMAN NUMERALS
1.
2.
The base numbers are...
I
V
X
L
C
D
M
1
5
10
50
100
500
1,000
Roman Numerals are written…
a.
…from LEFT to RIGHT
b.
…from BIG to LITTLE
c.
…EXCEPT digits of 4’s and 9’s where the little number
will precede the big number, indicating that you should
subtract those two before continuing with the addition
process.
VII.
ADVERBS:
Latin adverbs are formed from Latin adjectives from the 1 / 2
Declensions in the following manner…
A.
laetus, -a, -um = happy
→
laetē = happily
B.
cautus, -a, -um = cautious
→
cautē = cautiously
C.
intentus, -a, -um = intent
→
intentē = intently
D.
celerrimus, -a, -um = very quick
→
celerrimē = very quickly
E.
optimus, -a, -um = very good
→
optimē = very well
page 8
VIII. VERB CHARTS
1st
Conjugation
2nd
Conjugation
3rd
Conjugation
3rd -io
4th
Conjugation
Irregular
“sum”
Singular
1st / “I”
2nd / “you”
3rd / “h/s/i”
laudō
laudās
laudat
habeō
habēs
habet
bibō
bibis
bibit
faciō
facis
facit
audiō
audīs
audit
sum
es
est
Plural
1st / “we”
2nd / “y’all”
3rd / “they”
laudāmus
laudātis
laudant
habēmus
habētis
habent
bibimus
bibitis
bibunt
facimus
facitis
faciunt
audīmus
audītis
audiunt
sumus
estis
sunt
1st
Conjugation
2nd
Conjugation
3rd
Conjugation
3rd -io
4th
Conjugation
Irregular
“sum”
laudābam
habēbam
bibēbam
faciēbam
audiēbam
eram
laudābas
laudābat
habēbas
habēbat
bibēbas
bibēbat
faciēbas
faciēbat
audiēbas
audiēbat
eras
erat
laudābāmus
laudābātis
laudābant
habēbāmus
habēbātis
habēbant
bibēbāmus
bibēbātis
bibēbant
faciēbāmus
faciēbātis
faciēbant
audiēbāmus
audiēbātis
audiēbant
erāmus
erātis
erant
1st
Conjugation
2nd
Conjugation
3rd
Conjugation
3rd -io
4th
Conjugation
Irregular
“sum”
Present
Imperfect
Singular
1st / “I”
2nd
/ “you”
/ “h/s/i”
Plural
1st / “we”
2nd / “y’all”
3rd / “they”
3rd
Future
Singular
1st / “I”
2nd / “you”
3rd / “h/s/i”
Plural
1st / “we”
2nd / “y’all”
laudābō
laudābis
laudābit
habēbō
habēbis
habēbit
bibam
bibēs
bibet
faciam
faciēs
faciet
audiam
audiēs
audiet
erō
eris
erit
laudābimus
laudābitis
habēbimus
habēbitis
bibēmus
bibētis
faciēmus
faciētis
audiēmus
audiētis
erimus
eritis
3rd / “they”
laudābunt
habēbunt
bibent
facient
audient
erunt
Perfect
1st
Conjugation
2nd
Conjugation
3rd
Conjugation
3rd -io
4th
Conjugation
Irregular
“sum”
Singular
1st / “I”
2nd / “you”
3rd / “h/s/i”
Plural
laudāvī
laudāvistī
laudāvit
habuī
habuistī
habuit
bibī
bibistī
bibit
fēcī
fēcistī
fēcit
audīvī
audīvistī
audīvit
fuī
fuistī
fuit
1st / “we”
2nd / “y’all”
3rd / “they”
laudāvimus
laudavistis
laudāvērunt
habuimus
habuistis
habuērunt
bibimus
bibistis
bibērunt
fēcimus
fēcistis
fēcērunt
audīvimus
audīvistis
audīvērunt
fuimus
fuistis
fuērunt
page 9
IX.
DEFINITIONS & TRANSLATIONS
A.
The Present Tense indicates that the action is happening NOW.
B.
The Present Tense translates as he walks, he is walking,
he does walk.
C.
The Imperfect Tense indicates that the action happened in the past
BUT it is NOT COMPLETE.
D.
The Imperfect Tense translates as he was walking, he used to walk.
E.
The Future Tense indicates that the action WILL happen.
F.
The Future Tense translates as he will walk.
G.
The Perfect Tense indicates that the action happened in the past
AND it is COMPLETE.
H.
The Perfect Tense translates as he walked, he has walked,
he did walk.
X.
INFINITIVE
A.
An Infinitive verb is one which is NOT limited by person.
B.
The Infinitive is always the 2nd Principal Part of the verb.
C.
The Infinitive translates as to walk.
D.
The Infinitive is generally utilized as a Complementary Infinitive.
1.
2.
IRREGULAR VERBS
a.
posse (to be able) + infinitive
b.
velle (to want) + infinitive
c.
nōlle (to not want) + infinitive
IMPERSONAL VERBS
a.
difficile est (it is difficult) + dative + infinitive
b.
facile est (it is easy) + dative + infinitive
c.
necesse est (it is necessary) + dative + infinitive
d.
commodum est (it is convenient) + dative + infinitive
e.
decōrum est (it is proper) + dative + infinitive
f.
periculōsum est (it is dangerous) + dative + infinitive
g.
melius est (it is better) + dative + infinitive
page 10
3.
XI.
MISCELLANEOUS
a.
temptāre (to try, attempt) + infinitive
b.
amāre (to like, love) + infinitive
c.
cupīre (to want, desire) + infinitive
d.
audēre (to dare) + infinitive
e.
solēre (to be accustomed) + infinitive
IMPERATIVE MOOD
A.
The Imperative mood is a verb in the Command form.
B.
POSITIVE: To form the Imperative mood, start with the 2nd principal
part of the verb and drop the -re. This gives you the singular form. In
order to make it plural, simply add a -te suffix. N.B.: In the 3rd
declension, you will need to change the short -e to a short -i before
adding the -te, like we do for the present tense.
C.
1.
festināre
→
festinā! / festināte!
2.
sedēre
→
sedē! / sedēte!
3.
bibere
→
bibe! / bibite!
4.
audīre
→
audī! / audīte!
NEGATIVE:
THE SINGULAR IS NOLI + INFINITIVE
THE PLURAL IS NOLITE + INFINITIVE
1. noli festinare (don’t hurry)
nolite festinare (don’t hurry, ya’ll)
2. noli sedēre
nolite sedēre
3.
noli bibere
nolite bibere
4.
noli audīre
nolite audīre
page 11
GEOGRAPHY
I.
THE ROMAN WORLD
↑Britannia↑
Germania
Gallia
Hispania
Mauretania
Pontus Euxinus
Italia
←Tiber River
•Roma
•Brundisium
Mesopotamia
Sardinia
Asia Minor
Macedonia
Achaea •Athenae
Syria
Carthago• Sicilia
Phoenicia
Creta
Mare Nostrum
Iudaea
Africa
II.
Alexandria• Arabia
Cyrenaica
←Nile River
Aegyptus
ITALY
page 12
HISTORY
I.
HISTORICAL DIVISIONS & TERMS
A.
ROMAN MONARCHY, 21 April 753 B.C. – 509 B.C.
1.
A monarchy is a rule by kings, from the Greek words…
a.
μονο (mono) = one
b.
αρχος (archos) = ruler
2.
There were 7 kings of Rome
3.
Supreme authority was symbolized by a bundle of rods with an
ax, called the fasces from which we derive fascism
B.
ROMAN REPUBLIC, 509 B.C. – 27 B.C.
1.
2.
A republic is a rule by the people, from the Latin words…
a.
rēs, reī, F = thing
b.
publicus, -a, -um = public
After the expulsion of Tarquin the Senate voted to never again
allow the rule of a king and reformed Rome into a republican
style of government.
3.
A new office was created with the title of CONSUL.
a.
Initially the consuls possessed all of the king’s powers in
the form of two men, elected for a one year term, who
could veto each other’s actions.
b.
Later, the consuls’ powers were broken down further by
adding other magistrates that each held a small portion of
the king’s original powers.
c.
Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus
were the first consuls of Rome.
page 13
4.
OTHER MAGISTRACIES
a.
PRAETOR = magistrates who were responsible for judicial
aspects of the state
b.
QUAESTOR = magistrates who were responsible for the
treasury and the financial affairs of the state
c.
AEDILE = magistrates who were responsible for public
works, like maintenance on public buildings, roads, and
aqueducts as well as the regulation of religious festivals
and public games
d.
CENSOR = magistrates who were responsible for
conducting the census
e.
Under the new republican style of government, the
Romans strictly adhered to a system of annuality (yearly
elections) and collegiality (the holding of an magistracy by
two men…sometimes more than two with the exception of
the magistracy of consul).
5.
The king’s religious powers were given to two new offices…
a.
The REX SACRORUM was the (de iure) highest religious
official for the Republic. His sole task was to make the
annual sacrifice to Jupiter.
b.
The PONTIFEX MAXIMUS was the (de facto) highest
religious official. He had the power to appoint all Vestal
Virgins, Flamens, Pontiffs, and even the Rex Sacrorum
himself.
C.
EARLY REPUBLIC
D.
LATE REPUBLIC
E.
THE FIRST TRIUMVIRATE
F.
THE SECOND TRIUMVIRATE
G.
ROMAN EMPIRE, 27 B.C. – 476 A.D.
page 14
II.
THE SEVEN KINGS OF ROME
A.
ROMULUS, 753-716 B.C. – founder, namesake
(Refer to Mythology, III for more information about Romulus and the founding of
Rome.)
B.
religious
NUMA POMPILIUS, 715-674 B.C. – calendar reform, creation of
rituals- introduces the Flames, Vestal Virgins, Pontiffs, etc
C.
TULLUS HOSTILIUS, 673-642 B.C. warlike, aggressive, etc
D.
ANCUS MARCIUS, 642-617 B.C. – builds first prison, fortifies hills,
builds bridge across the Tiber, forms alliances, founds port city Ostia
E.
TARQUINIUS PRISCUS, 616-579 B.C. Etruscan, wages war, drains
swamp-like area and begins construction of Forum; founds the Circus
Maximus, killed at the hands of Ancus’ Marcus’ sons
F.
SERVIUS TULLIUS, 578-535 B.C Etruscan; builds wall around Rome,
establishes first census (divides people into classes); assassinated by
daughter Tullia and her husband Servius Tullius
G.
TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS (…the Proud), 535-509 B.C.
Tarquin was also of Etruscan birth. It was during his reign that the Etruscans
reached the apex of power. Tarquin was known for his use of violence, murder, and
terrorism to maintain control over Rome, repealing many of the earlier constitutional
reforms set down be his predecessors. Tarquin removed and destroyed all of the
Sabine shrines and temples and he permitted the rape of the Sabine woman,
Lucretia, at the hands of his own son. Lucius Junius Brutus, (ancestor to Marcus
Brutus) kinsman of Lucretia summoned the Senate and together they expelled
Tarquin and the monarchy from Rome.
III.
EARLY ROMAN HEROES
Aeneas- Trojan prince who led the survivors of Troy to Italy. Considered the ancestor of
the Roman race, since his descendants included Romulus and Remus.
Romulus and Remus- twin sons of Rhea Silva and the god Mars; abandoned as infants by
their evil uncle, the king. They were found and nursed by a she-wolf and reclaimed their
rightful place as royalty. When they grew up, Romulus and Remus decided to start a new
city; they argued over where to build the city- Romulus wanted the Palatine Hill and
Remus wanted the Aventine Hill; Romulus won the argument, killed Remus, and became
the first king of Rome.
Cloelia- a young girl who had been captured and taken as a hostage during war against
the Etruscan king Lars Porsenna. She led a number of other female hostages by swimming
across the Tiber river.
page 15
Mucius Scaevola- During the Roman war with the Etruscan king Lars Porsenna, Mucius
decided to sneak into the Etruscan camp and kill Lars Porsenna once and for all.
When captured, Mucius stuck his right hand into a nearby flame in order to demonstrate
the courage and bravery of the Romans. Porsenna was so impressed that he let Mucius
go free. Mucius later received the cognomen Scaevola which means “left-handed”
Horatius- hero who single-handedly defended the bridge over the Tiber River against the
attacking Etruscans, allowing the Romans to escape.
Tarquinius Superbus- last king of Rome, driven out in 509 BC by Brutus
and Collatinus
Cincinnatus- former consul who was called upon to be dictator to defend Rome during a
time of extreme emergency.
He took supreme command, defeated Rome’s
enemies, and returned to his farm, all within 16 days. George Washington is often
considered the “Cincannatus” of U.S. history
E.
THE GRACCHI- TIBERIUS
AND
GAIUS Politicians of the 2nd century B.C. who
advocate for the lower classes and propose agricultural reforms; their political agendas
earn them many enemies and they are both murdered.
MYTHOLOGY
I.
THE OLYMPIANS
Greek Name
Roman Name
Significance
King of the Gods
God of the Heavens
& Weather
Queen of the Gods
Goddess Women,
Marriage, &
Childbirth
Iconography
Sacred Places
Eagle, lightning
bolt & lotus staff
Crete, Olympia,
Dodona
Peacock
(some say lion)
Argos
Zeus
Jupiter
Hera
Juno
Poseidon
Neptune
God of the Sea
Mare, trident
Athens & Crete
Demeter
Ceres
Goddess of the
Harvest
Sheath of Wheat
or grain, lotus
staff & torch
Eleusis
Hestia
Vesta
Sacred flame
The Home
Apollo
Apollo
Lyre, laurel
wreath &
bow/arrow
Delos & Delphi
Goddess of the
Hearth & Home
God of the Sun,
Music, Medicine, &
Prophecy
page 16
Greek Name
Roman Name
Significance
Iconography
Sacred Places
Artemis
Diana
God of the Moon &
Hunt
Bow/Arrow,
hunting spear &
deer
Delos, Delphi,
Brauron
Ares
Mars
God of War
Helmet & spear
Thebes &
Thrace
Athena
Minerva
Goddess of Wisdom,
Weaving & War
Helmet, aegis,
spear & owl
Athens
Aphrodite
Venus
Goddess of Love &
Beauty
Messenger of the
Gods
God of Travel &
Trade
Eros (Cupid)
Seashell
Cyprus &
Cythera
Winged
hat/sandals &
caduceus
Mt. Cellene &
Arcadia
Hermes
Mercury
*Dionysos
*Bacchus
God of Wine
*Hephaestus
*Vulcan
Blacksmith of the
Gods
Thyrsos,
grapevines &
panther
Hammer/anvil,
tongs & donkey
Delphi & Asia
Lemnos &
Athens
Nota Bene:
#12 could be either Dionysos/Bacchus or Hephaestus/Vulcan…it just depends on
the sources which you read.
Nota Bene:
The first 5 on this list are the children of Cronos & Rhea, the Titans. Their 6th
child is Hades/Pluto, but he is not considered one of the 12 Olympians because he
drew the lot of the Underworld.
II.
ASSOCIATED MYTHS
A.
Daphne & Apollo- Daphne was a wood nymph whom Apollo loved. As Daphne was
fleeing Apollo’s advances, she prayed to her father for protection. Daphne was
then turned into a laurel tree. The laurel tree became sacred to Apollo and a
crown made of its leaves was given to victors in music and athletic contests.
B.
Arachne & Minerva Arachne was a human weaver who boasted that she was more
talented than Minerva, even after being warned not to anger the gods. After a
weaving contest with Minerva, in which she created a tapestry depicting the
indiscretions of the gods, Arachne was turned into a spider. The Greeks used
this myth to explain the origin of spiders spinning webs.
C.
Diana & Actaeon- Acteon was a hunter who mistakenly came across Diana while
she was bathing. Diana, enraged, turned Acteon into a stag (a deer). Acteon
was later hunted and killed by his own hunting dogs.
page 17
D.
Ceres & Proserpina- Ceres, the goddess of grain, loved her daughter Proserpina very
much and thus was terribly upset when Pluto kidnapped Proserpina in order
to make her Queen of the Underworld. Eventually Ceres found her daughter,
but because Proserpina had eaten some pomegranate seeds while in the
Underworld, she had to remain in Hades for half of the year. When her
daughter was away from her, Ceres caused crops to stop growing, but when
Proserpina returned, Ceres made flowers and plants bloom again. The
Greeks and Romans used this myth to explain the seasons
Greek Heroes
-Perseus- defeated Medusa, the Gorgon with snakes for hair.
Theseus- defeated the Minotaur, the half-man, half-bull who inhabited the labyrinth
Jason- led the Argonauts on a quest to discover the golden fleece
Hercules/Heracles- hero who completed the twelve labors, including killing of the Nemean
Lion and the Lernian Hydra, and wore a lion’s pelt over his shoulders.
Midas- greedy king who foolishly made the wish that everything he touched would turn to gold.
Orpheus- the Greek musician whose wife Eurydice died and went to the Underworld. Orpheus
journeyed through Hades and convinced Pluto/Hades to return Eurydice, with the
condition that he not turn around to look at Eurydice until they had returned to the world
of humans. At the last second Orpheus turned around and Eurydice was taken from him
forever
Odysseus- Greek hero, also known as Ulysses, who invented the Trojan Horse and then spent
ten years trying to return to his homeland in Ithaca. He battled the one-eyed monster
called the Cyclops, was imprisoned by the nymph Callypso, and then had to fight
off the greedy suitors who had taken over his palace because they were trying to
convince Odysseus’s wife Penelope to marry them.
IV.
OTHER MAJOR HEROES
A.
BELLERPHON – defeats the Chimera,
B.
ACHILLES (Father = Peleus, mother =Thetis)
Greek hero in the Trojan war; mother dips him in the river Styx
and he comes in invincible except on the heel; defeats the Trojan
hero Hector but is later killed in the heel by an arrow of Paris.
page 18
C.
Aeneas- Trojan hero who wanders the Mediterranean, falls in love with
the Carthaginian queen Dido but eventually leads his people to Italy, where
his descendants Romulus and Remus establish the city of Rome
V.
BEASTS
A.
ERINNYES / FURIES: Alecto, Tisiphone, & Megara
1.
Three Sisters who were responsible for avenging / haunting
those who had committed evil against the world. They were
usually depicted as wild looking women, sometimes with wings,
sometimes without wings.
2. Some of their more famous victims include Orestes, Oedipus,
Alcmaeon, and Penthesilea the Amazon Queen.
B.
GIGANTES / GIANTS tall and frightening creatures with long hair
and beards. They were 24 in number.
C.
SIRENS
Creatures with the head of a woman and the body of a bird. They lived on the
island of Sirenum Scopuli, three small rocky islands. With the irresistible
charm of their songs, they lured mariners to their destruction on the rocks
surrounding their island.
D.
GORGONS: Medusa, Stheno, & Euryale
1.
2.
E.
These three women were transformed into hideous beasts by
Athena. They had skin made of scales, dragon’s wings, and hair
of coiling snakes. Anyone who met their gaze was immediately
turned to stone.
Medusa was the youngest and most beautiful of the 3 sisters.
She was also the only mortal of the three. Medusa was eventually
slain by Perseus with the help of the gods. The winged horse
Pegasus sprung from her blood when she was beheaded.
CERBERUS
1.
2.
Different sources describe him in different ways. Horace says 50
heads, Hesiod says 100 heads, but most others say only 3 heads.
He also had the tail of a dragon & a mane of snakes.
Cerberus is the Watchdog of the Gates of Hell. He lies chained
at the gates where the Acheron enters the Underworld, harassing the
spirits as they enter. Hero encounters include Herakles, Aeneas, &
Orpheus.
page 19
F.
GRIFFIN This creature has the face, beak, talons, and wings of an eagle
and the body of a lion. Sometimes it is portrayed with a long
snake-like tale.
.
G.
CYCLOPES: These were giant creatures with one eye in the center of
their
H.
forehead.
CHIMAERA
1.
This creature was a fire-breathing she-goat with the head of a
lion, the body of a goat, and the tail of a serpent.
2.
Its parents were Typhon and Echidna.
3.
This dreaded monster took up residence in a place called Lycia
and caused great havoc, killing and terrorizing all the neighboring area. In
due time, the hero called Bellerophon, riding the winged horse Pegasus,
challenged this beast.
I.
CENTAURS: Chiron (Achilles’ story) & Nessus (Hercules’ story)
1. These creatures were a tribe of ½ man ½ horse.
K.
HYDRA
1.
This creature was a giant water snake with nine heads, one of
which was immortal.
2.
This creature inhabited the lands of Lerna. It was eventually
killed by Herakles. The only way in which to kill it was to lop of
each head and cauterize the neck before more head could grow back
in its place.
L.
MINOTAUR
1.
2.
3.
This creature has the body of a man and the head of a bull.
It is believed that the Minotaur is the offspring of Pasiphae, who
was the wife of King Minos.
It is believed that the Minotaur was born due to a grave error of
arrogance on the part of King Minos of Crete. The King bragged
that he had been granted the kingdom from the gods. He
declared that whatever he prayed for would be granted.
Therefore he prayed to the god Poseidon to produce a beautiful
bull…and thus he would sacrifice this bull to the god. However,
he decided to sacrifice a different bull and offended Poseidon.
Thus Poseidon contrived that Pasiphae, the queen, should fall in
love with the bull, thus producing the Minotaur.
Minos commissioned Daedalus to construct a great Labyrinth
within which to contain the great Minotaur.
page 20
Theseus is credited with the killing of the Minotaur in order to
rescue the people of Crete from the yearly sacrifice of seven
young men and seven maidens.
M.
SPHINX
1.
This creature had the head of a woman, the breast, feet, & tail of
a lion, AND wings of a bird.
2.
She was another child of Typhon & Echidna.
3.
Hera (read websites for further information on why) sent the
Sphinx to harass the people of Thebes with her riddle…no one
could pass unless they could solve the riddle. “What goes first
by four, then by two, and at last by three?”
It was the unrecognized son of Laius and Iocasta…Oedipus by
name…who solved the riddle of the Sphinx. (Read the websites
for further information on Oedipus.)
N.
SCYLLA & CHARYBDIS
1.
Scylla is described as having the upper body of a woman and the
lower body of six dogs.
Charybdis is sometimes depicted as having the upper body of a
woman and the lower body of snakes…not 100% sure.
2.
Scylla is often referred to as the clashing rocks…she would lure
sailors towards her and crash their ships between her rocks.
Charybdis is often referred to as the whirlpool…she would lure
the sailors into her cavernous region and suck the ships into her
whirling waves and spew them back out.
It is believed that these two resided in the Straits of Messina.
page 21
ROMAN LIFE
I.
CITY OF ROME
II.
SEVEN HILLS OF ROME
A.
Situated on the Tiber River near the west central coast of Italy, Rome
encompassed seven hills.
1.
Capitoline Hill = this is the location of the Temple of Jupiter,
the most important and revered of all of the Roman gods, hence
our use of the English word Capitol
2.
Palatine Hill = this is the centermost hill originally founded by
Romulus, the most affluent Roman families had large homes
and palaces on this hill
3.
Quirinal Hill = according to legend, this hill was originally the
site of the small village of the Sabines
4.
Viminal Hill
page 22
5.
Esquiline Hill = this hill was quite attractive to the wealthy
residents of Rome because originally it overlooked the beautiful
valley which was later to become the home of the Colosseum
6.
Caelian Hill = under the reign of Tullius Hostilius, the entire
population of Alba Longa was forced to resettle here; during the
Roman Republic, like the Esquiline Hill, this was also an
attractive location for the wealthy residents of the city
7.
Aventine Hill = this hill was a strategic point in controlling
trade on the Tiber River.
B.
The area in which Rome was situated was called Latium, the origin of
our word Latin.
C.
Rome’s outlet to the sea was at Ostia, a seaport about 16 miles down
the Tiber River.
III.
BASIC STRUCTURES
A.
B.
C.
D.
forum = a marketplace; center for business, government, & religion
1.
basilica = courthouse, court
2.
curia = senate house (usually the one in Rome)
3.
horreum = granary (for public distribution)
4.
macellum = covered market
5.
tabernae = shops
6.
mēnsa ponderaria = table of weights & measures
7.
templa = temples (to various gods, goddesses, emperors, etc.)
theātrum = a theater; musical performances, comedies, & tragedies.
1.
cavea = seating area
2.
scaena = stage
amphitheātrum = an amphitheater; gladiatorial combats
1.
cavea = seating area
2.
arēna = combat floor
circus = a racetrack; chariot racing
page 23
E.
F.
IV.
thermae = the baths
1.
apodytērium = changing room
2.
tepidārium = warm room
3.
caldārium = hot room
4.
frigidārium = cold room
5.
balneum = a bathing pool
6.
palaestra = exercise yard
7.
thermopōlium = hot food stand
campus Martius = Field of Mars, training ground of the Roman army
HOUSING
A.
B.
Three types of Roman domiciles.
1.
vīlla = a large farming estate usually located outside city walls.
2.
domus = a townhouse located within city walls.
3.
īnsula = an apartment building located with city walls.
Common rooms of a Roman house.
1.
ātrium = reception hall
2.
cubiculum = bedroom, usually surrounding the atrium
3.
tablīnum = master’s office / study
4.
triclīnium = dining room
5.
peristylium = open courtyard in the 2nd half of the house
a.
flower gardens / shrubbery
b.
vegetable / herb gardens
c.
statues
d.
fountains
6.
culīna = kitchen
7.
latrīna = toilet
page 24
C.
V.
Miscellaneous
1.
iānua = front door
2.
vestibulum / faucēs = hallway between front door and atrium
3.
larārium = household shrine
4.
complūvium = opening in the ceiling in the atrium
5.
implūvium = rainwater pool in the center of the atrium
6.
tabernae = shops often located on either side of front door
CLOTHING
A.
B.
Common Clothing
1.
tunica = basic article of clothing worn by all people
2.
sandalia = sandals
3.
calceī = enclosed shoes
Roman Men / Boys
1.
toga = large woolen wrap worn only by citizens
2.
toga virilis = natural white toga worn by men once they have
undergone their manhood ceremony at age 15 / 16
3.
toga praetexta = toga with a wide purple border worn by young
boys prior to their manhood ceremony and by Roman officials
C.
Roman Women / Girls
1.
stola = a dress, could be made of wool, linen, or silk and could be
a variety of colors…all of these variations depend upon money
2.
palla = a wrap similar to a toga (not as large or shaped the
same) worn for the purpose of covering a “lady” in public
D.
Miscellaneous
1.
fibula / fibulae = brooches / pins used to pin articles of clothing
2.
bulla = a protective amulet worn by children, boys until their
manhood ceremony, girls usually until their wedding day
page 25
VI.
HOUSEHOLD
A.
B.
Family Vocabulary
1.
gēns, gentis, f = clan, tribe
2.
familia, -ae, f = household
3.
dominus / domina = master / mistress of the household
4.
pater, patris, m = father
5.
marītus, -ī, m = husband
6.
māter, mātris, f = mother
7.
uxor, uxōris, f = wife
8.
fīlius / fīlia = son / daughter
9.
frater, fratris, m = brother
10.
soror, sorōris, f = sister
11.
lībertus / līberta = freedman / freedwoman
12.
servus / ancilla = slave / slave girl
a.
vernae = slaves born into the household
b.
alumnī = slaves acquired as babies / children
Household Relationships
1.
paterfamilias = head of the household
2.
patria postestas = power of the head of the household
3.
patrōnus, -ī, m = patron, one who offers certain privileges /
protections to his clients such as protection under the law.
4.
cliēns, clientis, m = client, usually ex-slaves of a master, but also
other (often lower class) men who pay respect to a patron by
offering him support in his business and political endeavors.
page 26
BASIC SPOKEN PHRASES
I.
II.
III.
GREETINGS
A.
salve! / salvete! = Hello! (singular / plural)
B.
vale! / valete! = Good-bye! (singular / plural)
C.
quid agis? / quid agitis? = how are you doing? (singular / plural)
D.
quod nomen est tibi? = what is your name?
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
A.
quis est? = who is he / she / it?
B.
quid est? = what is he / she / it?
C.
quid agit? = what is he / she / it doing?
D.
ita! = yes!
E.
minime! = no!
CLASSROOM COMMANDS
A.
sede! / sedete! = sit down!
B.
audi! / audite! = listen!
C.
specta! / spectate! = look!
D.
scribe! / scribite! = write!
E.
repete! / repetite! = repeat!
F.
responde! / respondete! = respond!
G.
tace! / tacete! = be quiet!
H.
dic! / dicite! = speak! / say!
I.
veni huc! / venite huc! = come here!
page 27
DERIVATIVES
Throughout the year, we have consistently identified English words which are
derived from our Latin vocabulary words. Therefore the FIRST source you should
turn to in order to help you prepare for this aspect of the exam should be your Stage
Vocabulary / Derivative worksheets. The SECOND way in which to prepare /
review is to go to the vocabulary lists which accompany each story and consider the
English derivatives which we brainstormed together during our classes.
EXPRESSIONS, MOTTOES,
& ABBREVIATIONS
I.
EXPRESSIONS
A.
Legal Phrases
bona fide
in good faith
habeas corpus
you shall have the body
in camera
in chamber / in secret / closed session
ipso facto
by the very fact itself
per se
in / by itself
prima facie
on first appearance / at first sight
pro forma
as a matter of form / according to form
pro tempore
for the time / temporarily
quid pro quo
what for what / something for something
res gestae
things done / deeds / facts of a case which
are admissible as evidence
sine qua non
without which not / an essential element
status quo
manner in which / condition
sui iuris
of one’s own right
page 28
B.
Miscellaneous Latin Phrases
ad hoc
with respect to this objective / purpose
ad infinitum
to infinity
ad nauseam
to the point of disgust
alma mater
fostering mother
alter ego
the other “I”
ante bellum
before the war
cum laude
with praise
de facto
from the fact / in point of fact / actual
deo volente
god willing
deus ex machine
a god from a machine
ex libris
from the library of
ex officio
from duty / by virtue of office or position
facta non verba
deeds, not words
homo sapiens
wise / thinking man
in loco parentis
in the place / position of a parent
in medias res
into the midst of things
in memoriam
in memory of
in toto
in the whole / complete
magna cum laude
with great praise
magnum opus
a great work
mea culpa
my fault
panem et circenses
bread and circuses
per capita
by heads / by the person
per diem
by the day / per day
persona non grata
a person not acceptable
post mortem
after death
rara avis
a rare bird
sub rosa
under the rose / in secret
summa cum laude
with the highest praise
page 29
C.
terra firma
on solid ground / a solid footing
vice versa
the positions having been changed
vox populi
the voice of the people
Famous Roman Quotes
alea iacta est.
The die has been cast.
-Julius Caeasar
ars longa, vita brevis.
Art is long, life is short.
morturi te salutamus.
We, who are about to die, salute you.
carpe diem.
Sieze the day.
-Horace
cave canem.
Beware of the dog.
caveat emptor.
Let the buyer beware.
cedant arma togae.
Let arms yield to the toga.
Let the military yield to civil power.
-Cicero
de gustibus no disputandum.
Concerning tastes there must not be disputing.
delenda Carthago est.
Carthage must be destroyed.
-Cato
errare est humanum.
To err is human.
-Seneca
fortuna favet fortibus.
Fortune favors the brave / strong.
gaudeamus igitur.
Let us rejoice therefore.
page 30
in vino veritas.
In wine there is truth.
labor omnia vincit.
Work conquers all things.
-Vergil
pax vobiscum.
Peace be with you.
quo vadis?
To where are you going?
tempus fugit.
Times flies.
veni, vidi, vici.
I came, I saw, I conquered.
II.
-Julius Caesar
MOTTOES
A.
Mottoes of the USA and the States
e pluribus unum
one from many
-USA
annuit coeptis
(God) has approved our beginnings
-USA
iustitia omnibus
justice for all
-Wash. D.C.
audemus iura nostra defendere
we dare to defend our rights
-Alabama
ditat Deus
God enriches
-Arizona
regnat populus (regnant populi)
the people rule
-Arkansas
nil sine numine
nothing without the Deity
-Colorado
qui transtulit, sustinet
he who transplanted continues to sustain
-Connecticut
page 31
esto perpetua
mayest thou endure forever
-Idaho
ad astra per aspera
to the stars through difficulties
-Kansas
dirigo
I direct / I guide
-Maine
scuto bonae voluntatis tuae coronasti nos
with the shield of Thy good will thou hast crowned us
-Maryland
ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem
with the sword she seek peace under liberty
-Massachusetts
si quaeris peninsulam amoenam, circumspice
if you seek a pleasant peninsula, look around you
-Michigan
vitrute et armis
by valor and arms
-Mississippi
salus populis suprema lex esto
let the welfare of the people be the supreme law
-Missouri
crescit eundo
it grows by going / it grows as it goes
-New Mexico
excelsior
higher
-New York
esse qum videri
to be rather than to seem
-North Carolina
imperium in imperio
an empire in an empire
-Ohio
labor omnia vincit
labor conquers all things
-Oklahoma
page 32
B.
III.
alis volat propriis
she flies with her own wings
-Oregon
animis opibusque parati
prepared in spirit and riches
-South Carolina
dum spiro spero
while I breathe I hope
-South Carolina
sic semper tyrannis
thus always the tyrants
-Virginia
montani semper liberi
mountaineers are always freemen
-West Virginia
libertas et fidelitas
freedom and loyalty
-West Virginia
cedant arma togae
let the arms yield to the toga
-Wyoming
Other Mottoes
ABBREVIATIONS
A.D.
anno domini
in the year of our Lord
A.M.
ante meridiem
before the middle of the day
A.U.C.
anno urbis conditae
in the year of the founding of the city (Rome)
(basis of Roman dating prior to B.C. & A.D.)
ad lib.
ad libitum
at one’s pleasure
B.A.
artium baccalaureus
Bachelor of Arts (degree)
c. / ca.
circa
near / about (used with dating years)
e.g.
exempli gratiae
for the sake of example
et al.
et alii
and other persons
et al.
et alibi
and elsewhere (et alius + ibi)
etc.
et cetera
and other things
page 33
et seq.
et sequens / sequentes
and the one/ones following
ibid.
ibidem
in the same place (ibi + idem)
id.
idem
the same thing
i.e.
id est
that is
I.H.S.
in hoc signo
in this sign (of the cross)
I.N.R.I.
Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudaeorum
Jesus the Nazarene King of the Jews
J.D.
jurum doctor
doctor of laws
lb.
libra
a pound (in weight)
M.A.
artium magister
master of arts (degree)
M.D.
medicinae doctor
doctor of medicine
N.B.
nota bene
note well
op. cit.
opere citato
in the work cited
Ph.D.
philosophiae doctor
doctor of philosophy (degree)
P.M.
post meridiem
after the middle of the day
P.S.
post script
written after (appended information)
pro tem.
pro tempore
for the time (temporarily)
Q.E.D.
quod erat demonstrandum
which was to be proven
Q.E.F.
quod erat faciendum
which was to be done
R.I.P.
requiescat in pace
may he / she rest in peace
sc., scil.
scilicet
it is permitted to know / that is to say
S.P.Q.R.
Senatus Populusque Romanus
the Senate and the People of Rome
vs.
versus
against
page 34
COMMON VOCABULARY
Below is a list of vocabulary words that other textbooks introduce in the first year of
Latin. You might encounter some of these words on the exam.
NOUNS
aedificium, aedificiī, N: building
ager, agrī, M: field
amicitia, amicitiae, F: friendship
annus, annī, M: year
aquila, aquilae, F: eagle
audacia, audaciae, F: boldness
arma, armae, N, Pl.: weapons
auriga, aurigae, M: charioteer
auxilium, auxiliī, N: help
bellum, bellī, N: war
beneficium, beneficiī, N: kindness
caelum, caelī, N: sky
campus, campī, M: field, plain
captīvus, captīvī, M: captive, prisoner
carrus, carrī, M: cart, wagon
casa, casae, F: hut, small house
caupōna, caupōnae, F: inn
causa, causae, F: cause, reason
colonia, coloniae, F: colony
concordia, concoridae, F: harmony
consilium, consiliī, N: plan, idea
copia, copiae, F: abundance, supply
cura, curae, F: care
dea, deae, F: goddess
deus, deī, M: god
diligentia, diligentiae, F: diligence, care
disciplīna, disciplīnae, F: instruction, training
dōnum, dōnī, N: gift, present
epistula, epistulae, F: letter
factum, factī, N: deed
fama, famae, F: report
forma, formae, F: shape
fortūna, fortūnae, F: fortune, luck
fossa, fossae, F: ditch, trench
frumentum, frumentī, N: grain
fuga, fugae, F: flight
gaudeum, gaudeī, N: joy
gloria, gloriae, F: glory, fame
gratia, gratiae, F: thanks
hora, horae, F: hour
imperium, imperiī, N: empire, command
iniuria, iniuriae, F: injustice, injury
inopia, inopiae, F: lack, want
īra, īrae, F: anger
iūdicium, iūdiciī, N: judgment
legātus, legātī, M: lieutenant, envoy
lingua, linguae, F: language, tongue
littera, litterae, F: letter
lupus, lupī, M: wolf
materia, materiae, F: matter, timber
memoria, memoriae, F: memory
modus, modī, M: manner, way
mora, morae, F: delay
natūra, natūrae, F: nature
officium, officiī, N: duty
opera, operae, F: work, effort
oppidum, oppidī, N: town
ōtium, ōtiī, N: leisure, pleasure
patria, patriae, F: fatherland, country
perīculum, perīculī, N: danger
pilum, pilī, N: javelin
plaustrum, plaustrī, N: cart, wagon
poena, poenae, F: penalty
praeda, praedae, F; loot, booty
praemium, praemiī, N: prize, reward
pretium, pretiī, N: price
proelium, proeliī, N: battle
provincia, provinciae, F: province
raeda, raedae, F: carriage
raedārius, raedāriī, M: coachman
ramus, ramī, M: branch
regīna, regīnae, F: queen
regnum, regnī, N: kingdom
ripa, ripae, F: shore
rivus, rivī, M: river
rota, rotae, F: wheel
rusticus, rusticī, M: peasant
sagitta, sagittae, F: arrow
saxum, saxī, N: rock
schola, scholae, F:; school
scientia, scientiae, F: knowledge
scutum, scutī, N: shield
socius, sociī, M: ally, comrade
studium, studiī, N: eagerness
page 35
telum, telī, N: weapon
terra, terrae, F: ground, land
unda, undae, F: wave
vallum, vallī, N: wall
vehiculum, vehiculī N: vehicle
verbum, verbī, N: word
victoria, victoriae, F: victory
vigilia, vigiliae, F: watch
vīlicus, vīlicī, M: overseer, farm manager
vīta, vītae, F: life
ADJECTIVES
aequus, -a, -um: equal, fair, just
alter, altera, alterum: another
altus, -a, -um: high, tall; deep
amplus, -a, -um: large, ample
angustus, -a, -um: narrow
aureus, -a, -um: golden
barbarus, -a, -um: foreign
calidus, -a, -um: hot
certus, -a, -um: certain, sure
clarus, -a, -um: clear; famous
commodus, -a, -um: convenient
cupidus, -a, -um: desirous
dexter, dextra, dextrum: right
durus, -a, -um: hard, harsh
falsus, -a, -um: false
ferus, -a, -um: wild, fierce
finitimus, -a, -um: neighboring
firmus, -a, -um: firm, strong
frigidus, -a, -um: cold
gratus, -a, -um: pleasing, grateful
idoneus, -a, -um: suitable
infirmus, -a, -um: weak
inimīcus, -a, -um: unfriendly
insānus, -a, -um: insane
integer, integra, integrum: untouched, fresh
latus, -a, -um: wide
lentus, -a, -um: slow
līber, lībera, līberum: free
longus, -a, -um: long
madidus, -a, -um: soaking wet
niger, nigra, nigrum: black
nōtus, -a, -um: well-known; famous
nōvus, -a, -um: new
paucī, -ae, -a: a few
planus, -a, -um: level
plēnus, -a, -um: full
perīculōsus, -a, -um: dangerous
posterus, -a, -um: following
praeclarus, -a, -um: famous
prīmus, -a, -um: first
proprinquus, -a, -um: near
proximus, -a, -um: next, nearest
publicus, -a, -um: public
rectus, -a, -um: straight
sacer, sacra, sacrum: sacred
salvus, -a, -um: safe
sānus, -a, -um: sane, healthy
scelestus, -a, -um: wicked, evil
singulī, -ae, -a: one at a time
sinister, sinistra, sinistrum: left
strenuus, -a, -um: active, energetic
summus, -a, -um: highest, greatest
tardus, -a, -um: slow
ultimus, -a, -um: last, final
vacuus, -a, -um: empty
validus, -a, -um: strong
varius, -a, -um: changing, various
vērus, -a, -um: true
vicīnus, -a, -um: neighboring
vīvus, -a, -um: alive, living
VERBS
appellō, -āre, -āvī: to call
appropinquō, -āre, -āvī: to approach
cēlō, -āre, -āvī: to hide
cessō, -āre, -āvī: to do nothing
cōnvocō, -āre, -āvī: to call together
curō, -āre, -āvī: to care for
dēbeō, -ēre, debuī: to owe, ought
demonstrō, -āre, -āvī: to show, point out
errō, -āre, -āvī: to make a mistake, wander
gaudeō, -ēre: to rejoice
haereō, -ēre, haesī: to cling, stick
iubeō, -ēre, iussī: to order
mandō, -āre, -āvī: to order
mereō, -ēre: to deserve
migrō, -āre, -āvī: go depart
mittō, -ere, mīsī: to send
navigō, -āre, -āvī: to sail
occupō, -āre, -āvī: to occupy
probō, -āre, -āvī: to prove
properō, -āre, -āvī: to test
rogō, -āre, -āvī: to ask
temptō, -āre, -āvī: to try, attempt
volō, -āre, -āvī: to fly
vulnerō, -āre, -āvī: to wound
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