DEVELOPEMENT OF THE GEOTHERMAL
ENERGY IN TURKEY, STATE OF ART AND
PERSPECTIVES
12-15 February 2006 Engine Conferance
BRGM Orleans-France
Tevfik Kaya
(Petroleum Eng. Msc)
Orme Jeotermal A.S.
www.ormejeotermal.com.tr
Turkey is the seventh richest
country in the World in
geothermal potential for its
direct use and for electricity
generation. Most of the country
is located on the AlpineHymalayan orogenic belt which
constitutes the major factor in
having high geothermal
potential.
orme
Geothermal Activity
In Turkey, more than 170 geothermal fields which can be
useful at the economic scale and about 1500 hot and
mineral water resources. Temperatures ranged from 20242oC, have been determined
Main neotectonic lines and hot spring distribution of Turkey
With the existing springs
and geothermal wells the
proven
geothermal
capacity calculated is 3293
MWt
The distributions of proven
geothermal potential is
estimated as 31,500 MWt.
Capacities in Geothermal Utilization in Turkey
District Heating +Greenhouse
Heating
:827 MWt
Balneological Utilization
:402 MWt
Total Direct Use
:1229 MWt
Power Production
:20.4 MWe
Carbon dioxide production :145.000 ton/year
Geothermal Heating
History of geothermal district heating
systems in Turkey is started
the year 1987, in Gönen City, with 1400
residence equivalence.
Today, 103.000 residences equivalance*
are heated Geothermally in more
than 15 different cities.
800.000 tons/year CO2 emission
amount is not discharged to the
atmosphere.
Some Example Geothermal
Heating in 2005-2006
Edremit GDHS Project:
•7500 residence capacity
•1700 residence complated
•3,5 km geothermal water transproted
•58-60°C, 7 geothermal wells (250-400m)
•17500 tons fuel oil and 53.500 CO2 will
be saved/year
Some Example Geothermal
Heating in 2005-2006
İzmir Balçova GDHS Project:
• 2.500 residence capacity in 1995
•2 geothermal deep well, max T= 125°C
•21.000 residence capacity in 2006
•10 geothermal deep well, max T= 140 °C
•52500 tons fuel oil
saving/year
and 150.000 CO2
is
Balneological Usage
Because Turkey is located on top of a major
geothermal belt and has numerous springs, its
thermal spring potential is among the top seven
countries in the world. There are over a 1000
springs with temperatures ranging from 20ºC to
110ºC and with a flow ranging from 2 to 500
liters/sec. More than 200 of these springs are
feeding thermal facilities.
Turkey is one of the rare countries, where
combining sea/sun/cultural tourism with thermal
tourism and balneological applications is
possible. Çeşme etc.
The number annually local thermal
curists is around 7 million and the number of the
foreign thermal curists is around 10,000-15.000 in
Turkey.
Balcova Hot Springs Hotel and Treatment
Thermal Centre in İzmir.
Balçova thermal facilities is over 3000 years old,
It was used Commander Agamemnon took
1,000 Ships to Troy. Agamemnon was in Troy to
stamp Mycenaean 'greek' Male Authority on
Anatolian Queens like Beautiful Helen and Wife
Clytemnestra.
In
10
years
of
figting
Agamemnon sent his wounded soldiers to
Balçova Spa for Cures, Rest and Relaxation.
Geothermal Greenhouse Heating Application
Low-temperature water is used in
many localities for greenhouses
producing vegetables (tomatoes,
cucumbers, peppers, lettuce,
etc.) and flowers for the domestic
market.
More than 700,000 m2 are under
glass at present in Turkey.
Geothermal Power Production in Turkey
Geothermal electricity production is advantageous because of the relatively low
installation and operational cost as well as being more environmentally benign, in
comparison to the conventional thermic and hydraulic power plants. At present,
ten of the geothermal fields of Turkey are of high enthalpy and are appropriate
for the geothermal electric energy generation by binary cycle or by flashing cycle.
These fields are
•
Denizli-Kızıldere Field (242 °C)
•
Aydın - Germencik -Omerbeyli Field (232 ° C)
•
Manisa –Salihli-Göbekli Field (182 ° C)
•
Çanakkale- Tuzla Field (174 ° C)
•
Aydın-Salavatlı Field (171 °C)
•
Kütahya-Simav Field (162 °C)
•
Manisa- Salihli-Caferbey Field (150 °C)
•
Izmir- Seferihisar Field (153 °C)
•
Izmir-Balçova Field (142°C)
•
Aydın-Yılmazköy Field (142 °C)
Geothermal Power Production in Turkey
Kızıldere Power Plant
Temperature
:200°C (600-800 m)
242°C (1500-2000m)
Flow Rate
: 1000 m3/h
Installed Capacity
: 20.5 MWe
Running Capacity
:12-15 MWe
Production
: 7580 milyon kWh/year
CO2 production from geothermal in Turkey
• In Kızıldere Geothermal Field
and connected Power Plant
• Operating since 1980
• Plant uses 270 l/s of 242°C
water with high gas content
• Annual production 145.000 tones
CO2 and 13.000 tones dry ice
used for soft drink production
and industry.
Some Historical use of geothermal events:
•1963: First Geothermal Well was drilled in
Balçova,İzmir
•1964 First Geothermal Heating System in
Hotel Balıkesir(Gönen).
•1968: Kızıldere Geothermal Field was
explored and drilling was started
•1974 First power production 0,5 MWe was
realized by Orhan Mertoglu
•1983: First Downhole Heat Excahanger
Application for heating in Balçova İzmir.
•1984: First power plant is opened (20.4
• MWe) Kızıldere,
•1987: First Geothermal District Heating
System started operation Gönen Balıkesir
Comparison of Geothermal Utilization between
2000 and 2005 in Turkey;
Applications (Install capacities)
2000
2005
Space Heating (Residences + Thermal
facilities)
392 MWt
605 MWt
54 ↑*
Greenhouse Heating
101 MWt
202 MWt
100 ↑
Bathing and Swimming
327 MWt
402MWt
23 ↑
Total Direct Use
820 MWt
1229 MWt
50 ↑
Mineral recovery
120.000 t/year
145.000 t/year
21 ↑
Installed capacity
20,4 MWe
20,4 MWe
-
Generation
90 GWh
108 GWh
20 ↑
2600 MWt
3293 MWt
27 ↑
Electricity
Production
Existing proven capacity of Wells and
Natural springs
Change in %
Finance System of Geothermal District Heating in Turkey
The portion of the consumers financial
contribution (non return as grant) in each
geothermal district heating investment is
50-60% in Turkey.
This finance model is called as
“Turkish Finance Model”.
The meaning of this model is; 1500-2500
US$/100m2 residence contribution and
connection fee (non return as grant) is
paid by the consumers (customers) to
the company formed by local
government and municipality in order to
get connected to the geothermal district
heating network. (Privite Co. also)
Contributions of the Loan consumers and the own capital
The distribution of Geothermal
District Heating Investment Incomes
Investment
In
ve 20%
st
m 15%
en 10%
t
5%
(As a general informative example)
Own capital (in cash)
0%
First
(25%)
Second
(25%)
Third
(25%)
Fourth
(25%)
Consumers (contribution and
connection fee, non return as
grant)
Loan
Years
It can be seen explicitly from the figure that the amount of investment
financed by consumers increases while the amount financed by loan
decreases during the years of investment period.
Investment Amount Finance Model
(Income percentages of the total investment)
%10-20
Own Capital
% 30-40 Loan
+
% 50-60 Financed
by Consumers
(like grant)
=
While 100% of the investment is completed, the total amount of
investment financed by consumers is 50-60%, by loan is 30-40% and by
own capital is 10-20%.
Comparison
of
heat
selling
prices
Geothermal, Natural gas, Fuel-oil in Turkey
4
3,5
3
2,5
2
1,5
1
0,5
0
between
3-4
cent/kWh
(heat)
0,5 - 1,0
cent/kWh
(heat)
Geothermal
Natural Gas or Fuel-oil
The geothermal heating fees which are determined in October-November remain
the same for the whole year in Turkish Lira basis.
One residences (100m2) pays 40-50 YTL/month heating+hot water
1 Euro=1,6 YTL
Conclusions...
•
•
•
Direct-indirect electrical energy and heat energy saving is
provided due to the geothermal heating in Turkey.Electricity
demand for heating is decreased by geothermal heating, especially
in the Western Anatolia where big energy consumption and less
power plant exist.
With Turkey's total geothermal potential, it is possible to meet
5 % of the electricity needs and 30 % of the heat energy
demand of Turkey.
By heating 1 million residences by geothermal energy, 8 million
tons/year CO2 emission amount will not be discharged to the
atmosphere.
Thank you..
Thank you for your attention...
photo tevfik kaya
Geothermal Power Production in Turkey
Temperature
: 170°C
Flow Rate
: 600 m3/h
Capacity
: 7,9 MWe?
Production
: 56 Million kwh/h ?
TOE
: 30.000 Ton/yıl
Construction Period
: 33 months
Under test production in January 2006
Current Geothermal Situation and Projections in Turkey
8200 MWt
1 Million R.E.
3800 MWt
500 Thousand
R.E.
1000 MWe
500 MWe
750 MWt
103 Thousand
R.E.
20 MWe
2006
2010
2025
Geothermal Electricity Generation (MWe)
R.E.= Residences Equivalance
2006
2010
2025
Geothermal Heating (MWt)
Total Geothermal Heat Potential Of Turkey
31500 MWt* EQUALS TO
= 5 Million residences heating or
150 Million m2 greenhouse heating
= More than 1 Million spas bed capacity
= 9,3 Billion USD/year Fuel-Oil
(30 Million tons/year)
= 30 Billion m3/year natural gas
*State Planning Organisation, 8th 5 Year Development Plan, Geothermal Energy Report,
2001