4A
Ancient Egypt and Kush
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Section 1:Geography and Ancient Egypt
Essential Question:
How was the success
of _______________
civilization tied to
the Nile River?
The Big Idea:
The water fertile soils, and protected setting
of the __________________allowed a great
civilization to arise in Egypt around 3200 BC.
If you were there…Your family are farmers in the Nile Valley.
Each year when the floodwaters spread rich soil on the land, you help your
father plant barley. When you are not in the fields, use pay the fine linen
thread from flax you have grown. Sometimes you and your friends hunt
birds in the tall grasses along the riverbanks.
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Building Background: _____________________ was not the only
place where an advanced civilization grew up along a great river.
The narrow valley of the ____________________________ also
provided fertile land that drew people to live there. The culture
that developed in Egypt was more stable and long-lasting than
those of _____________________________.
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The Gift of the Nile
Location and Physical
Features
____________________ played
a key role in the development
of Egyptian civilization.
The ___________________
_______________________.
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The Nile __________________________________________.
It begins in Central Africa and runs a 4,000 miles north to the Mediterranean
Sea. Egyptian civilizations developed along a 750–mile stretch of the Nile in
northern Africa
Ancient Egypt included two regions, a southern region
and the northern region. The southern region was called
Upper Egypt. It was so named because it was located up
rivers in relation to the Nile’s flow. Lower Egypt, the
northern region, was located down river.
The Nile River sliced through the desert
of ________________________________
__________________________________
On either side of the Nile lay hundreds of miles of bleak desert.
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As you can see on the map on the
previous slide, the Nile rushed
through the rocky, hilly land south
of Egypt.
At several points, this terrain
caused cataracts, __________
_________________________
The first cataract , 720 miles south
of the Mediterranean, marks the
southern border of Upper Egypt.
Five more cataracts lay farther south. These are rapids made sailing that
portion of the Nile River very difficult.
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In Lower Egypt, The Nile divided into several bridges the stand out and
flowed into the Mediterranean Sea.
These branches formed a
delta, _________________
______________________
______________________.
In ancient times, swamps
and marshes covered much
of the Nile Delta. Some two
thirds of Egypt’s fertile
farmland was located in the
Nile delta
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The Floods of the Nile
Because it received so little rain, most of Egypt was desert. Each year,
however, rainfall far to the south of Egypt in the highlands and east Africa
caused a Nile to flood. Almost every year, the Nile flooded upper Egypt in
midsummer and lower Egypt in the fall, coating the land around the river
with rich silt.
Silt ___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________.
The silt from the Nile made _________________
________________________________________.
The silt also made the land dark in color. That is why
Egyptians called their country that black land. They called
the dry, lifeless desert beyond the river valley in red land.
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Each year the Egyptians
awaited the flooding of
the Nile. For them, the
river’s floods were a lifegiving miracle.
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________.
Why was Egypt called the gift of the Nile?
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Civilization Develops Alongside the Nile
Hunter-gatherer groups moved into the Nile Valley more than 12,000
years ago. They found plants, wild animals, and fish there to eat. In
time these people learned how to farm, and they settled along the Nile in
small villages.
As in Mesopotamia, farmers in Egypt developed
an irrigation system.
The people in Mesopotamia _________________
_________________________________________.
and store this precious resource for long
afterward. They also build a series of canals that
could used in the dry months to direct water from
the basins to the fields where it was needed.
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The Nile _________________________________________
________________________________________________.
The farmers grew wheat, barley,
fruits, vegetables, and raised cattle
and sheep. The river also
provided many types of fish, and
hunters trapped wild geese and
ducks along its banks.
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The Nile offered another advantage.
The Nile _____________________________________________.
The desert to the west was too hard to cross. In the north, the
Mediterranean Sea kept many enemies away. Cataracts, or rapids, made it
difficult for outsiders to sail from the south.
Protected from invaders, the villages of Egypt grew. Wealthy farmers
emerged as village leaders. These strong leaders gained control Over
several villages. By 3200 BC, the village had banded together.
Egypt developed into two kingdoms. One was called ________
__________ and the other was called _____________________.
Cataracts
Desert to the west
What attracted early
settlers to the Nile Valley?
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Kings Unify Egypt
The king of Lower Egypt ruled in a town called Pe. The
king of Lower Egypt wore _______________to symbolize
his authority. Nekhen was a capital city of Upper Egypt. In
this kingdom, the king wore a cone-shaped white crown.
Around 3100 BC a leader named ____________ rose to power in
Upper Egypt.
Menes wanted to unify the Upper and Lower Egypt. The
armies of Menes invaded and took control of Lower Egypt.
Menes then united the two kingdoms. He married a princess
from Lower Egypt to strengthen his country. Menes wore both
the white crown of Upper Egypt and the red crown of Lower
Egypt. This symbolized leadership over both kingdoms. He
later combined the two crowns into a double crown.
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A pharaoh _____________________
_______________________________.
The term Pharaoh means, “great house.”
Menes also founded Egypt’s first dynasty.
A dynasty is a ___________________
______________________________.
Menes built a new capital city at the southern tip of the Nile called
Memphis. For centuries Memphis was the political and cultural center of
Egypt.
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The ___________________________ lasted for about 200 years. Pharaohs
who came after Menes wore the double crown to symbolize their rule over
Upper and Lower Egypt. Rivals challenged the First Dynasty for power.
These challengers took over Egypt and established the
_____________________________________________________________.
Why do you think Menes wanted to rule over both kingdoms of Egypt?
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Essential Question:
How was Egyptian
society organized?
What role did
religion take in
Egyptian society?
Section 2 The Old Kingdom
The Big Idea:
Egyptian ____________________ and
_____________ were closely related to the Old
Kingdom.
If you were there… You are a peasant farmer in Egypt. To
you, the pharaoh is a god, a descendant of the sun god, Re. You
depend on his strength and wisdom. For part of the year, you’re
busy planting crops in your fields. But at other times, you work
for the pharaoh. You are currently helping to build a great tomb
in which the pharaoh and many of his belongings will be buried
when he dies.
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Building Background: _____________________________
_________________________________________________
of social classes. A small group of royalty, nobles, and
priests ruled Egypt. They depended on the rest of the
population to supply food, crafts, and labor. Few people
questioned this arrangement of society.
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Early Egyptian Society
The First and Second Dynasties ruled Egypt for about four
centuries. Around 2700 BC, the Third Dynasty rose to power.
Its rule began the ____________________________.
The Old Kingdom, was a period in Egyptian history that
lasted from _________________________________.
Rule By Pharaohs
The old kingdom was based on the belief that _________________________
__________________________________________. The ancient Egyptians
believed that Egypt belonged to the gods. They believed that the pharaoh
had come to earth to manage Egypt for the rest of the gods. As a result, he
had absolute power over all the land and people in Egypt.
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But the pharaoh’s status as a god came as many responsibilities.
People blamed him if the crops did not grow or if disease struck.
They also demanded that the pharaoh make trade profitable and
prevent wars.
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
____________.
Most officials came
from the pharaoh’s
family.
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The most famous pharaoh of the old kingdom was ______________
who ruled in the 22500 BC.
Egyptian legend says he was a cruel
pharaoh. The historical records tell
us that the people who work for him
were well fed.
Khufu is best known ________________________
__________________________________________.
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The Social Structure
At the top of Egyptian
society was the _________ .
Just below him were the upper
classes, which included priests
and key government officials.
Many of these priests
and officials were
____________, or rich
and powerful families.
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Below the nobles were the
middle class of lesser
government officials, scribes,
crafts-people, and merchants.
Egypt's lower class, about
80% of the population,
was made of mostly
farmers.
Below the farmers in the
social order were the slaves
and servants.
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1.______
2.______________
3.________________________
________________________
Copy this
chart in
your
notebook!
4. _____________________
5. ___________________
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Egypt and Its Neighbors
During the Old Kingdom, Egypt began trading with its
neighbors. Traders returned from __________________
_______________________________________________.
Traders traveled to Punt, an area on the Red Sea to
*acquire incense and myrrh (MUHR).These two items
were needed to make ____________and
_____________.
How was society structured in the Old Kingdom?
*acquire-to get
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Religion and Egyptian Life
Ancient Egyptians had strong religious beliefs.
Worshipping gods was part of everyday life. Many
________________________________________________
________________________________________________.
The Gods of Egypt
Ancient Egyptians practiced polytheism, _______________
___________________________________________.
Ancient Egyptians built great temples to their gods all over the kingdom.
The temples collected payments from the government and worshippers to
pay for growth of the great temples.
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Over time cities became centers of worship of
certain gods. In Memphis, for example, people
prayed to ______________, the creator of the world.
The Ancient Egyptians __________________,
____________________ including the sky, sun,
and earth.
For example, Anubis, the god of the dead, had a
human body and a jackal ‘s head. other major gods
included
• Re, or Amon-Re, the sun god
• Osiris, the god of the underworld
• Isis, the goddess of magic, and
• Horus, a sky god, god of the pharaohs
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Emphasis on Afterlife
Much of Egyptian religion focused ________________,
________________________________________.
The Egyptians believed the after life was a happy place. The Egyptian
belief of an after life came from their idea of ka (KAH) or a persons life force.
When a person died a person’s ka
left their body and became a
spirit. However, the ka remained
linked to the body and could not
leave it’s burial site. The ka had
the same needs that people had
when they were living.
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To fulfill the ka’s needs, people
________________________ .
______________________These
tombs included furniture,
clothing, tools, jewelry, and
weapons. Relatives were
expected to bring food to the ka
so they would not be hungry.
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Burial Practices
Ideas about the after live shaped Egyptian burial practices. ____________.
_______________________________________________________________
______________________________. This meant the body had to be
preserved so it could be recognized If the body was not recognized, that
would break the link between the body and the spirit and the ka would not
have a good afterlife.
To keep the ka from suffering, the Egyptians
developed a *method called embalming. Embalming
allowed bodies to be preserved for many, many
years as mummies. A body that was embalmed
would not decay quickly.
Mummies ___________________________
____________________________________.
*method-a way of doing something
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Embalming was a complex process, that took several weeks. When finished
the embalmers wrapped the body in linen cloth and bandages. The mummy
was placed in a coffin.
Only the wealthy and other members of Egypt’s *elite.
The elite _________________________________________
_____________________________________________.
Peasant families buried their dead in shallow graves at the edge of the
desert. The hot dry sand and lack of moisture preserved the bodies.
How did religious beliefs affect Egyptian
burial practices?
*elite-people of wealth and power
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The Pyramids
Egyptians believed that the burial
site, especially burial tombs, were
very important. As a result they built
spectacular monuments in which to
bury their rulers.
But at the most spectacular of
them all were the pyramids.
Pyramids _______________
________________________
________________________
_______________________.
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Many of these pyramids were build during the Old Kingdom and are still
standing today. The largest is the ________________________________
near the town of Giza. It covers more than 13 acres at it’s base and stands
481 feet in height. It took more than 2 million limestone blocks to build.
Historians are still not sure how the Egyptians built the pyramids.
They are, however,
amazing feats of
engineering, _________
____________________
____________________
____________________
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Burial in a _______________________________________.
The size was a symbol of the _____________________.
The pyramid’s shape, pointing to the skies, symbolized the pharaoh’s journey
to the afterlife.
The Egyptians wanted to make the pyramids spectacular because they
believed that the pharaoh, as their link to the gods, controlled everyone’s
afterlife. Making the pharaoh’s spirit happy was a _____________________
________________________________________________________________.
Why were the
pyramids so
important to the
people of ancient
Egypt?
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Section 3 The Middle and New Kingdoms
Essential Question:
Why
did______________
society reach it’s
peak and then fall
apart?
The Big Idea:
During the Middle and New Kingdoms,
____________________________________
____________________________________.
If you were there… You are a official serving Queen
Hatshepsut of Egypt. You admire her, but some people
think a woman should not rule. She calls herself king, and
dresses like a pharaoh-even wearing a fake beard. That
was your idea! You wish you could help more.
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Building Background The powers of the pharaohs
expanded during the ___________________. Society was
orderly, based on the great differences between social
classes. But rulers and dynasties changed, and Egypt
changed with them. In time, these changes led to new eras
in Egyptian history, eras they called the
_________________________________________Kingdoms.
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The Middle Kingdom
At the end of the ___________________, the
wealth and power of the pharaohs declined.
Building an maintaining the ______________ cost
a lot of money. Pharaohs could not collect enough
taxes to keep up with the _________________.
Many nobles challenged the power of the pharaohs. They tried to
take the power away from the pharaohs. By 2200 BC, the Old
Kingdom had fallen and for the next 160 years the nobles battled
each other for power in Egypt. People faced economic hardships
* famine-starvation
and *___________________________.
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Finally, around 2050 BC, a powerful pharaoh named Mentuhotep
II defeated his rivals. Once again Egypt was united. Mentuhotep’s
rule began
the Middle Kingdom, ______________________________________
________________________________________________________.
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Toward the end of the Middle Kingdom, pharaohs could not keep the
kingdom together. In the mid-1700s BC, a group from Asia called the
Hyksos (HIK-SOHS) invaded.
The Hyksos used horses,______________________________
___________________________________________________ Lower
Egypt, which ruled for 200 years.
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The Egyptians resented being occupied and paying taxes to the Hyksos.
Eventually, the Egyptians fought back in the mid 1500’s BC. Ahmose (AHMOHS) drove the Hyksos out of Egypt._____________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Egypt.
What problems caused
the end of the Middle
Kingdom?
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The New Kingdom
Ahmose rise to power marked the beginning of the Egypt's 18th Dynasty. It
was the beginning of the New Kingdom.
The New Kingdom _________________________________
_________________________________________________.
The New Kingdom
lasted from 1550BC
to 1050 BC, conquest
and trade brought
tremendous wealth
to the pharaohs.
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Building an Empire
After battling the Hyksos, Egyptian leaders feared future invasions. To
prevent future invasions from occurring, they decided to take control of all
of the possible invasion routes. In this process they turned Egypt into an
empire.
Egypt decided to target the Hyksos on their
homeland. After taking over the Hyksos homeland
the Egyptians continued to conquer Syria. Soon the
Egyptians took over the entire eastern shore of the
Mediterranean. They even defeated the kingdom of
Kush, south of Egypt. See the map on the next slide.
Egypt ____________________________________________
_____________________________________________.
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41
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42
Military *_____________________________________.
The kingdoms it _______________________________________________
________________________________________. For example, the kingdom
of Nubia sent annual payments of gold, leopard skins, and precious stones to
the pharaohs to maintain good relations.
*conquest-defeats or take over
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43
Growth and its Effects on Trade
Egypt's conquests brought Egyptian traders into contact with more distant
lands. Egypt's trade became very profitable.
Profitable trade routes, ______________________________
___________________________________________.
Many of the lands Egypt took over
had valuable resources for trade.
For example, The Sinai Peninsula
had large supplies of turquoise and
copper.
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44
Queen ___________________, an Egyptian ruler, worked
to increase trade. She supported art and
*___________________________________ .
She sent Egyptian traders south to trade with the
Kingdom of Punt on the Red Sea and North to
trade with the people in Asia and Greece.
Hatshepsut and later pharaohs used the wealth
they earned from trade to support the arts and
architecture. Hatshepsut is remembered for the
impressive monuments and temples build during
her reign.
*architecture-building design or construction
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45
Invasion of Egypt
Despite its great success, Egypt’s military did not
go unchallenged. In the 1200s BC Great came to
power. ______________ (RAM-seez) II or Ramses
the ____________________________________.
____________________________ reign as
pharaoh was one of the longest in history.
Ramses was successful in signing a peace treaty with the
Hittities after many years of battle. The Tehenu, to the
west, threatened the Egyptians. Ramses build a series of
forts in the western frontier. This was a wise decision and
that defeated the Tehenu.
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46
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
for the next fifty years. Egypt
fell into disorder and violence
and would never recover.
Egypt would never again
regain its power.
What caused the
growth of trade in the
New Kingdom?
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47
Work and Daily Life
Although Egyptian dynasties rose and fell. Daily Egyptian life did
not change very much. As the population grew, society became more
complex. ______________________________requires people to take
on different jobs.
Scribes
One of the most honored jobs in Egypt was to be a scribe.
Scribes _______________________________
________________________. They also
wrote and copied religious texts.
Scribes became wealthy because they did not have
to pay taxes.
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48
Artisans, Artists, and Architects
Below the scribes __________________________________________
sculptors, builders, carpenters, jewelers, metal workers, and leather
workers. They worked for the government or for the temples. They
made pottery, statues, furniture, jewelry, footwear, and other items.
Architects and artists were admired in
Egypt. Architects
______________________ and royal
tombs. Artists produced many
different works. They often worked in
the pharaohs’ tombs painting detailed
pictures.
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49
Soldiers
After the Middle Kingdom, Egypt _____________________________.
The military offered a chance to rise in status. Soldiers received land
payment and could keep treasure they captured in war.
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50
Egypt’s farmers and other
peasants____________________
_____________________ . They made
up the majority of Egypt’s population.
Peasant farmers used wooden hoes or
cow-drawn plows to prepare the land
before the Nile flooded. Farmers
planted seeds and work together to
gather the harvest. Farmers
__________________________________
__________________________________.
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51
Slaves
The few _____________________worked on farms, on
building projects, and in households. In some cases
slaves could earn their freedom.
Family Life in Egypt
Most of Egyptian families lived in their own homes. Men
were expected to marry young so they would start having
children. Most Egyptian women were devoted to their homes and their
families. Some however, had jobs outside the home. Egyptian women had
certain legal rights. These included the right to own property, make
contracts, and divorce their husbands.
A contract _________________________________________________.
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52
Children_______________
______________________
______________________.
Most boys and girls received an
education. At school they
learned morals, writing, dance,
and sports. At age 14 most boys
left school to join their father’s
profession.
What types of jobs did people perform in ancient Egypt?
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53
Essential Question:
What long lasting
achievements have
Egyptians
contributed to
modern societies?
Section 4 Egyptian Achievements
The Big Idea:
The Egyptians _______________________
in writing, architecture, and art.
If you were there…You are an artist in ancient Egypt. A
noble has hired to decorate the walls of his family tomb. You are
standing inside the new tomb, studying the bare walls you will
decorate. No light reaches in the chamber, but your servant holds
a lantern high. You’ve met the noble briefly but you think he is
someone who loves his family, the gods, and Egypt.
What would you include in your painting?
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54
Building Background The Egyptians have a rich and
varied history, but most people today remember them for
their cultural achievements, such as their ______________
_______________ system. In addition, Egyptian art,
including the tomb paintings mentioned on the last slide is
admired by millions of tourists in museums around the
world.
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55
Egyptian Writing
In the Egyptian writing system, or hieroglyphics (hy-ruh-GLIHfiks), _____________________________________________.
Egyptian hieroglyphics were one of the world’s first writing
systems.
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56
The earliest examples of Egyptian writing are
from around 3300 BC. These early writings
were carved in stone or other hard materials.
Later, the Egyptians learned how to make
papyrus (puh-PY-ruhs).
Papyrus _______________________
______________________________.
Egyptians made papyrus by pressing layers of
reeds together. Scribes wrote on papyrus using
brushes or ink.
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57
The hieroglyphic writing
system used more than
__________ symbols, mostly
pictures of objects.
Hieroglyphics could be
written vertically or
horizontally. They could be
written from left to right or
right to left. This could
made hieroglyphics flexible
to write but hard to read.
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58
The Rosetta Stone
Historians and archeologists could not read hieroglyphics for centuries.
It was not until 1799 when a lucky discovery gave historians the key
they needed to read Egyptian writing. That key was the Rosetta Stone.
The Rosetta Stone _____________________________
__________________________________________.
The Rosetta Stone has text in hieroglyphics,
Greek and a later form of Egyptian
writing. Because the text was in three
languages scholars that knew Greek
figured out what hieroglyphics said.
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59
Egyptian Texts
Because papyrus did not decay in Egypt’s dry climate, many
Egyptian texts survived. Today Historians can read Egyptian
historical records, science texts, and medical manuals. Literacy
works have also survived. Some texts, such as The
___________________________________, tell about the Egyptian
after-life.
How is our writing similar to
hieroglyphics?
An Egyptian Calendar
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60
Temples, Tombs, and Art
Egyptians are
famous for their
__________________
_____________. The
walls of Egypt’s
magnificent temples
and tombs are
covered with
impressive paintings
and carvings.
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61
Egypt’s Great Temples
Egyptians believed that temples were __________________
_______________________. People visited the temples to
worship, offer gods gifts, and to ask for favors.
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62
Rows of stone sphinxes lined the path leading to the entrance to
the temples.
Sphinxes were
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
_________________.
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63
At the entrance itself was a
huge, thick gate. On either
side of the gate might stand an
obelisk.
An obelisk
, ____________
__________________________
__________________________.
(AH-Buh-lisk)
The Washington monument is a modern day obelisk.
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64
The inside of the temple was lavishly decorated. Huge columns
supported the roof. In many cases these columns were covered
in paintings and hieroglyphics.
________________________________________________often
stood along the walls. The sanctuary , the most sacred place, was
at the far end of the temple.
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65
Egyptian Art
The ____________________
________________________
______________. They painted
scenes on canvas, papyrus,
pottery, plaster, and wood.
Detailed works covered temples
and tombs. Temple art was
created to honor the gods, while
tomb art was intended for the
enjoyment of the dead in the
afterlife.
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66
The subjects of Egyptian paintings
varied. Some showed historical
events, such as the crowning of
kings. Other paintings show scenes
from religious rituals. Still others
show everyday life.
Egyptians were also skilled stoneworkers. For example, many
tombs included huge statues and detailed carvings on the walls.
The Egyptians also made beautiful objects out of gold and
precious stones. They made jewelry for both men and women.
This included bracelets, necklaces, and collars.
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67
Over the years treasure
hunters emptied many of
pharaohs’ tombs. In 1922
archeologists found the
tomb _______________
_______________________,
or King Tut (too-tang-KAHM-uhn).
This tomb was filled with
treasures, including jewelry,
robes, a burial mask, and
ivory statues.
What types of artwork were contained in Egyptian tombs?
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68
King Tutankhamen’s ___________________________________
_____________________________________________________.
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69
Essential Question:
What mark did the
ancient Kush culture
have on modern day
Africans?
Section 5 Ancient Kush
The Big Idea:
The kingdom of Kush, which arose in south Egypt
in a land called Nubia, developed and advanced
civilization with a large trading network.
If you were there…
You live along the Nile River, where it
moves quickly through swift rapids. A few years ago, armies from
the powerful kingdom of Egypt took over your country. Some
Egyptians moved here. They bring new customs, and many people
are imitating them. Now your sister has a new baby and wants to
give it an Egyptian name! This upsets many people in your family.
How do you feel about Egyptian customs?
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70
Building Background Egypt
dominated the lands along the Nile,
but it was not the only ancient culture
to develop along the river. Another
kingdom called Kush arose to the
south of Egypt. Through trade,
conquest, and political dealings, the
histories of Egypt and Kush became
closely tied together.
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71
The Geography of Early Nubia
South of Egypt, a group of people settled in the region we now
call Nubia.
These Africans
established the first
great kingdom in the
interior of Africa. We
know this kingdom
by the name of the
Egyptians gave itKush.
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72
The Land of Nubia
Today the desert covers much of a Nubia, but one time rain and
flooded the Nile providing a reach a layer of silt for the land. This
made in the land rich for farming. Ancient Nubia was a rich in
minerals such as gold, copper, and stone. These resources played a
major role in the areas history and contributed to its wealth.
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73
Early Civilization in Nubia
The people of Nubia depended on
agriculture for their food. Among
the crops they grew were wheat,
barley, and other grains. The banks
of the Nile also provided grazing
land for livestock. As a result,
farming villages thrived all along the
Nile by 3500 BC.
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74
Over time some farmers grew richer than others. These farmers became
the village leaders. Sometime around 2000 BC, one of these leaders took
control of the other villages and made himself of king of the region. His
kingdom was called Kush.
The Kings of Krush ruled from their capital at Kerma (Kar-muh).
Because the Nile’s *cataracts made parts of
the river hard to pass through, Kerma was
safe from Egypt’s invaders. As time passed,
Kush society grew more complex. Kushites
became priests and artisans.
How did geography help
civilization grow in Nubia?
*cataracts-rough water rapids
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75
Kush and Egypt
Kush and Egypt were neighbors. Sometimes they lived in peace with each
other and helped each other prosper. For example, Kush became a major
supplier of slaves and raw materials to Egypt.
The Kushites sent materials such as gold, copper, and stone to Egypt.
They also sent Egyptian ebony, a type of dark wood, and ivory, the hard
white material that made up elephant tusks.
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76
Egypt’s Conquest of Kush
Egypt’s rulers grew feared that Kush would grow
even more powerful and attack Egypt. To prevent
such an attack, the pharaoh Thutmose I sent an army
to take control of the Kush around 1500 BC. As a
result, the pharaoh's army conquered all of Kush and
made Kush part of Egypt.
The Egyptians destroyed Kerma, the
Kushite capital. Later pharaohsincluding Ramses the Great- built
large temples on what had been Kush
territory.
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77
Effects of the Conquest
Kush remained an Egyptian territory for 450 years. During that
time Egypt influenced the people of Kush. The Kushites adopted
Egyptian clothing, names, and religion.
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78
A Change of Power
During the mid 1000s BC the New Kingdom of
Egypt was ending. The power of the pharaohs
declined. Kushite leaders regained control of Kush.
Kush once again became independent. As Kush became stronger, a series
of *inept pharaohs left Egypt open for attack. In the 700s BC, a Kushite
king, Kashta, seized Egypt’s weakness and attacked it. He conquered
Upper Egypt. After Kashta died, his son Piankhi (PYAN-kee) continued to
attack Egypt. Piankhi fought the Egyptians and conquered Egypt’s
ancient capital. Piankhi kingdom extended north from Napata to the Nile
Delta.
* inept –inadequate, clumsily
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79
The Kushite Dynasty
After Piankhi died, his brother Shabaka (SHAB-uh-kuh)
took control of the kingdom. He declared himself
pharaoh. This declaration began the 25th Dynasty.
Shabaka and later rulers tried to restore the old
Egyptian culture of the past. For example, Shabaka
was buried in a pyramid. Egyptians abandoned
making pyramids centuries before. The Kushite
rulers of Egypt built new temples to Egyptian gods
and restored the old temples.
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80
The End of Kushite Rule in Egypt
In the 670s BC, the powerful army of the Assyrians from Mesopotamia
invaded Egypt. The Assyrians iron weapons were better then the
Kushite’s bronze ones. The Kushite skilled arches could not stop the
invaders with iron weapons.
In just 10 years the Kushites were driven out of Egypt by
the superior weapons used by the Assyrians.
How did internal problems in Egypt benefit the Kush?
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81
Later Kush
After the Kushites lost
control of Egypt, the
people devoted themselves
to agriculture and trade,
hoping to make their
country rich again. Within
a few centuries they
became *prosperous and
powerful once more.
*prosperous-rich and wealthy
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82
Kush’s Iron Industry
The economic center of Kush was Meroё (MER-oh-wee), the new capital. Large
deposits of gold were found at Meroё, as could forests of ebony wood.
More importantly, rich iron deposits were found at Meroё.
In Meroё , the Kushites developed Africa's first iron
industry.
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83
The Expansion of Trade
In time, Meroё (MER-oh-wee), became the center of a large trade network.
A trade network is a system of people in different lands who
trade goods.
The Kushites sent goods down the Nile River to
Egypt. There, Egyptian and Greek merchants, or
traders, carried goods to ports on the
Mediterranean and Red Seas.
These goods eventually reaches India,
and perhaps China.
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Kush’s exports or items sent out to other regions.
-included pottery, iron, tools, slaves, leopard skins, and elephants.
Imports or goods brought in from other regions.
-such as fine jewelry and luxury items from Egypt, Asia, and other lands
along the Mediterranean Sea.
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DEVELOPMENT OVER THE COURSE OF THE TEXT, INCLUDING ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SUPPORTING IDEAS; PROVIDE AN OBJECTIVE SUMMARY OF THE TEXT.
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Kushite Culture
As Kushite trade grew, merchants came into contact with people
from other cultures. As a result, the people of Kush combined
customs from other cultures with their own Kushite culture.
Many buildings in Meroё,
especially temples, resemble
those in Egypt. Many people in
Krush worshiped Egyptian gods
and wore Egyptian clothing.
Today more than 50 ancient
Kushite pyramids still stand
near the ruins of Meroё.
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The people of Kush
worshiped their on gods in
addition to the Egyptian
gods. They developed their
own written language
Meroitic. Today’s
historians do not
understand Meroitic.
COMMON CORE STANDARD: READING INFORMATIONAL TEXTS R.I.8.2,KEY IDEAS AND DETAILS. DETERMINE A CENTRAL IDEA OF A TEXT AND ANALYZE ITS
DEVELOPMENT OVER THE COURSE OF THE TEXT, INCLUDING ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SUPPORTING IDEAS; PROVIDE AN OBJECTIVE SUMMARY OF THE TEXT.
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Women in Kushite Society
The women of Kush were expected to be
active in society. They worked in the
fields, raised children, cooked, and
performed household tasks. Some
women rose to positions of *authority.
Some served as co-rulers with their
husbands or sons. Historians believe the
first women to rule Kush was Queen
Shanakhdakheto (shah-nakh-dah-KEE-toh). She
ruled from 170 BC to 150 BC.
*authority-positions of power
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The Decline of Kush
Kush gradually declined in power because of poor land
*conservation.
Problems within the kingdom weakened it economy. One such problem was
the cattle were allowed to over graze. When the cows ate all the grass, wind
blew the soil away, causing the farmers to produce less food.
In addition, ironworkers used up all the trees in the forest. As wood became
scarce, furnaces shut down. Kush had fewer weapons and trade goods. This
weakened trade caused traders to travel around Kush. Once they bypassed
Kush, the economy weakened.
*Conservation-the protection and preservation of land
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By AD 300s Kush lost much of its wealth and military might. The King of
Aksum (AHK-soom)from a kingdom located along the Red Sea took
advantage of his rivals weaknesses. The Aksumite army of King Ezana
(AY-zah-nah) destroyed Meroё and took over Kush.
In the late 300s, the rulers of Aksum became Christian. About two
hundred years later, the Nubians also converted. The last influences of
Kush disappeared.
What factors led to the decline of
Kush?
COMMON CORE STANDARD: READING INFORMATIONAL TEXTS R.I.8.2,KEY IDEAS AND DETAILS. DETERMINE A CENTRAL IDEA OF A TEXT AND ANALYZE ITS
DEVELOPMENT OVER THE COURSE OF THE TEXT, INCLUDING ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SUPPORTING IDEAS; PROVIDE AN OBJECTIVE SUMMARY OF THE TEXT.
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