Animal Disease Emergencies Diseases of Concern

Animal Disease Emergencies

Diseases of Concern

African Horse Sickness

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Viral infection

Horses, mules, donkeys

– Death rate up to 95%

Spread by insects

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Biting midges (Culicoides)

Occurs in Africa

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Outbreaks in other countries

Not found in U.S.

Late summer – early autumn

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Droughts followed by heavy rains

Does not affect humans

Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

AHS: The Disease

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Incubation period

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2–14 days

Clinical signs in 5–7 days

Respiratory and cardiac disease

– Fever

– Difficulty breathing, foaming from nostrils, swelling of head and neck


AHS: Impact & Response

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Impact

– 1989: Portugal outbreak

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Eradication cost $1.9 million

– U.S. Horse Industry (1998)

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5.25 million horses

Sales: $1.75 billion

Prevention and Response

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Import restrictions and quarantines

Vector control

Stabling in insect-proof housing

Monitor animals for fever

Vaccine available in endemic areas


African Swine Fever

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Viral infection

– Highly contagious

Direct and indirect contact, ingestion (meat products), ticks, biting flies

Persists in environment and swine products

Distribution

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Africa; outbreaks in other countries

Eradicated from Western Hemisphere


ASF: The Disease

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Incubation period: 5-19 days

Asymptomatic (carriers)

Sudden or chronic

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Fever, reddened skin, pneumonia, swollen joints

Recumbency, death

Abortion

Illness rate up to 100%

Death rate varies up to 100%


ASF: Impact and Response

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• Huge economic impact

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Import/export ban

Movement restrictions

Depopulation

Disinfection

No treatment or vaccine

Virus killed by high temperatures

Many disinfectants ineffective

Humans not affected


ASF: Prevention

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Do not feed uncooked garbage

Biosecurity

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Isolate animals before introduction into herd

Restrict and monitor visitors

Cleaning and disinfection protocols

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Vehicles, trailers, equipment, footwear

Tick and fly control

Prevent contact between domesticated and feral swine


Anthrax: The Agent

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Gram positive, spore-forming bacteria

– Bacillus anthracis

Forms spores

Human disease

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Skin

Intestinal

Inhalational

Animal disease

– Septicemia and rapid death


Anthrax: The Bioweapon

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History

Available & easily produced

Spores infective

Aerosolization

Low lethal dose

High mortality

Person-to-person transmission rare


Anthrax: The Response

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Vaccine for Livestock

Personal Protective Equipment

– When handling sick animals

Antibiotics

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Treatment

Prophylaxis

Disinfection

– Sporicidal agents, sterilization


Aujeszky’s Disease

(Pseudorabies)

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Highly contagious viral disease

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Reproductive

Nervous system

Primarily pigs

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Other mammals

Not humans

Persistent in the environment

Disease eradicated from most countries

– Still occurs in parts of world

Humans not affected


Aujeszky’s: The Disease

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Transmission

– Direct contact, reproductive, fomites, aerosol, ingestion


– Neurological

• tremors, seizures, paralysis

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Respiratory

Intense itching

Abortions and stillbirths

Illness and death up to 100%

– Especially in neonates and other species


Aujeszky’s: Impact and

Response

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Reportable disease

Trade restrictions

Treatment not recommended

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Depopulation and repopulation

Test and removal

Offspring segregation

Vaccine available in some countries


Aujeszky's: Prevention

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Isolate new or returning animals before entry into the herd

Disinfect vehicles, equipment, premises, footwear

Keep pigs away from feral swine

U.S. surveillance program

– All states free as of April 2008


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Avian Influenza, Highly

Pathogenic (HPAI)

Type A Influenza virus

– H5 or H7 surface antigens

Domestic and wild birds

Humans

Reservoir: Migratory water fowl

– Aerosols, contaminated drinking water

Infected flock- source of virus for life

Worldwide distribution


HPAI: The Disease

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Birds

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Sudden death

Egg production drops

Swollen combs and wattles

Nasal discharge

Conjunctivitis

Humans

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Conjunctivitis and respiratory illness

Death possible


HPAI: Impact and Response

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Direct losses

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Depopulation and disposal

High illness and death

Quarantine and surveillance

Indemnities

2003: European outbreak (H7N7)

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30 million birds destroyed

Estimated at $338 million USD

2003-Present: H5N1 outbreak


HPAI: Impact and Response

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Treatment

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Poultry- none

Humans- antivirals

Control

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Depopulation

Cleaning and disinfection

Vaccine

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Poultry: Expensive, no cross protection

Human: No cross protection


Bluetongue

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Viral disease

Ruminants: Primarily sheep

24 serotypes worldwide

– 6 isolated in the U.S.

Vector-borne

– Culicoides (biting midge)


– Mediterranean outbreak, 1997-2002


Bluetongue: The Disease

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Sheep

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Salivation, facial swelling, nasal discharge

Cyanotic (blue) tongue

Reproductive disorders

Cattle, goats

– Subclinical; possible mild hyperemia

Wildlife

– Hemorrhages, sudden death


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Bluetongue: Impact and Response

Affects cattle industry

– $125 million per year in lost trade and animal testing

No treatment; supportive care

Vector control

Vaccine available

– Serotype specific, adverse effects

Humans: Low risk of infection


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Bovine Spongiform

Encephalopathy

Prions

Cattle and humans

– Progressively fatal neurologic disease

Transmission

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Consumption of scrapie-infected feed

Spontaneous mutation



BSE: The Disease

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Cattle (BSE)

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Incubation period: 2-8 yrs

Initial signs subtle

– Final stages

• Excitable, hypermetria, ataxic, tremors, loss of condition, death

Humans (vCJD)

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Incubation unknown

Neurological signs progressing to death

26 years old (mean age of onset)


BSE: Impact and Response

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United Kingdom

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£3.7 billion by end of 2001/02 financial year

Estimated U.S. losses

– $45 to $66 per head

No effective treatment or vaccine

Surveillance program

Restrictions in place

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Import, animal feeds, slaughter, mammalian products

Very resistant


Brucellosis: The Agent

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Bacterial infection

– Various species

Ingestion, inhalation, or direct contact

Clinical signs

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Humans: cyclic fever and flu-like symptoms

Animals: reproductive signs


Brucellosis: The Agent

Species Natural Host

B. abortus

Cattle, bison, elk, horses

B.melitensis

Goats, sheep, cattle

B. suis

Swine, hares, reindeer, caribou, rodents

B. canis Dogs, other canids

B. ovis Sheep

Human

Pathogen

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No


Brucellosis: The Bioweapon

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History

Highly infectious

Easily aerosolized

Stable

Prolonged incubation period

– May make diagnosis difficult

Person-to-person unlikely


Brucellosis: The Response

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Long term antibiotics generally effective

Vaccinate calves, no human vaccine

Eliminate reservoir

Standard precaution to avoid exposure

Thorough disinfection


Classical Swine Fever

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Highly contagious viral disease of pigs

Ingestion, direct contact, aerosol, vertical, insects, fomites



CSF: The Disease

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Variable clinical signs

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Acute to asymptomatic

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Fever, weakness, anorexia, purplish discoloration of skin of ears, inner thighs

Can cause death

Strain of virus

Susceptibility of pigs

Signs mimic other swine diseases


CSF: Impact and Response

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Mortality up to 100%

Ban on import/exports

– Huge economic impact

No treatment

Control by quarantine, slaughter

Vaccine in endemic countries

Humans not susceptible to disease


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Contagious Bovine

Pleuropneumonia (CBPP)

Bacteria

Cattle (European breeds, zebu)

– Buffalo, bison, yak, water buffalo

Transmission

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Aerosol (close contact)

Direct contact

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Saliva, urine, fetal fluids

– Transplacental

Endemic in Africa

– Eradicated in Western Hemisphere, UK,

Australia


CBPP: The Disease

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Respiratory signs

– Cough, broad stance

Chronic infections

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Depressed, thin, polyarthritis (calves)

25% Subclinical carriers

Morbidity ~100%

Mortality 10-70%


CBPP: Impact and Response

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High economic and social impact

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Zambia, Tanzania, Botswana

Drought leads to migration to spread of disease

Treatment not always effective

Vaccine available in endemic areas

– Not always economically feasible

Humans not susceptible


Contagious Caprine

Pleuropneumonia (CCPP)

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Bacterial respiratory disease of goats

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Mycoplasma capricolum (F38)

Mycoplasma mycoides capri

Transmission

– Direct contact, inhalation

Africa, Middle East,

Eastern Europe,

Soviet Union, Far East

Not in North America


CCPP: The Disease

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Mycoplasma F38 strain

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Respiratory symptoms

• Coughing, labored respiration, nasal discharge,

Chronic cases: Carriers

M. mycoides capri

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Septicemia, reproductive, intestinal, and respiratory

Morbidity 100%; Mortality 60-100%


CCPP: Impact and Response

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Africa and Asia

– Goats essential to economics

• Meat, milk, hides

Treatment with antibiotics early

Newly infected countries

– Slaughter recommended

Vaccine available in some countries



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Equine Encephalitis Viruses:

The Agent

Eastern (EEE), Western (WEE),

Venezuelan (VEE)

– Viruses transmitted by mosquitoes

Clinical signs

– Humans and Equids (horses, donkeys, mules)

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No to mild signs to flu-like illness

Encephalitis in small proportions

Birds

– Asymptomatic carriers, act as sentinels



The Bioweapon

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Easy to produce

Aerosolization

High rate of infection

Person-to-person transmission possible


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The Response

Supportive care

Vaccine

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Equine

Human: High risk

• Virus unstable in environment


Exotic Newcastle Disease

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Virus affecting poultry

– Four disease types vND endemic in Asia,

Middle East, Africa,

Central/ South America

Outbreaks continue due to illegal importation of exotic birds and poultry


END: The Disease

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Drop in egg production, neurological damage,

GI signs, respiratory distress

Numerous deaths within 24-48 hours

Deaths continue for 7-10 days

Morbidity 100%, mortality 90%


END: Impact and Response

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Most costly poultry disease worldwide

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2002-2003: California outbreak

• $160 million impact

Developing countries

• Affects quality and quantity of dietary protein

Vaccine available

Human’s can acquire eye infections from contact with virus


Foot and Mouth Disease

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Highly contagious virus

Considered the most important livestock disease in the world

Not in U.S. since 1929

Vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals

Spread by aerosol & fomites


FMD: The Disease

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Viral infection

– Highly contagious

Cloven-hooved animals

– Not horses

Transmission

– Direct contact, aerosol, fomites


– Eradicated from U.S. in 1929


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FMD: The Disease


Cattle

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Indicator host

Fever, blisters, ulcerations, salivation, lameness

Sheep and goats

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Maintenance hosts

Mild clinical signs

Pigs: Amplifying host

– Lameness predominant sign


FMD: Impact

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Animals at risk in the

United States

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100 million cattle

60 million swine

7 million sheep

40 million wildlife

Not horses –

Humans rarely infected

Huge economic impact


FMD: Distribution

Free

Present

Recent Activity

(Rev. 3-25-01)


FMD: Impact and Response

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2001, U.K. Outbreak

– Total costs over $18 billion USD

6 million animals slaughtered

– FMD free in less than 1 year

Public perception

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Animal welfare

Smoke pollution


FMD: Impact and Response

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Most important livestock disease in the world

USDA upgrading safeguarding measures

Quarantine, depopulation, disinfection

Vaccination – complex decision

Extremely rare

– Mild symptoms in people


Glanders: The Agent

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Bacteria

– Burkholderia mallei

Transmission by ingestion, inhalation, direct contact

– Animal-to-human transmission is inefficient

Clinical signs

– Humans & horses: cutaneous & pulmonary lesions, rapidly fatal illness


Glanders: The Bioweapon

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History

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WWI Russian horses

WWII Chinese civilians, horses, POW’s

Easy to produce

Aerosolized, highly infectious

Mortality high in chronic form

– 50-70%

Person to person transmission: Rare


Glanders: The Response

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No vaccine

Antibiotic therapy likely effective

Destroyed by various chemicals


Heartwater

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Rickettsia-bacteria

– Ehrlichia (formerly Cowdria) ruminantium

Spread by ticks

• Amblyomma sp.

Cattle, sheep, goats, water buffalo

– Severe disease

Endemic in Africa and Caribbean islands

– Once of the most important diseases of livestock in Africa


Heartwater: The Disease

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Four forms of the disease

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Peracute (rare)

• Sudden death

Acute (most common)

• High fever, respiratory distress, nervous signs

Subacute (rare)

• Prolonged fever, pulmonary edema

Mild or subclinical

• Transient fever


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Heartwater: Impact and Response

Zimbabwe national losses

– $56 million

Potential outbreak in U.S.

– Estimated 40–100% mortality

Treat with tetracycline

Vaccine is available

Vector control


Hendra Virus: The Agent

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Emerging viral disease

– Australia

Transmission

– Fruit bats

– Urine, body fluids

Horses

– Sudden respiratory signs, nasal discharge, fever, encephalitis, sudden death

Humans

– Flu-like illness, respiratory failure, death


Hendra Virus: The Response

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Little is known about disease

Highest level of security to work with the agent

Potentially serious consequences

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High mortality rate

Lack of treatment


Japanese Encephalitis

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Viral infection

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Pigs, other domestic species

Humans

Spread by mosquitoes

– Culex sp.

Endemic in temperate and tropical Asia


JE: The Disease

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Horses

– Fever and neurologic signs

Swine

– Stillbirths

Humans

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Fever, headache

Fatal encephalitis possible


JE: Impact and Response

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High financial loss in pigs

No effective treatment

– Supportive care

Vector control measures

Vaccine

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Horses and swine

Humans


Lumpy Skin Disease

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Viral infection

Cattle

Arthropod vector

– Mosquitoes and biting flies

Endemic in sub-

Saharan Africa

Peak: Rainy season


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Lumpy Skin Disease:

The Disease

Incubation period:

2-5 weeks

Fever, abortions, decreased milk production

– Nodules typically appear 10 days later

Mortality rates vary

– 2-85%


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Lumpy Skin Disease:

Impact and Response

Severe economic losses

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Decreased production

Secondary infections

Attenuated vaccine

– South Africa

Sheep and goat pox vaccine

– Kenya, Egypt


Malignant Catarrhal Fever

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Viral infection

Wildebeest- Africa

Sheep/goats- N. America

Susceptible species:

Cattle, bison, other wild ruminants

– Dead-end hosts

Aerosol or mechanical transmission


MCF: The Disease

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Four clinical forms

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Acute

• Sudden death

Head and eye

• Fever, necrotic lesions

Intestinal

• Severe diarrhea

Mild


MCF: Impact and Response

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High economic losses in exotics

Mortality near 100% in clinically ill animals

No effective treatment

– Supportive therapy

No current vaccine

Human disease not documented


Melioidosis: The Agent

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Burkholderia

pseudomallei: Gramnegative

Transmission: Contact, ingestion, inhalation

Clinical signs: Humans, sheep, goats, and pigs

– Asymptomatic to pneumonia, lung and wound abscesses


Melioidosis: The Bioweapon

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Easy to produce

Available

Aerosolization

High mortality: 90%

Person-to-person (rare)

Animal-to-person (rare)


Melioidosis: The Response

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Long-term, multiple antibiotics effective

Vaccines available: not in U.S.

Easily destroyed by disinfectants


Nipah Virus: The Agent

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Emerging viral disease in Southeast Asia

– Fruit bat reservoir

Malaysia, Singapore

Bangladesh

Clinical signs

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Humans: Encephalitis

Pigs: Respiratory, neurological

Dogs and cats: “Distemper”


Nipah Virus: The Bioweapon

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Aerosolization potential

Wide host range

Rare person-to-person has occurred

High morbidity and mortality


Nipah Virus: The Response

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Avoid contact with all infected animals and fluids

Vaccine being researched

Call authorities immediately


Peste des Petits Ruminants

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Viral infection

Goats and sheep

Close contact

– Aerosol, fomites?

Morbidity and mortality up to 100%

Africa, the Middle East, India


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Peste des Petits Ruminants:

The Disease


Sudden onset

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Fever, erosive stomatitis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia

More severe in young

Abortions

Diarrhea, dehydration and death

Prognosis correlated with extent of mouth lesions


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Peste des Petits Ruminants :

Impact and Response

Economic losses

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Loss of production, death, abortion

Limit trade, export

Constraints on availability of protein for human consumption

No specific treatment

Rinderpest vaccine

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Protects for 12 months

Hinders rinderpest campaign in Africa


Q Fever: The Agent

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Bacteria: Coxiella burnetii

Transmission

– Aerosol, direct contact, ingestion, ticks

Sheep, cattle and goats

– Can be asymptomatic, abortions possible

Humans

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Acute: Flu-like + pneumonia & hepatitis

Chronic: Endocarditis, osteomyelitis


Q Fever: The Bioweapon

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History

Easily accessible

Environmentally resistant

Highly infectious

Aerosolization

– Travel ½ mile by wind

Low mortality- chronic morbidity


Q Fever: The Response

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Often self-limiting disease

Antibiotic therapy may limit complications

Vaccine developed

– Not available in U.S.

Variable susceptibility to disinfectants


Q Fever: Prevention

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Avoid contact with the placenta, birth tissues, fetal membranes and aborted fetuses of sheep, cattle and goats

Eat and drink only pasteurized milk and milk products


Rift Valley Fever: The Agent

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Viral disease found in most of Africa

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Transmitted by mosquitoes

Aerosol or contact with infected body fluids or aborted fetuses

Clinical signs

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Animals: Abortions, death in neonates

Humans: Flu-like, fever, headache

• Severe disease: eye and systemic infection


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Rift Valley Fever:

The Bioweapon

WHO estimate: 1970

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50 kg of virus aerosolized

35,000 incapacitated

400 deaths (1% mortality)

Stable at most temperatures

Inactivated by various chemicals


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Rift Valley Fever:

The Response

Vaccinate ruminants in endemic areas

Control mosquitoes

Avoid contact with infected tissues & blood

– Wear protective clothing

No person-to-person transmission


Rinderpest

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Highly contagious virus

Cattle, domestic buffalo

– Other ungulates carriers

Transmission

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Direct or close contact

Fomites (equipment) contaminated food

East Africa, possibly Asia


Rinderpest: The Disease

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Incubation period

– 3-15 days

Four forms

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Classical: Fever, diarrhea, nasal/ocular discharge, oral erosions

Peracute: Young animals, rapidly fatal

Subacute: Mild signs, low mortality

Atypical: Irregular fever, mild diarrhea


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Rinderpest:

Impact and Response

Africa: 1982-84

– Outbreak cost $500 million

$100 million spent annually on vaccination world-wide

Diagnosis usually means slaughter

Vaccine offers life-long immunity

Humans not susceptible to disease


Screwworm Myiasis

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Exotic fly larvae

All warm-blooded animals

Humans and animals infected when female fly deposits eggs into wound

Morbidity variable, can reach 100%

Tropical regions


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Screwworm Myiasis:

The Disease

Larvae

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Emerge in 8-12 hours

Visible within 3 days

Wounds

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Bloody discharge

Foul odor

Secondary infection

Depression, off feed, rubbing

Signs similar in humans


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Screwworm Myiasis:

Impact and Response

Estimated losses if reintroduced

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$540 million annually

$1.27 billion for eradication

Treatment

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Removal of larvae

Topical larvicide 2-3 days

Sterile fly technique

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U.S. free in 1966

Mexico free in 1991


Sheep and Goat Pox

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Viral infection

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Capripoxvirus

Contagious

Most important pox disease of domestic animals

Direct contact

– Inhalation, insects?

Parts of Africa, Asia, India, and the

Middle East


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Sheep and Goat Pox:

The Disease

Incubation period

– 4-13 days

Clinical signs

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Fever, conjunctivitis, difficulty breathing

Skin lesions may take up to 6 weeks to heal

Mortality

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50% in susceptible flock

100% in young

No chronic carriers


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Sheep and Goat Pox:

Impact and Response

Infection can limit trade of live animals and product

Treat secondary infections

Vaccination

– Endemic areas with attenuated virus

Slaughter should be considered



Swine Vesicular Disease

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Viral infection

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Resistant to heat, pH, curing

Moderately contagious

Swine and humans

Ingestion or close contact

Previously Europe and Hong Kong

– Only in Italy as of 2002


SVD: The Disease

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Incubation period:

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Ingestion: 2-5 days

Direct contact: 2-7 days

Resembles FMD

Fever, salivation, lameness

Blisters

– Snout, mammary gland, coronary band

Mortality low


SVD: Impact and Response

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Control measures costly

Export restrictions

Supportive care

Vaccine not commercially available

Human infection not common

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Incubation period: 1-5 weeks

Mild influenza-like symptoms

Vesicular lesions not seen


Tularemia: The Agent

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Sheep, young pigs, horses, dogs, cats

• Sudden fever, lethargy, stiffness, prostration, and death

Wildlife

• Usually find dead

• Rabbits behave strangely

Cattle, older pigs resistant


Tularemia: The Agent

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Francisella tularensis

Transmission

– Ingestion, inhalation, vectors, direct contact through skin

Six clinical forms in humans

Glandular Ulceroglandular


Tularemia: The Bioweapon

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Stable

Aerosolized

Low infective dose via inhalation

Case fatality: 30-60% (untreated)

WHO estimation: 1970

– 50 kg agent: City population 5 million

• 250,000 ill

• 19,000 deaths


Tularemia: The Response

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Person-to-person transmission not documented

Antibiotics effective, if given early or before exposure

Vaccine

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For high risk individuals

Unknown efficacy against inhalational tularemia


Vesicular Stomatitis

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Viral infection

Horses, donkeys, cattle, swine, South American camelids

Arthropod-borne, direct contact, aerosol

Morbidity 90%, mortality low

Southwest United States


VSV: The Disease

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Animals

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–

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Incubation period 3-5 days

Oral/mammary/coronary band lesions, salivation, lameness

• Resembles FMD

Recovery in 2 weeks

Humans

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–

–

Incubation period 1-6 days

Influenza-like symptoms

Oral lesions rare

Self limiting


VSV: Impact and Response

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Outbreaks every 10 years in the U.S

1982 and 1995: $53-$202 per head lost on cattle

1998: Equine outbreak

Supportive treatment

Vaccines available during an outbreak


Acknowledgments

Development of this presentation was funded by a grant from the

Iowa Homeland Security and Emergency Management Division and the

Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship to the

Center for Food Security and Public Health at Iowa State University, College of

Veterinary Medicine.


Animal Disease Emergencies Diseases of Concern

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