Evolution
• Darwin Studied finches in the Galapagos
Islands
– He noticed how different each bird beak was due
to adaptive radiation
• Evidence of evolution
– The best evidence is matching AA sequences or
DNA
– We can also look at anatomy. What was the
difference between homologous and analogous
structures?
What is Classification?
• Classification/taxonomy is the
arrangement of organisms into
orderly groups based on their
similarities
• Taxonomists are scientists that
identify & name organisms
3
Benefits of Classifying
• Accurately & uniformly names
organisms
• Prevents misnomers such as
starfish & jellyfish that aren't
really fish
• Uses same language (Latin or
some Greek) for all names
Sea”horse”??
4
Standardized Naming
Turdus migratorius
•Binomial
nomenclature
•Genus species
•Latin or Greek
American Robin 5
Binomial Nomenclature
What is different in the scientific name of the polar bear and
the grizzly bear?
6
Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups
BROADEST TAXON
• Domain
• Kingdom
•
Phylum
•
Class
•
Order
•
Family
•
Genus
•
Species
Know in order, how
the taxa are arranged
from broadest to most
specific
7
Domains
• Broadest, most inclusive taxon
• Three domains:
• Archaea and Eubacteria
• unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or
membrane-bound organelles)
• Eukarya
• more complex and have a nucleus and
membrane-bound organelles
8
Kingdoms
•
•
•
•
•
•
Eubacteria
Archaea
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Know which are prokaryotes and
which are eukaryotes
Know the difference between and
prokaryote and eukaryote
Kingdom
Eubacteria
Cell Type
Prokaryotic
Cell Wall
Flagella
Capsule
Cell Wall
Number
of
Cells
Mode
of
Nutrition
Examples
Archaebacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Capsid
Nucleic Acid
Envelope
Flagella
Cilia
Spores
Pseudopods
-Cell walls made
of chitin
-Filamentous
forms with
specialized,
complex cells
Chloroplasts
Central vacuole
Cell wall of
cellulose
Specialized,
complex
cells
All
Multi-cellular
except for yeast
(unicellular)
Multicellular
Multicellular
Unicellular
Unicellular
Unicellular
OR Multicellular
Autotroph/
Heterotroph
Autotroph/
Heterotroph
Autotroph/
Heterotroph
Absorptive
heterotroph
saprobe
Autotrophic
Heterotroph
Salmonella
E. Coli
Anthrax
HIV
Hepatitis
Tobacco
Mosaic Virus
Protozoans
Algae
Water Mold
Slime Mold
Molds
Yeasts
Mushrooms
Mosses
Ferns
Non-woody &
woody flowering
plants
Invertebrates
Fishes
Reptiles
Amphibians
Birds
Mammals
Fungus
• Are not plants-they do NOT carry out
photosynthesis! The only thing they have in
common are cell walls.
• Cell walls of chitin
• Absorb food through cell walls
– What do they do? Why is this important? What
would we do without them?
– An ex of a fungus? Yeast-how does it make bread
rise?
Protists
• Not plants, not fungi
– Algae, slime molds etc
– These guys are important for creating most of the O2
for us through photosynthesis!
– Form red tides (caused from Dinoflagellates) that kill
fish and other animals in the ocean
• Caused by farm runoff
• Are a junk drawer
– Uni/multicellular
– Eukaryotes
– Auto/heterotrophs
Dichotomous Keying
• Used to identify organisms
• Characteristics given in pairs
• Read both characteristics and
either go to another set of
characteristics OR identify
the organism
Be able to identify characteristics that set organisms
apart from the rest!
13
Prokaryotic – do not have nucleus
Single-celled – unicellular
Cell wall – made of peptidoglycan
What are two key differences between a prokaryote and
eukaryote?
Virus
• Has DNA/RNA
• Would we treat with antibiotics or vaccine?
Both?
• Lytic vs Lysogenic cycle
Treating Pathogenic Bacteria
• Gram Stain – stained
bacteria reveals whether
to prescribe antibiotics
• Antibiotics – medicine
used to block growth and
reproduction of BACTERIA
only
• Ex: Pencillium
• Vaccines – weakened
pathogen PREVENTS
disease in both viruses and
bacteria
Beneficial Bacteria
• Bacteria are beneficial to our
environment by acting as:
1. Decomposers - recycle of nutrients to
atmosphere
2. Nitrogen fixators - convert nitrogen into
a form plants can use
Beneficial Bacteria Cont…
3. Symbiotic Relationship – Two organisms
benefit from one another
Ex. Humans and E. coli
E.coli lives in our intestines, breaks down
food for digestion
Preventing Bacterial Growth
1. Heat – inc in temp
2. Disinfection – using chemicals
3. Refrigeration – slows down
bacterial growth
4. Light – slows down bacterial growth
How are Bacterial Infections
Transmitted?
• Exchange of bodily
fluids
• Skin to skin contact,
dirty hands
• Contamination
• Airbourne
• We use Penecillum as
an antibiotic