Biology Reading Notes Outline
Chapter 13: RNA and Protein Synthesis
Name:______________________________
Period: _________ Date: ____________
Read Chapter 13. As you do so, take notes on the following topics on a separate piece of notebook
paper. You will have to study these for tests, so do not just “answer” the topic questions belowwrite out the info in an outline format that contains the detail needed to understand what the topic
is and what it means. Leave space between each topic so you can add to the notes during in-class
lectures. USE COMPLETE SENTENCES
Ch. 13.1- RNA
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What is the relationship between genes and DNA?
Describe the molecular structure of RNA.
List the important differences between RNA and DNA.
What are the functions of RNA?
Discuss the roles of the following:
a. mRNA
b. rRNA
c. tRNA
What is transcription?
Describe, IN DETAIL, the process of transcription:
a. What is the relationship of the RNA strand to DNA?
b. Where does it take place?
c. What is RNA polymerase and what is its role?
What are promoters and what role do they serve in transcription?
Describe the roles of introns and extrons.
a. Explain what ‘big picture’ purpose they might serve
Ch. 13.2- Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
1. What are proteins?
a. Describe the importance of amino acids and why their arrangement is important
2. What is the genetic code and how is it read?
3. What are codons? Be detailed.
4. Reading codons: you’ll need to know how to read codons using two methods:
a. Using Fig. 13-6 on page 367
b. Using a chart similar to that on page 389 for Test Prep questions 3 & 4
5. What role do stop and start codons serve?
6. Use the figure on Page 367:
a. Name the start codon. What “letters” code for it?
b. Name the possible stop codons.
7. Explain how the sequence of nucleotide bases in mRNA is essential to protein synthesis.
8. Describe, IN DETAIL, the process of translation:
a. How is the ribosome involved?
b. When does it begin?
c. What is the end result?
d. What does tRNA do?
i. What are anticodons?
9. What is the role of rRNA?
10. What is gene expression?
Ch. 13.3- Mutations
1. What are mutations?
2. What is a point mutation?
3. Define and discuss in detail the following point mutations:
a. Substitution
b. Insertions and Deletions
i. What is another name for insertions and deletions?
4. What are chromosomal mutations?
5. What are mutagens?
a. List examples of chemical mutagens
b. List examples of physical mutagens
6. Discuss the effects of mutations on genes.
7. List and describe specific examples that are considered harmful effects of mutations.
8. List and describe specific examples that are considered beneficial effects of mutations.
Ch.13.4- Gene Regulation and Expression
1. How are genes regulated in prokaryotic cells?
2. What are operons?
3. What is the Lac Operon? Describe how it is used in E. coli. to turn transcription off/on.
a. What are promoters and operators?
4. How are genes regulated in Eukaryotic cells?
5. What controls the development of cells and tissues in multicellular organisms? Discuss:
a. Homeotic genes
b. Homeobox and Hox genes
c. Environmental influences
6. How can the environment influence gene regulation?
a. List specific environmental factors
b. Discuss metamorphosis