International Encyclopedia of Higher Education Systems and Institutions Jung Cheol Shin and Pedro Nuno Teixeira (eds.) Section “Mass and Elite Higher Education in 21st Century” Manja Klemenčič (ed.) 1 University Traditions in Historical Perspective The German (Humboldtian) university tradition Robert D. Anderson The French (Napoleonic) university tradition Jean-François Condette The British university traditions Robert D. Anderson The African university traditions N’dri T. Assié-Lumumba The Asian university traditions Molly Lee & John Hawkins The Latin American university traditions Rodrigo Arocena & Judith Sutz The Middle-Eastern university traditions Husam Zaman The Russian university traditions Isak Froumin & Yaroslav Kouzminov The university traditions in the United States Nathan Sorber 2 Meanings and Purposes of Higher Education The Idea of the University: Renewing the Great Tradition Ronald Barnett Mass higher education Peter Scott Elite higher education Adam Howard & Jane Kenway Higher education and the public good Jon Nixon Entrepreneurial university Henry Etzkowitz Engaged university Lorraine Mcilrath Higher education and national development Nico Cloete Higher education and democratic citizenship Pavel Zgaga Critical Higher Education: Rethinking Higher Education as a Democratic Public Sphere Henry Giroux Higher education for sustainability Janet Haddock Fraser 3 Types of Higher Education Systems and Institutions Types of higher education systems Peter Maassen & Jens Jungblut Types and classifications of higher education institutions Alexander C. McCormick & Victor M. H. Borden Public higher education William Zumeta Private higher education Daniel C Levy High participation systems Anna Smolentseva Research universities Catherine Paradeise Non-university higher education Svein Kyvik Community colleges Eboni Miel Zamani-Gallaher Alternative, experimental, emerging higher education Manja Klemenčič Higher education in knowledge systems Åse Gornitzka Higher education and labour markets Stephen Machin & Gillian Wyness 4 Diversities, Differentiation, and Segmentation Diversity and higher education Jeni Hart & Kimberly Griffin Stratification in higher education Eric Grodsky & Christian Smith Institutional diversity and differentiation Jeroen Huisman Horizontal and vertical differentiation Ulrich Teichler Higher education market segmentation Jane Hemsley-Brown Quality of higher education systems Ross Williams & Gaétan de Rassenfosse World-class universities Jamil Salmi & Philip Altbach Immigration and higher education Jamie Merisotis Refugees and higher education Georgina Brewis 5 Social Mobility and Inequalities in Higher Education Inequality in higher education Scott Davis & Roger Pizarro Equity in higher education Estela Mara Bensimon & Lindsey Malcom-Piqueux Social mobility and higher education Vikki Boliver Affirmative action Bridget Terry Long Barriers to choice and access Bridget Terry Long Cultural capital and social class in higher education Rachel Brooks Gender and higher education Barbara Read Race and ethnicity and higher education Adriana Ruiz Alvarado & Sylvia Hurtado Widening participation Penny Jane Burke 6 Higher Education Expansion Elite, mass and high participation higher education systems Simon Marginson Demography and higher education Stéphan Vincent-Lancrin Higher education expansion in Africa and Middle East Thierry M. Luescher Higher education expansion in Asia and Pacific Gerard A. Postiglione Higher education expansion in BRICs Isak Froumin & Wang Rong Higher education expansion in Latin America Alma Maldonado-Maldonado Higher education expansion in OECD Stéphan Vincent-Lancrin Socio-economic implications of high participation in higher education Claire Callender Academics and higher education expansion Maria Yudkevich Students and higher education expansion Manja Klemenčič 7