CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE
• The Roman Empire began to fall apart soon after
Charlemagne’s death in 814.
• By 844, the empire had been divided into three kingdoms
by Charlemagne’s grandsons.
• Invasions also added to the disintegration. Romans could
not defend their borders.
• The beginning of the DARK AGES:
• --Little formal education for the masses.
• The fall of Rome leads to FEUDALISM.
INVASION
• Muslims invaded southern France, and the Magyars from
western Asia settled on the plains of Hungary and
invaded western Europe.
• The Vikings, a Scandinavian peoples, invaded Europe,
sacking towns, destroying churches, raping and stealing
women, and defeating armies.
THE VIKINGS
• The Vikings were superb warriors, sailors, and
shipbuilders.
• Their famous dragon ships were long and narrow with
carved, arched prows that carried about 50 men.
• These dragon ships allowed sailing up shallow rivers to
attack inland.
VIKING SETTLEMENTS
• By the mid-9th century Franks eventually settled and
Christianized the Vikings.
• In 911, a Frankish ruler gave a band of Vikings the land
that became known as Normandy.
FEUDALISM
• Invaders posed a threat to the safety of the people,
especially in the absence of a strong central government.
• People began to turn to local landed aristocrats or nobles
to protect them.
• This change led to the new political, social system called
feudalism.
VASSELAGE
• Feudalism arose between 800 and 900 and thrived for
400 years.
• At the heart of this system was the idea of vassalage.
• It came from Germanic society, where warriors swore an
oath to their leader.
• By the 8th century, a man who served a lord militarily
was known as a vassal.
KNIGHTS
• For the next 500 years, heavily armored cavalry called
knights dominated warfare.
• They had great prestige and formed the backbone of the
European aristocracy.
SOCIAL HIERARCHY
• In the Early Middle-Ages (500-1000), wealth was based
on owning land.
• There was little trade.
• When nobles wanted men to fight for them, they
granted the vassal a piece of land that supported the
vassal and his family.
LOYALTY & LAND
• The relationship between lord and vassal was made
official by a public act of homage of vassal to the lord.
• Loyalty to one’s lord was feudalism’s chief virtue.
FIEF
• By the 9th century the land the lord granted to a vassal
was known as a fief.
• Vassals had political authority in their fiefs.
• The number of separate powerful lords and vassals
increased; many different people were now responsible
for keeping order.
FEUDAL CONTRACT
• Feudalism became complicated.
• Kings had vassals who themselves had vassals.
• Feudalism came to be characterized by a set of
unwritten rules known as the feudal contract.
• These rules determined the relationship between lord and
vassal.
• The major obligation of a vassal was military service,
about 40 days a year.
CASTLES
• The growing number of castles made visible the growth
of the nobility in the High Middle Ages (1000-1300).
• Castles were the permanent residences and fortresses.
• Castles had two parts;
– The Motte- a natural or artificially created hill
– The Bailey- an open space.
THE KEEP
• The castle’s central building, the keep, was built on the
motte.
• All were encircled by large, stone walls.
• The keep included a great hall where the lord held court
and received visitors, and people ate and even slept.
• As lords got wealthier, the castles became more complex
and ornate.
WILLIAM OF NORMANDY
• Since King Alfred the Great had united various AngloSaxon kingdoms in the late 9th century, Anglo-Saxon
kings had ruled England.
• In 1066, an army commanded by William of Normandy
defeated King Harold of England at the Battle of
Hastings.
• William was crowned King of England.
DOMESDAY BOOK
• The French speaking Normans and the Anglo-Saxon
nobility gradually merged into a new English culture.
• William took the first census in western Europe since
Roman times, known as the Domesday Book.
• He also developed the system of taxation and royal
courts earlier Anglo-Saxon kings had begun.
HENRY II
• Henry II, ruled from 1154-1189 and enlarged the power
of the English monarchy.
• He expanded the royal courts’ powers to cover more
criminal and property cases.
• Because royal courts were all over the land, a body of
common law, law common to the whole kingdom, began to
replace local codes.
THOMAS BECKET
• Henry claimed he had the right to punish the clergy in
royal courts.
• Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, disagreed.
• The angry king expressed his desire to be rid of Becket.
• 4 knights took the challenge and killed the archbishop in
the cathedral.
• An outraged public caused Henry to back off his struggle
with the Church.
MAGNA CARTA
• Resenting the monarchy’s expanding power, many nobles
rebelled against King John.
• In 1215 at Runnymede, John was forced to agree to a
document of rights called the Magna Carta, or Great
Charter.
• The Magna Carta limited the power of the King and
granted citizens more rights.
EDWARD I
• In the 13th century, during the reign of Edward I, the
English Parliament emerged.
• Parliament was an important step in developing a
representative government.
• Under Edward I, it granted taxes and passed laws.
EMPEROR JUSTINIAN
• Justinian became emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire
in 527.
• He wanted to restore the full Roman Empire.
• By 527 he almost had, but only 3 years later he died
and the Lombards conquered Italy.
• Shortly after other areas were lost.
THE BODY OF CIVIL LAW
• Justinian’s most important contribution was his
codification of Roman law in the Body of Civil Law.
• It was the basis of imperial law until the Eastern Roman
Empire ended in 1453.
• It also became the basis for the legal system in most of
Europe.
CONSTANTINOPLE
• Justinian’s conquests left the Eastern Roman Empire in
serious trouble:
– Too far from Constantinople to protect the capital of
the Eastern Roman Empire,
– An empty treasury
– A population decline due to plague
– Threats along its frontier
ISLAM
• The most serious challenge to the Eastern Roman Empire
invasion by Islam which had created a powerful united
Arab force.
• First, the empire lost Syria and Palestine in 636.
• In the north the Bulgars defeated the empire’s forces
and created a kingdom in the lower Danube Valley.
BYZANTINE EMPIRE
• By the beginning of the 8th century, the much reduced
Eastern Roman Empire consisted only of the eastern
Balkans and Asia Minor.
• Historians call this the Byzantine Empire.
• It was its own distinctive civilization and lasted until
1453.
BYZANTINE CULTURE
• The Byzantine Empire was both Christian and Greek.
• Greek became the empire’s official language, but the
empire was built on the Eastern Orthodox Church.
PATRIARCH
• The emperor’s power was absolute because he was seen
as chosen by God and crowned in sacred ceremonies.
• He exercised political control over the Church because
he appointed the leader, called the Patriarch.
• Byzantines believed that God had commanded their state
to preserve the true Christian faith.
POPE LEO IX
SCHISMPATRIARCH M.CERRLARIUS
• The Eastern Orthodox would not accept the pope as the
head of the Christian faith.
• In 1084 Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael Cerularius
excommunicated each other.
• This created a schism or separation between these 2
branches of Christianity.
• The schism has not completely healed even today.
SELJUK TURKS
• The empire’s greatest threat was by the Seljuk Turks
who moved into Asia Minor.
• Asia Minor was the empire’s chief source of food and
workers.
• In 1071 a Turkish army defeated Byzantine forces at
Manzikert.
• Emperor Alexius I turned to Europe for help.
THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR
• The most violent struggle during the Middle Ages began
when King Philip VI of France seized Gascony in 1337.
• He attempted to make the Dutch part of France.
• King Edward III then declared war on Philip which lasted
until 1453.
JOAN OF ARC
• Joan of Arc was a French peasant woman who
unexpectedly saved the timid king Charles of France.
• She was a very religious Catholic girl who believed that
the saints communicated to her that it was her duty to
save France.
PURPOSE OF THE CRUSADES
• From the 11th to 13th centuries European Christians went
on a series of military campaigns to regain the Holy Land
from the Muslims, regarded as infidels (nonbelievers).
COUNCIL OF CLERMONT
• Pope Urban II agreed to help Alexius I.
• Among other reasons the Pope wanted to provide papal
leadership for a great cause.
• At the Council of Clermont in 1084, Pope Urban II urged
Christians to take up arms in a holy war.
CALL FOR WARRIORS
• Warriors from western Europe, especially France, joined
up.
• Some were moved by the cause; others were moved by
adventure, the prospect of fighting, and an opportunity
to gain territory, riches or even a title.
THE FIRST CRUSADE
• The 1st Crusade had an army of several thousand cavalry
and 10,000 infantry.
• The crusaders went down the Palestinian coast and
reached Jerusalem in 1099.
• They took the city and massacred thousands of its
inhabitants.
CRUSADER STATES
• The victors formed 4 Latin crusader states which were
surrounded by Muslims.
• These kingdoms depended on supplies from Europe coming
through Italian cities.
• Genoa, Pisa, and especially Venice grew rich and
powerful.
THE SECOND CRUSADE
• By the 1140s, the Muslims began to strike back.
• When one of the Latin states fell, the monastic leader
St. Bernard of Clairvaux attained the help of King Louis
VII of France and Emperor Conrad III of German in a
2nd Crusade.
• It failed entirely.
THIRD CRUSADE
• In 1187, Jerusalem fell to the Muslims under Saladin.
• 3 Christian rulers agreed to lead a 3rd crusade.
• Emperor Frederic Babarossa of Germany, Richard, the
Lionheart of England, and Philip II Augustus of France.
Richard the
Lionheart
negotiating
rd with
The
3
Crusade
Saladin
SALADIN
•
was not successful.
• Frederick drowned in a local river, Philip II went home
to France, and Richard negotiated an agreement with
Saladin allowing Christian pilgrims access to Jerusalem.
Frederick drowning with his
horse in the river
Philip II leaving
for France
THE FOURTH CRUSADE
• About 6 years after Saladin’s death in 1193, Pope
Innocent III started a 4th Crusade.
• The Venetian leaders of the 4th crusade used this
situation to weaken their largest commercial competitor,
the Byzantine Empire.
• The crusaders sacked Constantinople in 1214.
FIRST CHILDREN’S CRUSADES
• There were 2 children’s crusades.
• In 1212, a German youth named Nicholas of Cologne
brought thousands of children to the pope saying that
God had inspired him to lead the children to the Holy
Land.
• The pope sent them home.
SECOND CHILDREN’S CRUSADE
• Another group of about 20,000 French children sailed
for the Holy Land.
• 2 of the ships went down at sea, and the remainder of
the children were sold into slavery on reaching North
Africa.
EFFECTS OF CRUSADE
• The Crusades benefited some Italian cities economically,
especially the big banking houses in Florence, Milan and
Venice.
• One unhappy effect was the 1st widespread European
attacks on the Jews that began during the Crusades.
• The biggest impact of the Crusades was political because
they helped break down feudalism, which led to strong
nation-states.