Li 1
Allison Li
Ms. Guzdziol
Advanced Freshman English—2
30 April 2014
Research Paper Outline: Carnegie Hall
Topic: Carnegie Hall
I.
Introduction
A. Attention Getter: Isaac Stern, a notable violinist and conductor once spoke of the
famed Carnegie Hall: “Everywhere in the world, music enhances a hall, with one
exception: Carnegie Hall enhances the music” (Stern).
B. Bridge: Stern has been a member of the Carnegie Hall community for a large part
of his musical career. He is among the many great musicians who have performed
at the hall. Stern performed on-stage, and also off-stage, with his support in the
preservation of the hall. He, like many others, has given Carnegie hall the prestige
it enjoys today.
C. Claim: The world has benefited greatly from the opening of Carnegie Hall in
1891; the hall has introduced America to all types of music from its myriad of
unique performers, impacted the lives of performers, and through this, has also
created a lasting place for itself in American History.
II.
History
A. Claim: The origins of Carnegie Hall are a large part of why it now has worldwide
fame.
B. Andrew Carnegie:
Li 2
1. Evidence: Andrew Carnegie accumulated his fortune through the steel
industry, and selflessly spent his old age as a philanthropist, building
Carnegie Hall, as well as funding many other musical causes. Carnegie
Hall was named after Andrew Carnegie because its former name “The
Music Hall” held a bad connotation: foreign musicians took this name to
mean that Carnegie Hall was for cheap artists, and they turned down
invitations to perform there.
2. Analysis: Andrew Carnegie contributed the most to Carnegie Hall: he
financed the building, and used his influence and fortune to convince all
of his upper class friends, such as the Rockefellers, to join him on
opening night. He made Carnegie Hall a hotspot for the upper class
society of New York, and spread music to many.
3. Warrant: Andrew Carnegie will always be connected to Carnegie Hall,
not just because the hall shares his name, but because he started the
effort in making this music hall the most famous in the world.
C. Why Carnegie Hall was built
1. Evidence: On his honeymoon cruise to Scotland, Carnegie met Walter
Damrosch, the conductor of the Oratorio Society of New York, who
suggested Carnegie build a music hall for his choral group. Carnegie and
Damrosch became friends and worked together to build the hall.
2. Analysis: Carnegie Hall started out as a simple idea for a choral group,
but changed into a massive music hall built for the ages. Walter
Li 3
Damrosch had a large part in this: he and Carnegie worked together on
the plans for the Music Hall.
3. Warrant: They envisioned the hall as a home for music, and used
Damrosch’s talents and Carnegie’s money to create the grandest of
concert halls.
D. Opening Night at Carnegie Hall
1. Evidence: On the Opening night of Carnegie Hall, people flooded in to
buy tickets to see Pyotr Tchaikovsky conduct the New York Symphony.
It was Tchaikovsky’s first time to America, and he was greeted with the
open arms of Andrew Carnegie. Seats were around one to two dollars
apiece. The event was so popular that people ended up trying to bribe
ushers into getting them seats. Another important point was the location
of Carnegie Hall. The musical neighborhood surrounding Carnegie Hall
opened it up to the music world: “The development of this neighborhood
was yet another indication that the critical mass of the classical music
world had migrated from Europe to several blocks of midtown
Manhattan, with Carnegie Hall, 'The Old Lady of 57th Street,’ at its
center” (Freedman).
2. Analysis: The opening night of Carnegie Hall set up the rest of its
longstanding influence. With the standout performance of Tchaikovsky,
the hall had set a new standard for music. Tchaikovsky, it being his first
time in America, also led the way for many other foreign musicians
coming into Carnegie Hall to perform.
Li 4
3. Warrant: The Opening Night of Carnegie Hall predicted the success it
would have with both musicians and audience members alike.
III.
Architecture
A. Claim: The Architecture of Carnegie Hall contributes to its impact.
B. William Tuthill, Architect of the hall
1. Evidence: William Tuthill was not a widely known architect, but rather a
musician. Although his talents were not focused on architecture, Tuthill
studied plans of the many concert halls in Europe in order to design
Carnegie hall’s breathtaking acoustics. Another important point was the
location of Carnegie Hall. The musical neighborhood surrounding
Carnegie Hall opened it up to the music world: “The development of this
neighborhood was yet another indication that the critical mass of the
classical music world had migrated from Europe to several blocks of
midtown Manhattan, with Carnegie Hall, 'The Old Lady of 57th Street,’
at its center” (Freedman).
2. Analysis: William Tuthill, because of his love of music, and his
extensive research in the “field” of acoustics, created Carnegie Hall, a
place were musicians and ordinary people come for the amazing
experience of being at the hall.
3. Warrant: Carnegie hall is a grand music hall because of William Tuthill,
who has forever changed the way people can hear music.
C. Basic Structure
Li 5
1. Evidence: Carnegie Hall contains one “Main Hall,” (now known as
Stern Auditorium) the most well known feature of the hall, one “Recital
Hall,” (Zankel Hall) a bit smaller than the Main Hall, and the “Chamber
Music Hall,” (Weill Recital Hall) which is a more intimate recital hall
(“Carnegie”). The hall also has many studios up for rent. The New York
Tribune describes Carnegie Hall as a beautiful building designed only
for music: “its exterior design is stately, rich and dignified, in an
architectural style easily and simply expressing the public purposes for
which the structure is intended” (“The Opening”).
2. Analysis: Music is not the only thing that can be enjoyed in Carnegie
Hall. This hall is equipped for other functions as well, with its three
recital halls and various studios up for rent. Going to the music hall is a
great experience in general, as the architecture itself is a big feature.
This layout and structure of the hall is appealing to the people’s senses.
As one walks into the building, an immediate sense of grandeur and
magnificence is felt.
3. Warrant: The architecture of Carnegie attracts people to the hall, and
makes them enjoy the music even more, as it is combined with a sense
of sophistication and elegance.
D. Location
1. Evidence: Another important point was the location of Carnegie Hall.
The musical neighborhood surrounding Carnegie Hall opened it up to
the music world: “The development of this neighborhood was yet
Li 6
another indication that the critical mass of the classical music world had
migrated from Europe to several blocks of midtown Manhattan, with
Carnegie Hall, 'The Old Lady of 57th Street,’ at its center” (Freedman).
2. Analysis: This point shows that although Carnegie Hall was not at the
pinnacle of New York society in the beginning, it has gradually become
the musical capital of the world.
3. Warrant: The Location of Carnegie hall in relation to the most popular
parts of New York show its growth in popularity.
E. Acoustics
1. Evidence: According to an article published in the New York Tribune in
1891, Carnegie Hall was an absolute perfect place where music could be
truly heard: “[Carnegie Hall] been so modeled that not only is no sound
lost to the audience, but it is so directed that every portion of the house
has relatively perfect acoustic value” (“The Opening”). This article also
states that Carnegie Hall “ was designed purely as a concert hall, and is
not equipped in any way with theatrical devices; it has neither drop
curtain nor footlights” (“The Opening”).
2. Analysis: The acoustics of the hall play a large role in the impact of
Carnegie Hall. The sounds experienced by the audience make them
enjoy listening to the music, as Carnegie Hall’s acoustics are like no
other. Even the performers like to hear the sounds they make on stage.
Simply put, Carnegie Hall’s acoustics are so “perfect” that many always
come back for more. These acoustics impact how the music sounds, and
Li 7
contributes to the increased enjoyment of classical music. They also
convince the famous to come back and play again.
3. Warrant: Carnegie Hall’s acoustics are incomparable, and have
contributed to the widespread fame of the hall among musicians and
ordinary people.
IV.
Performances
A. Claim: The many performers of Carnegie Hall have greatly impacted society in
America, bringing in more culture and exposing the people to “foreign music.”
B. Musicians
1. Evidence: Musicians have always favored Carnegie hall. Milton Goldin
describes Carnegie Hall’s transformation into the world’s music capital:
“During that Golden Age and particularly between 1910-30, every one
of the world's greatest instrumentalists appeared at least once every
season in Carnegie Hall” (Goldin). Samuel Freedman writes about
possible reasons as to why Carnegie Hall housed so many great
musicians from around the world: “Europe's calamities - the Depression,
two World Wars, the Holocaust, Communist expansion -drove many of
its finest artists to America” (Freedman). Ever since Tchaikovsky’s
opening night performance, musicians from all over the world have
flooded into New York: from American musicians like Frank Sinatra
and Judy Garland to foreigners like Bela Bartok and Jascha Heifetz.
2. Analysis: All of the great performances at the hall have certainly been a
reason to go to Carnegie Hall. The Hall’s numerous performers, as well
Li 8
as its many unique performances, have exposed ordinary people to the
wonders of music. It has given those privileged people a respect and
admiration for music.
3. Warrant: The many musicians who have been to play at Carnegie Hall
have greatly impacted American Culture and Society, exposing and nonmusicians to the wonders of music. Anne Hoy mentions the famous
musicians “who have made Carnegie Hall’s name synonymous with
excellence” (Hoy 70).
C. Formal Events/Non-music performers
1. Evidence: Although Carnegie Hall was designed as a music hall, other
public events took place there, such as political speeches: “A constant
pressing need for cash inspired Carnegie's company to encourage not
only musical but other types of renters” (Goldin). The performances at
Carnegie Hall have ranged from music to oratory: “For 100 years, great
performances have illuminated this landmark building—in classical,
jazz, folk, and popular music, as well as dance and political oratory”
(Hoy 69). Many different events have taken place at the hall, such as
Martin Luther King Jr.’s commemoration of W. E. B. Dubois.
2. Analysis: Carnegie Hall, although designed specifically as a music hall,
has also hosted a number of different events. These events have also, in
part, given the hall its fame. Important figures in American History have
given speeches at the hall, including ten presidents.
Li 9
3. Warrant: Nonmusical performers have given Carnegie Hall a part in
American History, not only music-related, but also politically speaking.
V.
Impact
A. Claim: The Impact of Carnegie Hall is everlasting, and will continue to gift
people with music and special performances.
B. Society’s acceptance of Carnegie Hall
1. Evidence: In the American Eras Primary Sources article, the
significance of Carnegie Hall was stated: “Overall, the hall and the
symphonies and operas that would be performed there were integral to
the goals of social reformers and educators, who wanted to foster
progress in elevating culture and establishing New York as a center for
the cultural arts” (“The Opening”). Carnegie Hall was accepted into
New York Society, not with reluctance, but with excitement. A
History.com article states that Carnegie hall was the “citadel of
American high culture”; it was a place where the upper class came to
hear classical music (“Benny”).
2. Analysis: When Carnegie Hall was first built, many did not approve of
Carnegie’s massive project. But when this hall stood, and more and
more musicians from across the globe joined in the prestigious honor of
performing at the hall, people celebrated Carnegie hall. For over 100
years, this music hall has greatly impact American culture. This building
attracts musicians all around, as well as audience members from all
around.
Li 10
3. Warrant: Carnegie hall’s impact is both on its audience and its
performers.
C. Music’s popularity since the opening of Carnegie Hall
1. Evidence: Pianist Gary Graffman was quoted in a New York Times
article as he explained the impact of Carnegie Hall on American
musicians: “‘It's what any American musician aims for,’ Graffman says.
‘The idea is to reach the top, and the top is represented by Carnegie Hall.
Carnegie Hall is another word for success’” (Freedman).
2. Analysis: If the goal for musicians is Carnegie Hall, then this certainly
shows that classical music’s popularity (as well as other music) has
increased. It is a high honor for musicians to be granted a performance at
the hall. Carnegie Hall can only accept the best for its audiences. These
famous figures of Classical music are represented, and accepted by the
audience. The talents of the performers translate into more people liking
the music.
3. Warrant: Since Carnegie hall has been established, America has been
exposed to Classical music, and has also taken this music into American
culture, thus spreading the popularity of Classical music.
VI.
Conclusion
A. Restatement of Claim: Carnegie Hall will always have a special place in the
history of music, and the history of the United States. It has widened the scope
and appreciation for all genres of music, and provided entertainment to the people
for over a century.
Li 11
B. Summary of Points: All factors have contributed to the success of Carnegie Hall,
including the man that built the hall, the architecture, and the wonderful worldrenowned performers.
C. More Information: For more information, look to the Carnegie Hall website
D. Closer: As chief contributor to Carnegie Hall, steel industrialist Andrew Carnegie
could not have predicted the future of the hall more correctly: “It is built to stand
for ages, and during these ages it is probable that this hall will intertwine itself
with the history of our country” (Carnegie)
Li 12
Allison Li
Ms. Guzdziol
Advanced Freshman English—2
30 April 2014
Carnegie Hall’s Journey to World-wide Fame
Isaac Stern, a notable violinist and conductor once spoke of the famed Carnegie Hall:
“Everywhere in the world, music enhances a hall, with one exception: Carnegie Hall enhances
the music” (Stern). Stern has been a member of the Carnegie Hall community for a large part of
his musical career. He is among the many great musicians who have performed at the hall. Stern
performed on-stage, and also off-stage, with his support in the preservation of the hall. He, like
many others, has given Carnegie Hall the prestige it enjoys today. The world has benefited
greatly from the opening of Carnegie Hall in 1891; the hall has introduced America to all types
of music, impacted the lives of performers, and through this, has also created a lasting place for
itself in American history.
The origins of Carnegie Hall are a large part of why it now has worldwide fame. Andrew
Carnegie accumulated his fortune through the steel industry and selflessly spent his old age as a
philanthropist, building Carnegie Hall, as well as funding many other musical causes (Nasaw).
Andrew Carnegie built Carnegie Hall because of his respect and love for music. He was a
known philanthropist, so he often funded projects such as the music hall. Carnegie’s interest in
music is a large part of Carnegie Hall’s magnificence. Though this music hall is named after him,
Carnegie did not originally plan this. Carnegie Hall was named after Andrew Carnegie because
its former name, “The Music Hall,” held a bad connotation: foreign musicians took this name to
mean that Carnegie Hall was for cheap artists, and they turned down invitations to perform there
Li 13
(Nasaw). Andrew Carnegie contributed the most to Carnegie Hall: he financed the building and
used his influence and fortune to convince all of his upper class friends, such as the Rockefellers,
to join him on opening night. He made Carnegie Hall a hotspot for the upper class society of
New York. Andrew Carnegie will always be connected to Carnegie Hall. Carnegie did not just
give his name, though; he also started the effort in making this music hall the most famous in the
world. This effort began on Carnegie’s honeymoon cruise to Scotland, where he met Walter
Damrosch, the conductor of the Oratorio Society of New York, who suggested Carnegie build a
music hall for his choral group. Carnegie and Damrosch became friends and worked together to
build the hall (Carnegie). Carnegie Hall started out as a simple idea for a choral group, but
changed into a massive music hall built for the ages. This whole idea sprouted from a meeting
with friend Walter Damrosch, another major contributor to the hall’s beginning. Damrosch and
Carnegie envisioned the hall as a home for music, so they used Damrosch’s talents and
Carnegie’s money to create the grandest of concert halls. Because of these two men, this concert
hall had a brilliantly successful opening night. On the opening night of Carnegie Hall, people
flooded in to buy tickets to see Pyotr Tchaikovsky conduct the New York Symphony. Seats were
around one to two dollars apiece. The event was so popular that people ended up trying to bribe
the ushers to get them seats (Chou). The opening night of Carnegie Hall set up the rest of its
longstanding influence. With the standout performance of Tchaikovsky, the hall had set a new
standard for music. Tchaikovsky, it being his first time in America, also led the way for many
other foreign musicians coming into Carnegie Hall to perform. The opening night of Carnegie
Hall predicted the success it would have with both musicians and audience members alike.
The architecture of Carnegie Hall is an important part of why it is one of the best concert
halls in the world. William Tuthill was not a widely known architect, but rather a musician.
Li 14
Although his talents were not focused on architecture, Tuthill studied plans of the many concert
halls in Europe in order to design Carnegie Hall’s acoustics (Carnegie). Tuthill worked to make
Carnegie Hall the most acoustically beautiful he could. He “studied plans” of many great
European concert halls in order to replicate their design. William Tuthill, because of his love of
music and extensive research in the “field” of acoustics, created Carnegie Hall, a place where
musicians and ordinary people gathered for the experience. This experience started from the
outside and continued in. An Opera News article describes Carnegie Hall’s architecture: “With
its simple brick exterior, majestic auditorium, miraculous acoustics and the almost tangible
residual aura of greatness that permeates its atmosphere, Carnegie Hall is a special place”
Complete phrase
(McMillan). This article states that Carnegie Hall’s architecture created an atmosphere of
“greatness.” With Tuthill’s designs, simply being in the music hall was enough to feel the
significance of the past. William Tuthill designed Carnegie Hall as a grand music hall; he has
forever changed the way music is heard. In addition to his study of acoustics, Tuthill also had to
build a very effective music hall in terms of generating income. Tuthill’s design consists of one
“Main Hall,” (now known as Stern Auditorium) the most well known, one “Recital Hall,”
(Zankel Hall) a bit smaller than the Main Hall, and the “Chamber Music Hall,” (Weill Recital
Hall) which is a more intimate recital hall (Carnegie). Music is not the only thing that can be
enjoyed in Carnegie Hall. This hall is equipped for other functions as well, with its three recital
halls and various studios up for rent. Going to the music hall is a great experience in general, as
the architecture itself is a big feature. This layout and structure of the hall is appealing to the
people’s senses. As one walks into the building, an immediate sense of grandeur and
magnificence is felt. The architecture attracts people to the hall and makes them enjoy the music
even more, as it is combined with a sense of sophistication and elegance. One of the most
Li 15
important parts of the architecture is the acoustics. According to an article published in the New
York Tribune in 1891, Carnegie Hall was an absolute perfect place where music could be truly
heard: “[Carnegie Hall] been so modeled that not only is no sound lost to the audience, but it is
Brackets
so directed that every portion of the house has relatively perfect acoustic value” (“The
Opening”). The audience experiences beautiful sound, which makes them enjoy listening to the
music, as Carnegie Hall’s acoustics are like no other. Even the performers like to hear the sounds
they make on stage. The acoustics play a large role in the impact of Carnegie Hall. In addition,
this article also states that Carnegie Hall “ was designed purely as a concert hall, and is not
equipped in any way with theatrical devices; it has neither drop curtain nor footlights” (“The
Incomplete
Phrase
Opening”). Simply put, Carnegie Hall’s acoustics are so perfect that many always come back for
more. These acoustics contribute to the increased enjoyment of classical music. They also
convinced the famous musicians to come back and play again. Carnegie Hall’s acoustics are
incomparable. They have contributed to the fame of the hall among musicians and ordinary
people. Another important point in accordance with the architecture is the location of Carnegie
Hall. The venue’s unimpressive location shows how much it has changed New York society:
“The development of this neighborhood was yet another indication that the critical mass of the
classical music world had migrated from Europe to several blocks of midtown Manhattan, with
Carnegie Hall…at its center” (Freedman). Although Carnegie Hall was not at the pinnacle of
New York society in the beginning, it has gradually become the music capital of the world. The
location of Carnegie Hall in relation to the most popular parts of New York shows its popularity
growth. Without its architecture, Carnegie Hall certainly would not be where it is today.
Carnegie Hall’s acoustics are incomparable and have contributed to the widespread fame of the
hall among musicians and ordinary people.
Ellipses
Li 16
The many performers of Carnegie Hall have greatly impacted society in America,
bringing in more culture and exposing the people to “foreign music.” Musicians have always
favored Carnegie Hall. Milton Goldin describes Carnegie Hall’s transformation into the world’s
music capital: “During that Golden Age and particularly between 1910-30, every one of the
world's greatest instrumentalists appeared at least once every season in Carnegie Hall” (Goldin).
During this “Golden Age,” Carnegie Hall was a hotspot for musical talent. According to
Goldin’s observations, musicians kept coming back for more. These performers set up shop in
New York, leading to the proclamation that New York was the best place to witness real music.
Samuel Freedman, another admirer of Carnegie Hall’s many performers, wrote about possible
reasons as to why so many great musicians from around the world came: “Europe's calamities—
the Depression, two World Wars, the Holocaust, Communist expansion—drove many of its
finest artists to America” (Freedman). These “calamities” in Europe brought foreign musicians
over to America and consequently, to Carnegie Hall. Carnegie was one of most popular music
halls among musicians who came over to the States. Due to a lack of well-known American
instrumentalists, this boost of musicians from Europe was very helpful in exposing Americans to
classical music. Famous musicians from all over the world came to perform to at the hall:
Carnegie Hall had a high brow indeed. The venue at New York City's 57th Street and 7th
Avenue had featured a host of top classical figures since it opened on May 5, 1891.
Russian composer Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky had conducted on opening night, and in the
years since, many of the classical world's luminaries had performed there, some, such as
pianist Ignance Paderewski and violin prodigy Jascha Heifetz making their American
debuts in the hall. (Singer)
Blocked Quote
Li 17
All of the great performances have certainly been a reason to go to Carnegie Hall. Foreign
instrumentalists, such as Jascha Heifetz, made their “American debuts” in the hall, playing for
those who had not yet developed an appreciation of classical music. These musicians have done
everything in their power to make Carnegie Hall dominate the music world. In addition, Anne
Hoy mentions that the famous musicians “have made Carnegie Hall’s name synonymous with
excellence” (Hoy 70). The Hall’s numerous performers have exposed ordinary people to the
wonders of music. It has given those privileged people a respect and admiration for music. The
many musicians who have played at Carnegie Hall have greatly impacted American culture and
society, exposing non-musicians to the wonders of music. Other than music, Carnegie Hall also
exposed audiences to various types of events. An Encyclopedia article states, “a constant
pressing need for cash inspired Carnegie's company to encourage not only musical but other
types of renters” (Goldin). This piece of information gives insight to why events other than the
musical ones took place at the hall. Because Carnegie Hall was still a business, it still needed to
earn money in order to survive. Therefore, many others came to the hall for important events,
which also brought different types of audience members. Another author comments on what
other types of events have taken place at the hall. The performances at Carnegie Hall have
ranged from music to oratory: “For 100 years, great performances have illuminated this
landmark building—in classical, jazz, folk, and popular music, as well as dance and political
oratory” (Hoy 69). These nonmusical events mentioned above have also, in part, given the hall
its fame. Important figures in American history have given speeches at the hall, including ten
presidents. Nonmusical performers have given Carnegie Hall a part in American history, not
only music-related, but also politically speaking.
Li 18
The impact of Carnegie Hall is everlasting, and will continue to gift people with music
and special performances. In an American Eras Primary Sources article, the significance of
Carnegie Hall was stated: “Overall, the hall and the symphonies and operas that would be
performed there were integral to the goals of social reformers and educators, who wanted to
foster progress in elevating culture and establishing New York as a center for the cultural arts”
(“The Opening”). Carnegie Hall was accepted into New York society, not with reluctance, but
with excitement. At the time before the venue’s opening, Americans were not musically
educated, and the United States had not produced any famous musicians. Many benefitted from
the opening, including musicians, educators, and ordinary music-lovers. In contrast to the late
1800s, a history.com article states that Carnegie Hall was the “citadel of American high culture”;
it was a place where the upper class came to hear classical music (“Benny”). When Carnegie
Hall was first built, many did not approve of this massive project. But when the hall stood, and
more and more musicians from across the globe joined in the prestigious honor of performing
there, people celebrated Carnegie Hall. For over 100 years, this music hall has greatly impacted
American culture. This building attracts musicians and music lovers all around. Carnegie Hall’s
impact is both on its audience and its performers. In addition to the impact on society, the hall
has also had an impact on music’s popularity. Pianist Gary Graffman was quoted in a New York
Times article as he explained the impact of Carnegie Hall on American musicians: “‘It's what any
American musician aims for,’ Graffman says. ‘The idea is to reach the top, and the top is
represented by Carnegie Hall. Carnegie Hall is another word for success’” (Freedman). If the
goal for musicians is Carnegie Hall, then this certainly shows that classical music’s popularity
(as well as other music) at the hall has increased. It is a high honor for musicians to be granted a
performance at the hall. Carnegie Hall can only accept the best for its audiences. The audience
Li 19
accepts and respects these famous figures of classical music. These performances at Carnegie
Hall have created a lasting place for music in society. Since Carnegie Hall was established,
America has been exposed to classical music. This music has also been accepted into American
culture, thus spreading its popularity.
Carnegie Hall will always have a special place in the history of music and the history of
the United States. It has widened the scope and appreciation for all genres of music, and
provided entertainment to the people for over a century. All factors have contributed to the
success of Carnegie Hall, including the man that built the hall, the architecture, and the
wonderful world-renowned performers. As chief contributor to Carnegie Hall, steel industrialist
Andrew Carnegie could not have predicted the future of the hall more correctly: “It is built to
stand for ages, and during these ages it is probable that this hall will intertwine itself with the
history of our country” (Hoy 71).
Li 20
Works Cited
“Benny Goodman brings jazz to Carnegie Hall.” 2014. The History Channel website. Feb 12
2014, 6:15 <http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/benny-goodman-brings-jazz-tocarnegie-hall>.
Carnegie Hall. 2014 Carnegie Hall, n.d. Web. 3 Feb. 2014.
<http://www.carnegiehall.com/History/>.
Chou, Kimberly. "Arts & Entertainment: Opening Night, before it was Carnegie Hall." Wall
Street JournalSep 30 2011. ProQuest. Web. 30 Jan. 2014 .
Freedman, Samuel G., and Samuel G. Freedman. "THE GLORY OF CARNEGIE HALL." New
York TimesMay 19 1985. ProQuest. Web. 29 Jan. 2014 .
Goldin, Milton. "Carnegie Hall." St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture. Ed. Sara
Pendergast and Tom Pendergast. Vol. 1. Detroit: St. James Press, 2000. 439-440.Student
Resources in Context. Web. 16 Feb. 2014.
Hoy, Anne H. "On Stage at Carnegie Hall." USA Today 05 1991: 68. ProQuest. Web. 16 Feb.
2014 .
McMillan, Jeffery S. "Carnegie Hall Treasures." Opera News 11 2011: 72-3. ProQuest. Web. 9
Feb. 2014 .
Nasaw, David. Andrew Carnegie. New York: Penguin, 2006. Print.
"The Opening of the Music Hall in New York City." American Eras Primary Sources. Ed.
Rebecca Parks. Vol. 1: Development of the Industrial United States, 1878-1899. Detroit:
Gale, 2013. 31-35. Student Resources in Context. Web. 29 Jan. 2014.
Singer, Barnett. "How did Benny Goodman Get to Carnegie Hall?" American History 04 2001:
22-8. ProQuest.Web. 14 Mar. 2014 .
Li 21
Bibliography
“Benny Goodman brings jazz to Carnegie Hall.” 2014. The History Channel website. Feb 12
2014, 6:15 <http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/benny-goodman-brings-jazz-tocarnegie-hall>.
"Carnegie Hall." Britannica School. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2014. Web. 9 Feb. 2014.
<http://school.eb.com/levels/high/article/20404>.
Carnegie Hall. 2014 Carnegie Hall, n.d. Web. 3 Feb. 2014.
<http://www.carnegiehall.com/History/>.
Chou, Kimberly. "Arts & Entertainment: Opening Night, before it was Carnegie Hall." Wall
Street JournalSep 30 2011. ProQuest. Web. 30 Jan. 2014 .
Freedman, Samuel G., and Samuel G. Freedman. "THE GLORY OF CARNEGIE HALL." New
York TimesMay 19 1985. ProQuest. Web. 29 Jan. 2014 .
Goldin, Milton. "Carnegie Hall." St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture. Ed. Sara
Pendergast and Tom Pendergast. Vol. 1. Detroit: St. James Press, 2000. 439-440.Student
Resources in Context. Web. 16 Feb. 2014.
Hoy, Anne H. "On Stage at Carnegie Hall." USA Today 05 1991: 68. ProQuest. Web. 16 Feb.
2014 .
McMillan, Jeffery S. "Carnegie Hall Treasures." Opera News 11 2011: 72-3. ProQuest. Web. 9
Feb. 2014 .
Nasaw, David. Andrew Carnegie. New York: Penguin, 2006. Print.
"The Opening of the Music Hall in New York City." American Eras Primary Sources. Ed.
Rebecca Parks. Vol. 1: Development of the Industrial United States, 1878-1899. Detroit:
Gale, 2013. 31-35. Student Resources in Context. Web. 29 Jan. 2014.
Li 22
Sabogal, Kathleen, and Rob Hudson. E-mail interview. 7 Feb. 2014.
Singer, Barnett. "How did Benny Goodman Get to Carnegie Hall?" American History 04 2001:
22-8. ProQuest.Web. 14 Mar. 2014 .