Unit Two
European History: Renaissance and Reformation
STUDY GUIDE
The following is a list of items about which you should be able to speak intelligently if you are to succeed on this exam.
Study your notes, handouts, and the book (pp. 36-66)
Renaissance:
Humanism
Naturalism
Brunelleschi
Michelangelo
Raphael
Imitation of Greeks and Romans (the ancients)
Realism
Secularism
Redirection of focus from Middle Ages
Leonardo da Vinci
William Shakespeare
Changes in art, architecture, math, medicine, etc.
Reformation:
Long term causes
Nationalism and strong monarchs
Great Schism (1378-1417)
Christendom
Babylonian Captivity (1309-1377)
Weakening of respect for church authority
Martin Luther 1517 – H.R.E., Scandinavia
John Calvin 1530s, Switzerland, Scotland, Netherlands
King Henry VIII 1530s, England
Catholic counter-reformation (counterattack)
Abuses in the Church – simony, nepotism, etc.
95 Theses
Indulgences
Excommunication, heresy
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick the Wise
Luther’s doctrines – especially Sola Scriptura, Sola Fidei, Priesthood of all believers, rejection of Pope
Causes of spread and acceptance of Lutheranism
Peace of Augsburg, Treaty of Westphalia
Calvin’s Institutes of the Christian Religion
Calvin’s doctrines – esp. Predestination, the “Elect”
Edict of Nantes
Theocracy
Huguenots (French Calvinists)
Presbyterian Church
Henry VIII – Act of Supremacy
Edward VI, Mary Tudor, Elizabeth I
Annulment, Catherine of Aragon
Anglican Church
Pope Paul III
Holy Inquisition
Society of Jesus (a.k.a. Jesuits)
Council of Trent
Index of Forbidden Books
Ignatius of Loyola
Scientific Revolution:
Copernicus  Galileo
Rene Descartes, Francis Bacon,
Scientific Method
Isaac Newton – calculus
The following are questions you should be able to respond to if you are to be prepared for this exam.
1. A) Do you think that the Renaissance was an improvement over Middle Ages times? B) Why or why not?
2. What were the two major traits we spoke of in regard to the Renaissance?
3. A) What do you think was the most significant of the Church’s problems just before Luther? B) Why?
4. Why did the king or the prince have an interest in putting down heresy in this time period?
5. Identify and explain one teaching or doctrine with which A) Luther, B) Calvin, and C) Henry VIII each opposed
classic Catholic teaching. Identify what they said and how it differs from the Catholic view.
6. A) Do you think that the Peace of Augsburg was a good settlement? B) Why?
7. A) Who do you think was the most important reformer (Catholic or Protestant) and B) why?
8. A) What do you think was the most significant thing done by the Catholic Church to stop the spread of Protestantism?
B) Why this in particular?