Name:_______________________________________
Pd.________
The Renaissance
Introduction: The Renaissance (ca. 1300-1600 AD) was a period of transition and change. A) According to some it is the
beginning of the great decline from a civilization that focused on man’s highest end – God and eternity – to one that was
centered on things more vulgar – man and this world. B) To others, it is the re-birth of civilization (from this view comes the
name Renaissance) and the glories of Rome with its grand works of art, literature, architecture, mathematics, science,
medicine, etc.. All, however, are agreed that it is the period that forms the bridge from the culture of the High Middle Ages
to the Modern World. In this assignment we will delve deeper into the works and words of the people at the center of the
excitement 4-700 years ago.
1. Some Preliminary terms need to be defined before we begin to study this period in western civilization.
Humanism – The study of things that promote and exalt human culture, marked by a rediscovery of classical
Greek and especially Roman life, thought, language, architecture, education and literature in pursuit of an ideal
worldly life. It attempted to dignify the human form, pursuits, and potential.
Secular –
Imitation was also big during the Renaissance. What culture did they imitate?
Naturalism – A focus on and study of nature and natural causes and explanations of things in the world.
Geography
2. The Renaissance kicked off in the city-states of Italy where trade and a merchant class had abounded since the Crusades.
There, money was the dominant source of wealth, and leisure time existed in greater quantities. The wealthier city-dwellers and
bankers became the first patrons of art, education, architecture and the like. On the map below, Place a dot and label the
following cities where Renaissance ideas and works flourished early: Florence, Milan, Genoa, Rome, Venice. Label the river.
3. Among the greatest Renaissance arts patrons were the Medici family and the Catholic Popes. In what city did each reside?
Medici Family
Popes
List three of the Renaissance Popes who supported Renaissance art works. Also indicate the years when they reigned as Pope:
Later, the Renaissance would spread to the countries of the north such as England and France; however, it took on a slightly
different form in each. This is sometimes referred to as the Northern Renaissance.
Examples of Renaissance Works
4. Literature – Identify and describe one written work by each of the following authors:
Author
Petrarch
Title
Description
Machiavelli
Castiglione
5. Architecture – ___________________ __________________ initiated much of what would become known as Renaissance
architecture. Write a sentence or two comparing and contrasting Gothic churches with Renaissance churches.
6. Painting and Sculpting – One of the major differences between Middle Ages painting and that of the Renaissance is that
the former is more symbolic, the latter more realistic. Explain some differences you see between the Middle Ages
paintings and Leonardo da Vinci’s.
Describe paintings or sculptures by these other Renaissance artists: Raphael and Michelangelo. Identify the name of the
work and what it portrays.
A. Raphael B. Michelangelo 7. Anatomy/Medicine – During the Renaissance, medicine saw tremendous advances as its practitioners began to gain a
greater understanding of the functioning of the human body. Part of the reason for this was that they began to dissect and
examine in detail human bodies themselves. This was a revolutionary and difficult practice since it was frequently against the law
or legal only when the body corpse was that of an executed criminal. Two of the most famous practitioners of the day were
Leonardo da Vinci and Vesalius. Each left detailed drawings of their studies. Describe one from each below and explain
what it is.
Vesalius –
Da Vinci –
8. Printing Press – The ideas and writings of the folks of the Renaissance spread north through Europe due to the invention of
the printing press. Who invented this thing, when, and where?
9. Science (Mathematics) – There was no field of study at this time called science. It was all considered a part of
mathematics. Nicolaus Copernicus wrote a book in 1543, De Revolutionibus, that was published while he lay on his deathbed that
spoke of a revolutionary way of explaining the universe. It was an old idea that he resurrected after a couple of thousand years
called heliocentrism. Draw a picture of a geocentric model of the universe below. Also, define heliocentrism and
draw a diagram of this model as well. Finally, identify the famous mathematician from the early 1600s who got
in trouble for advocating that the Sun was in the center of the universe and for interpreting the Bible
accordingly.
Geocentrism –
Heliocentrism –
Mathematician who got in trouble –
10. The Northern Renaissance and Christian Humanism – When the Renaissance traveled northward it often took on a
different character than it had in the south. For one thing, folks here did not stray as far away from Christian themes
as their counterparts in Italy sometimes did. Much of what they wrote focused on “man’s potential for goodness and
knowledge”. In the chart that follows, indicate a book by each author and give a brief description.
Author
Erasmus
Title
Description
St. Thomas More
Miguel de Cervantes
William Shakespeare
11. Man's wonder about the world did not end with science, mathematics, and medicine. The Renaissance was also an Age of
Discovery during which great explorations were made of previously uncharted lands. This was made possible by the flourishing
money economy that had arisen during the High Middle Ages after the Crusades and the desire to find a direct trade route for
the goods from the East. What two countries split the formerly unexplored world in half during the 15th century?
Name_________________________________________________
Pd.______________
The Renaissance – Works and People
1. In the chart that follows, place at least one or two names of Renaissance people who did things in these fields and a
name of one of their works if applicable.
Painting/Sculpting
Science/Math
Anatomy
Literature
Architecture
2. Humanism is the focus on human values, capacities, achievements, emotions, etc. as well as an emphasis on
classical (i.e. Greek and Roman) culture and human studies like History. List one Renaissance work, study or
individual in which it is exemplified or personified. Explain how.
3. Naturalism is a focus on nature and natural causes/explanations of things. List one Renaissance work, study or
individual in which it is exemplified or personified. Explain how.
4. Realism is the depiction of things as they really are, especially in art. List one Renaissance work, study or
individual in which it is exemplified or personified. Explain how.
5. Secularism is a focus on worldly as opposed to spiritual or religious things. List one Renaissance work, study or
individual in which it is exemplified or personified. Explain how.
6. Imitation of classical (Roman and Greek) ideas, forms, architecture, etc. List one Renaissance work, study or
individual in which it is exemplified or personified. Explain how.
Renaissance Review
Across
4. Direction toward which the Renaissance spread in its second half.
8. Peninsula where the Renaissance began.
9. The fifteenth century invention that aided with the spread of the Renaissance and ideas in general. (2 words)
12. People who paid for the artwork and other efforts of the Renaissance.
13. Prefix meaning Sun around which Copernicus, and later Galileo, suggested that the planets revolve.
14. Unlike Medieval art, art in the Renaissance was more ______, representing things as they actually appear.
Down
1. Great English humanist author and poet - Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, etc.
2. Century that the Renaissance “began” (1300s).
3. Painted by Michelangelo. (2 words)
5. Biggest focus of Renaissance upon things having to do with man instead of God.
6. Mona Lisa's painter.
7. Century that the Renaissance “ended” (1600s).
9. Machiavelli's work that spoke of practical means for leaders of nations to get ahead in the world.
10. Where the popes lived for the most part.
11. Having to do with things of this world.
The Reformation
In sum: There were serious abuses in the Catholic Church as there had been times before. These abuses we have identified
previously. They included:
1) Simony
2) Nepotism
3) Pluralism/absenteeism of bishops
and, 4) Worldly bishops who mastered the 7 deadly sins
In response to these and some other problems, reform movements began in the Church. Unlike times past, however, events spun
out of control and a large portion of the faithful left the church and formed new religions. This marked the breakup of
Christendom. Christendom = the unity of Europe under the Catholic Faith.
Stages:
1.
2.
3.
There are five major stages in the drama.
The Catholic Reformation (late 1400s) – started within the Church in Spain and Italy especially
Martin Luther (1517) – started in the Holy Roman Empire and spread north. He broke with the church in 1521.
John Calvin (1530s) – Based in Switzerland. Ideas spread to France and Scotland in the form of Huguenots and
Presbyterians. Later Puritans in England.
4. Henry VIII of England (1530s) – splits with church in order to obtain a divorce. Proclaims himself head of Church in
England which will become the Anglican Church.
5. The Catholic counterattack (Counterreformation) (mid-1500s) – Catholic Church responds to threats from Protestants
and reform itself. Council of Trent is highlight.
Lutheranism
I. Luther (1483-1546) – the man
 Catholic priest and professor of Theology at Wittenberg in Saxony (Holy Roman Empire)
 Very scrupulous – always guilty conscience
 Came to believe that good works did no good for the soul
II. Luther’s Revolt – immediate causes
 Sale of indulgences heated up in effort to pay for building of St. Peter’s in Rome
o Indulgences are a decrease in punishment in purgatory as reward for good works
 Luther nailed 95 Theses to church door in protest of the sale of indulgences
III. Luther’s Revolt – the consequences of his actions
 Church responds
o 1517-1520 Church demands he recant
o Church condemns Luther on 41 counts on June 15, 1520
o 1520 – threatened with excommunication, 1521 – excommunicated
 State responds
o Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Diet of Worms ban his works
o He is allowed 21 days safe conduct after which he can be tried for heresy and killed
o Luther finds shelter with Frederick “the wise” of Saxony – he begins Bible translation
IV. Luther’s Revolt – major doctrines
 Sola Fidei – Faith alone saves souls – good works are worthless
 Sola Scriptura – Bible alone is word of God or rule of Faith (what to believe)
 Retained only 2 sacraments – Baptism and Communion
 Eliminated 7 books that Catholics accepted from the Bible
 Priesthood of all believers – anyone can interpret the Bible, don’t need the Church
 No monasteries, celibacy for priests
 Denied papal authority
 Worship service in vernacular (local language)
 Secular ruler is head of the Church in his realm
V. Luther’s Revolt – the spread
 Luther’s ideas spread throughout the HRE and into the Scandinavian countries
 Often times the prince would accept Lutheranism and his people would follow suit
 Why the spread?
o True belief (e.g. Frederick the Wise)
o Freedom from paying Church taxes to Pope in Rome
o Chance to gain monastic lands
o Resentment of Holy Roman Emperor (who was Catholic)
VI Luther’s Revolt – the results
 Peasant’s Revolt in 1520s leads to 100,000s of dead
 Counterattack led by Emperor Charles with constant fighting 1530-1555
 Finally, Peace of Augsburg in 1555 = cuius regio, eius religio – the religion of the ruler is the religion of the entire
principality. In H.R.E., the north is Lutheran, south is Catholic
 Eventually 30 Years’ War, a religious war at the start (1618-1648) kills 1/3 of HRE population ends with Treaty of
Westphalia
Calvinism
I. Calvin (1509-1564) – the man
 Rigid and stern
 Student of law
II. Calvin’s Revolt – the masterpiece
 Published The Institutes of the Christian Religion in 1535
 This work was first systematic presentation of Protestant belief
III. Calvin’s Revolt – some doctrines and practices
 Predestination of all people from birth to Heaven or Hell – cannot be changed
 The “Elect” were those who God called to Heaven
 God rewards those on earth who are among the elect with earthly success (wealth, good family, etc.)
 2 Sacraments – Baptism and Communion (The Lord’s Supper) – useful only to the Elect
 No dancing, gambling, dice, cards or staying up past 9 o’clock
 Very barren and sparse worship service
IV. Calvin’s Revolt – the success
 Calvin eventually became ruler of Geneva in Switzerland and set up a theocracy in 1541
o Theocracy = rule by religious leaders
 Calvin’s ideas spread throughout Switzerland
 He set up a school at Geneva to train his followers
V. Calvin’s Revolt – the spread
 Scotland – John Knox led the movement that would become Presbyterianism
 England – Calvinists in England were the Puritans
 France
o Calvinists known as Huguenots
o 1560-1598 intermittent wars of religion
o Edict of Nantes grants toleration to Huguenots in officially Catholic France
 The Netherlands gained independence from Spain and converted to Calvinism
Anglicanism
I. Henry VIII (1491-1547) king of England (1509-1547)
 Generally devout Catholic – 1521 called “Defender of the Faith” for burning and banning Luther’s works
 Sought male heir, but
o Catherine of Aragon had given him 6 kids, and only one survived – a daughter
o Catherine was beyond child-bearing age
 Henry sought an annulment = marriage never existed – Pope refused
II. The new Anglican Church (although Henry did not call it that)
 Parliament passes Act of Supremacy in 1534
o Establishes Church of England (Anglican Church)
o King is head of the Church
 Henry’s Church ended the marriage and Henry got his new wife and later a son. England plays religious ping-pong
o Edward VI 1547-1553 (Anglican) – persecutes Catholics
o Mary Tudor 1553-1558 (Catholic) – persecutes Anglicans
o Elizabeth I 1558-1607 (Anglican) – persecutes Catholics
Reformation Division
Rule of Faith
(Word of God)
=
Catholic
Protestant
Scripture and Tradition
Scripture Alone =
Sola Scriptura
↓
↓
↓
↓
↓
↓
Authority
=
Church Hierarchy
Defines
↓
↓
↓
Effect
= Singular belief on fundamentals
↓
Unity = Christendom
Individual Interpretations vary
↓
↓
↓
Lutheranism – Calvinism – Anglicanism – etc.
Lutheran
Origin
(founder, location,
date)
Major Doctrines
Spread
(To where did it
spread?)
War and Peace
(Where/what wars
were fought as a result
of its spread?)
Personal Interp. =
Priesthood of all Believers
↓
↓
↓
Calvinist
Anglican
Catholic Counterattack (Catholic Reformation)
I. Early on… Charles V leads secular arm (state) vs. Luther and his followers. Meanwhile the Church
responds thusly…
II. Pope Paul III
A. Institutes the major reforms that were desperately needed
B. Convenes the Council of Trent (1545-1563)
1. Condemns Protestant teachings (doctrines such as Sola Scriptura, Sola Fidei)
2. Clearly defines Catholic teachings (doctrines such as 7 sacraments)
3. Sets up seminaries so priests are properly instructed
III. Increased vigilance of Catholic Church – to stop the flow of people leaving the Church
A. Revival of the Holy Inquisition (1542)
B. Index of Forbidden Books (1559)
IV. Society of Jesus (Jesuits) – a new society of Catholic priests, brothers, etc.
A. Started in 1540 by St. Ignatius of Loyola to spread and strengthen Catholic Faith
B. Intellectual pursuits
1. Combats heresy
2. Success in France, parts of the H.R.E., and in Poland
C. Missionary Pursuits
1. Spread faith worldwide through missionary activity
2. Especially active in New World and Asia
By 1600 the boundaries of Catholic and Protestant lands were set for good. The map on the next page
illustrates those boundaries. They remain essentially the same today.
Impact of Renaissance and Reformation
I. Renaissance leads to…
A. Copernicus →Galileo→Newton (laws of motion and Calculus)
B. Rene Descartes – Father of modern math and philosophy
C. Francis Bacon – Emphasis on observation and experimentation
D. Scientific Method entrenched
II. Reformation leads to…
A. Destruction of united Christendom
B. Wars of religion wherever Protestantism spreads
C. Emigration to America
D. Decline of respect for traditional authority (state and church) – individual reason more important
The Renaissance and Reformation – in sum
The thirteenth century (1200s) is considered by many to be the peak of civilization in the Middle Ages. New
ideas, however, were afloat and by the 1300s a new movement was beginning to permeate the European world.
Starting in the city states on the ________________ peninsula, there was a shift in the focus of man that could be
seen in many different fields such as ____________________, architecture, _____________, and
________________, as well as many others. Whereas in the Medieval World all things were directed toward
______, by the 1300s the focus was on ______ and nature. In many ways, this hearkened back to the days of
Greece and __________. The period has even come to be called the Renaissance, or ___________, because folks
so tried to imitate the ancients. Artists exhibited a trend toward ________________ as their works portrayed
things as they really were. Among the great artists of the day were _________________, the painter of the Sistine
Chapel and a great sculptor. Others there were whose works remain famous to this day including
________________, and _________________. Eventually the Renaissance would wind its way northward where
the great William Shakespeare would write poetry and plays that expressed the depths of human emotions – thus
personifying certain aspects of ________________. Meanwhile, medicine and mathematics progressed rapidly as
people looked to nature to explain why things were as they were instead of merely to supernatural explanations. All
told, although there was a Christian as well as a Pagan variation of the Renaissance, the general trend was away from
spiritual things. This is known as _________________.
The ______________ Church, which was the bedrock of Medieval society saw some benefits as well as
some disturbances in the Renaissance. However, no pains caused by the Renaissance could match what was in store
in the 1500s. When ________________ _________________ nailed his ____ Theses to a church door in
Wittenburg, he had no way of knowing that he was about to change the world forever. Yet he did just that as this
action precipitated what has become known as the ________________ _________________.
Problems had been creeping up on the Church for a long time before Martin Luther. The rise of strong
_______________ threatened the Church’s power and landholdings. In the 1300 and 1400s, the prestige of the
Papacy was obliterated by the __________________ _________________ when the popes were held hostage in
______________, and the Great ______________, when there were as many as _____ people claiming to pope
at the same time and everybody was excommunicated by somebody. To top it all off, the buying and selling of
church offices, or _________________, plus the favoritism toward family members, or _____________, was
running rampant through the Church. Many bishops didn’t even live in their diocese (______________________)
or had more than one at a time (pluralism). Meanwhile, certain worldly bishops seemed dead set on creating great
public scandal as they mastered the ___ _____________ Sins. Ultimately, these things would contribute to the
eventual breakup of _________________, which was marked by the unity of Europe under one faith.
It all came to a head when Pope Leo X sought money to build St. Peter’s Basilica in __________. The “sale”
of ______________ (which decrease one’s punishment in ________________) was promoted throughout
Europe to raise that money. Martin Luther argued against indulgences by nailing his opinions on the church door.
But they did not stay there. Instead, his theses spread all over the Holy _______________ _____________
through the use of the recently invented ______________ _______________. Eventually, he became popular
enough to stand up to both the Church and the state as led by ___________V. By 1521, Luther had been
________________ by the Church and his books banned by the __________. He likely would have been killed
had he not been granted refuge by _______________ the Wise of Saxony. While under Frederick’s care, he
continued to formulate his ideas which would eventually include the belief in Faith alone for salvation, the Bible alone
as the guide, a total denial of the authority of the _________, and support for the _______________ of all
believers since everybody could interpret the Bible for themselves.
As with all previous heresies (as the Catholic Church sees it), this one led to massive bloodshed.
Immediately came the ______________ Revolt followed by intermittent war within the _________ Roman Empire
that did not end until _______ with the Peace of ______________. This peace allowed for lands ruled by
Lutheran princes to remain Lutheran, while those ruled by Catholics stayed Catholic. Nevertheless, war would soon
return in the form of the ________ ____________ War, which lasted from 1618 to 1648. This war resulted in the
death of 1/3 of the population of the H.R.E.. It ended with the ______________ of ________________ in 1648.
Since this time the ______________ part of Germany has been Protestant and the ______________ part
Catholic.
One of the earliest followers of Martin Luther was a fellow from France named John ___________. He
would systematize his theology in a hugely influential book called The Institutes of the _______________
____________ in 1535. Among other things it spoke of Calvin’s doctrine of the ___________, or chosen people
of God. These were the folks whom God had chosen from birth to go to heaven. They were predestined and
therefore could not lose their souls. Ultimately, Calvin would set up a ________________ government in Geneva.
This was a government in which the religious leaders ruled. It was very strict. He also set up a school to train
others in his religion. Thus it spread to France, where the Calvinists are called ______________ and have always
been in the minority. Calvinism also spread to the Netherlands and Scotland where it would be called
Presbyterianism. Meanwhile, in France religious violence proceeded apace until the _________ of Nantes in 1598
officially allowed for toleration of the Huguenots.
While all of the above was going on in continental Europe, the island of England was having its own little
revolution. King _______________ VIII (ruled 1509-1547) wanted a new wife so he could have a __________
heir. His wife, _________________ of Aragon was in the way and had only provided him with one surviving child –
a daughter named ________________ _____________. Seeking an _______________ from the pope stating
that his marriage never really occurred, Henry was turned down. Consequently, the Act of _______________ was
passed in 1534. This established the Church of England, or ________________ Church, as separate from the
Catholic Church, and it made the _______ the head of the Church. With his marriage now ended, Henry married
Anne ________________ and eventually four others in succession. Finally, he had his son who succeeded him as
__________________ VI in 1547. Edward died young and was succeeded by ______________
______________ (1553-1558) who was a Catholic and _____________________ I (1558-1603), who would
become an Anglican. Through it all, many died as the government switched faiths back and forth and rebellions
broke out sporadically
As every action will have its reaction, so too did the Protestant Revolt. The Catholic Church in the 1500s,
led especially by Popes Paul III and Pius V, cleaned up its own act and counterattacked the Protestants. The major
reforms were instituted by the _____________ of _________ which met from 1545-1563 with numerous
intermissions. The intellectual arm of the Catholic counter-reformation was led by a new society of priests called the
_______________, or the Society of Jesus, which was founded by Ignatius of __________. They combated heresy
all over Europe while spreading the Catholic Faith all over the world. They found some success winning back
converts in France, Poland, and the ___________ _____________ _____________. They were supported again
by the Holy Roman Emperor, ______________ V and later his son Philip II.
Unit Two
European History: Renaissance and Reformation
STUDY GUIDE
The following is a list of items about which you should be able to speak intelligently if you are to succeed on this
exam. Study your notes, handouts, and the book (pp. 36-66)
Renaissance:
Humanism
Naturalism
Brunelleschi
Michelangelo
Raphael
Imitation of Greeks and Romans (the ancients)
Realism
Secularism
Redirection of focus from Middle Ages
Leonardo da Vinci
William Shakespeare
Changes in art, architecture, math, medicine, etc.
Reformation:
Long term causes
Nationalism and strong monarchs
Great Schism (1378-1417)
Christendom
Babylonian Captivity (1309-1377)
Weakening of respect for church authority
Martin Luther 1517 – H.R.E., Scandinavia
John Calvin 1530s, Switzerland, Scotland, Netherlands
King Henry VIII 1530s, England
Catholic counter-reformation (counterattack)
Abuses in the Church – simony, nepotism, etc.
95 Theses
Indulgences
Excommunication, heresy
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick the Wise
Luther’s doctrines – especially Sola Scriptura, Sola Fidei, Priesthood of all believers, rejection of Pope
Causes of spread and acceptance of Lutheranism
Peace of Augsburg, Treaty of Westphalia
Calvin’s Institutes of the Christian Religion
Calvin’s doctrines – esp. Predestination, the “Elect”
Edict of Nantes
Theocracy
Huguenots (French Calvinists)
Presbyterian Church
Henry VIII – Act of Supremacy
Edward VI, Mary Tudor, Elizabeth I
Annulment, Catherine of Aragon
Anglican Church
Pope Paul III
Holy Inquisition
Society of Jesus (a.k.a. Jesuits)
Council of Trent
Index of Forbidden Books
Ignatius of Loyola
Scientific Revolution:
Copernicus  Galileo
Rene Descartes, Francis Bacon,
Scientific Method
Isaac Newton – calculus
The following are questions you should be able to respond to if you are to be prepared for this exam.
1. A) Do you think that the Renaissance was an improvement over Middle Ages times? B) Why or why not?
2. What were the two major traits we spoke of in regard to the Renaissance?
3. A) What do you think was the most significant of the Church’s problems just before Luther? B) Why?
4. Why did the king or the prince have an interest in putting down heresy in this time period?
5. Identify and explain one teaching or doctrine with which A) Luther, B) Calvin, and C) Henry VIII each opposed
classic Catholic teaching. Identify what they said and how it differs from the Catholic view.
6. A) Do you think that the Peace of Augsburg was a good settlement? B) Why?
7. A) Who do you think was the most important reformer (Catholic or Protestant) and B) why?
8. A) What do you think was the most significant thing done by the Catholic Church to stop the spread of
Protestantism? B) Why this in particular?
Unit 2 – Renaissance and Reformation: 1300s-1600s
Triads
Triads: For each threesome, and in several complete sentences, identify each event or person and establish the
connection between it and the others. Please be concise, but answer in an orderly and logical fashion that illustrates an
understanding of how it all fits together.
1. Glories of Rome; Reminders of Rome; Renaissance originates in Italy.
2. Petrarch; Printing Press; Shakespeare.
3. Medicis in Florence; International Power; Brunelleschi’s Dome.
4. Deadly Sins; Indulgences; Protestant Reformation.
5. Babylonian Captivity; Great Schism; Straw on the Camel.
6. Martin Luther; Sola Scriptura; Divisions of Protestantism.
7. Catherine’s age; English Schism (Henry VIII breaks from Catholic Church); Anglican similarities to Catholicism.
8. Luther and Calvin; Council of Trent; Index of Banned Books.
Name ____________________________________________________
Period______________
Unit 2 Review
Due on the day before the test
Answers shall be found in your notes and in your text. (pp. 36-66)
____1. A teaching that contradicts that of the Church
____2. The official cutting off of someone from the Church
____3. A focus on human values, achievements and abilities
____4. A declaration that a marriage never actually occurred
____5. The unity of Europe under the Catholic Faith
____6. Religions that have split from the Catholic Church
____7. Love of and loyalty to one’s country or ethnic group
____8. A focus on worldly things
____9. This shortens one’s time in Purgatory
____10. The Catholic institution that rooted out heretics
A. Humanism
B. Nationalism
C. Indulgence
D. Annulment
E. Protestant
F. Secularism
G. Heresy
H. Holy Inquisition
I. Excommunication
J. Christendom
____1. Renaissance artist who painted the Sistine Chapel
____2. Renaissance writer of poems and plays in England
____3. The first of the Protestant reformers
____4. Wrote a book that systematically taught his faith in 1535
____5. Argued strongly that sun was center of universe
____6. Called the Council of Trent to reform/defend Catholicism
____7. Developed Calculus
____8. Wife of King Henry VIII of England
____9. Daughter of King Henry VIII – a Catholic
____10. Daughter of King Henry VIII – an Anglican
A. Shakespeare
B. John Calvin
C. Paul III
D. Isaac Newton
E. Elizabeth I
F. Catherine of Aragon
G. Martin Luther
H. Galileo
I. Mary Tudor
J. Michelangelo
____1. Up to three popes at one time
____2. Means of proof starting from hypothesis to conclusion
____3. Ended decades of war in H.R.E. in 1555
____4. Defined many aspects of the Catholic Faith in mid-1500s
____5. 7 straight popes stuck in France residing in Avignon
____6. Birthplace of the Renaissance
____7. Birthplace of the Reformation
____8. Brought peace and toleration of Calvinists in France
____9. French Calvinists were called this
____10. Helped develop the scientific method
A. Council of Trent
B. Peace of Augsburg
C. Scientific Method
D. Huguenots
E. Francis Bacon
F. Edict of Nantes
G. Great Schism
H. Italian city-states
I. Babylonian Captivity
J. Holy Roman Empire
Place the following in chronological order:
____Council of Trent starts
____95 Theses
____Renaissance starts
____Great Schism
____Printing Press invented
____Peace of Augsburg
____Galileo is tried for heresy (1632)
____Institutes of the Christian Religion