General Disease
Prevention Practices
Overview
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Daily practices
Prevention steps based on how
disease spreads
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Aerosol, direct contact, fomite,
oral, vector
Biosecurity during, after an event
Summary
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Daily Practices
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Post signs limiting animal access to
unauthorized visitors
Restrict access to farm
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Appointments
Known personnel
Visitor log
Limit contact with animals
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Neighbor’s livestock
Wildlife, birds
Roaming cats, dogs
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Daily Practices
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Limit animal purchases
Quarantine newly introduced animals
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Isolate ill animals immediately
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New purchases, returning animals
No shared ventilation, direct contact
with other animals
Time determined with veterinarian
Test for key diseases before placing
with rest of herd/flock
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Daily Practices
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Keep health records on every animal
Train farm personnel
to report sick animals
Inspect animals daily
– Clean equipment,
boots, clothing
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Investigate unusual signs,
unresponsive cases
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Neurologic, downers, sudden death
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Prevention Based on
Disease Spread
Disease Transmission
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Animals may not exhibit
obvious clinical signs
of disease
Essential
–
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Disease prevention
Awareness of how
disease is transmitted
Develop strategy to
minimize disease risk
for livestock operation
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Routes of Transmission
•
Spread of disease agents
Animal
animal
– Animal
human
“zoonotic”
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•
Different modes
of transmission
Aerosol
– Direct contact
– Fomite
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Oral
– Vector-borne
– Zoonotic
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Aerosol
•
Basic prevention steps involve:
Increasing distance
between sick and
well animals
– Maximizing
ventilation
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Provide fresh air to
all animals
• Decrease humidity
and odor build up
•
HLSEM, IDALS, CFSPH
Ag Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008
Prevention: Aerosol
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Distance is
important
Do not share
air space
between sick
and healthy
animals
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Direct Contact, Fomite
•
Basic prevention
steps involve:
Restricting access to
farm, animals
– Isolating sick animals
– Keeping environment
clean, dry
– Keeping equipment clean
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HLSEM, IDALS, CFSPH
Ag Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008
Prevent: Direct Contact,
Fomites
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Minimize vehicle traffic on farm
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Do not share equipment with
other farms
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Load/unload, rendering at perimeter
Have separate vehicles for “on-farm”
and “off-farm” use
Tractors,
livestock trailers
Do not allow feed, fuel truck drivers
to cross animal paths
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Ag Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008
Prevent: Direct Contact,
Fomites
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Require prior authorization
before entering premises
Sign in and disclose
recent animal contact
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No animal contact for
people traveling to
foreign countries
previous 7-10 days
Require clean clothes, clean footwear
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Provide if necessary
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Oral, Fomite
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Basic prevention steps involve:
Isolating sick animals
– Keeping feed and water clean
– Managing manure
– Keeping equipment clean
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Feeding, treatment, vehicles
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Prevent: Oral, Fomites
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Elevate feed, prevent stepping
into feed bunks with
contaminated boots
Examine feed for
contaminants, quality
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Manure, mold, carcasses
Monitor feed tags, deliveries
Test, control access to water sources
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Fencing to prevent animal entry
and contamination
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Vector Control
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Basic prevention steps include:
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Source reduction
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Control adults
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Prevent egg laying
Insecticides
Minimize animal
interaction
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Screens on buildings
Animal treatment
Mowing long grasses
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Prevent: Vectors
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Flies lay eggs in organic matter
Manure, feed, wet bedding
– Disturb weekly to
prevent development
– Clean up spilled feed
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•
Control
Parasitic wasps, predatory mites,
beetles feed on developing flies
– Chemical applications
– Baits, fly traps with other methods
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Prevent: Vectors
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Biting midges “no-see-ums”
Lay eggs in decaying vegetation,
wet soil, mud
– Larvae need moisture,
organic matter
– Adults fly 1-2 miles
from source
– Manage settling ponds,
stagnant water
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Prevent: Vectors
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Eliminate mosquito larval habitats
Non-chemical method
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BTI granules or dunks
Agitate, circulate standing
water in lagoons, water tanks
Drill holes in or
use half tires
for silage piles
Insecticide sprays least effective
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Prevent: Vectors
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Ticks
Mow pastures
– Animal treatment
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Midges
No effective
animal treatment
– Increase distance
from source
– Confine animals
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Disease Prevention During
Animal Health Event
Prevention: State Level
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Movement restrictions
Animals
Live animals and their products
– Not allowed to go to market, processing
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People
Essential personnel only
– No deliveries
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Prevention: On the Farm
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Restrict access to farm
Clean vehicles only
Record ALL
traffic, visitors
Monitor animals
frequently
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Contact your
herd veterinarian
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Prevention: On the Farm
•
Wear clean gloves, coveralls, boots
at all times
Disinfect, properly dispose
– Wash hands
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Personal protective equipment
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Eyewear, mask or respirator
Vaccination, treatments
Subject to availability
– Specific to disease
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Ag Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008
Prevention: On the Farm
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Cleaning
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Remove all organic
matter
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Manure, dirt, feed, etc.
Disinfection
Use proper
concentration
– Allow proper
contact time
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Vehicles, equipment,
footwear, housing
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Summary
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Daily biosecurity minimizes disease
exposure
Prevention steps based on how
disease spreads
Heightened biosecurity protocols
during, after an event
Follow guidance of State Officials
You play a critical role!
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Acknowledgments
Development of this presentation
was funded by a grant from the
Iowa Homeland Security
and Emergency Management and
the Iowa Department of Agriculture and
Land Stewardship to the
Center for Food Security and Public Health
at Iowa State University.
Contributing Authors: Glenda Dvorak, DVM, MPH, DACVPM; Danelle BickettWeddle, DVM, MPH, DACVPM; Gayle Brown, DVM, PhD
HLSEM, IDALS, CFSPH
Ag Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008