Biology Objective 3
Demonstrate an understanding of the
interdependence of organisms and the
environment.
Biomes
Identified by biotic and abiotic factors
• Biotic – what kinds of plants and animals live in it.
• Abiotic – Nonliving characteristics such as soil
type, rainfall amounts, and average temperature
cycles.
A scientist has hypothesized that the
existence of life on Mars is likely because
Mars’s atmosphere is 95% carbon dioxide.
36 Which question is valid in testing this hypothesis?
F Do most other scientists agree with the hypothesis?
G Could abiotic processes account for the carbon dioxide?
H What is the percent of argon compared to carbon dioxide
in the Martian atmosphere?
J Have the scientist’s other predictions about Mars been
validated?
36 Which question is valid in
testing this hypothesis?
F Do most other scientists
agree with the hypothesis?
G Could abiotic processes
account for the carbon
dioxide?
H What is the percent of
argon compared to carbon
dioxide in the Martian
atmosphere?
J Have the scientist’s other
predictions about Mars
been validated?
When testing an hypothesis,
there should be only one
variable changed at a time. If
this is not possible, then all
possible reasons for an
outcome need to be
considered. In this case,
carbon dioxide can be
produced by chemical
reactions other than cellular
respiration, which is a biotic
process. That is why answer
G is the best answer.
Temperate Desert
Forest
Name
Tundra
Grasslands
the
Biome
Tropical
Tiaga
Rainforest
What are they referring to?
• Biosphere – The entire
area of the planet that
supports life.
• Biome – An area defined
by specific abiotic and
biotic factors.
• Community – The groups
of living things in an area
and how they relate.
Ecology – The study of the
relationships among living things
• Symbiosis is a close relationship between
two living things.
• When both are helped it is called mutualism
• When one is helped and there is no effect on
the other it is called commensulism
• When one is helped and the other is harmed
it is called parasitism
Mutualism . . .
Sharks are cleaned by
a little fish known
as a Remora. The
shark never eats
them since they
clean bacteria off of
the shark. Since
both species are
helped, this is
mutualism.
Commensulism . . .
Orchids live high
in tree-tops on
the branches of
large trees. They
do not harm the
tree, but they are
helped by being
raised up into the
sunshine and
receiving water.
Parasites . . .
Parasites harm or
kill the host. A
good example is
a tape worm. It
intercepts all of
the hosts food,
causing the host
to starve to death.
35 Clown fish are small reef fish that seek protection
from predators by sheltering themselves among the
stinging tentacles of sea anemones. Clown fish are
very territorial and can potentially scare off
predators of sea anemones. This relationship is an
example of -A neutralism This is not a type of symbiosis Incorrect
Since both are helped, it
B mutualism
is of mutual benefit or
C parasitism Neither is harmed so this is incorrect
D commensalism
Means only one is being helped and the relationship
has no effect on the other – also incorrect
What is helped?
Both the ants and the tree.
This is the definition of:
All energy on the earth comes
from the sun.
18 Energy used
byby
producers
in a
Used
producers
grassland food web is provided byF sunlight
This is a process, not
an energy source.
G photosynthesis
H and J are elements
which are types of
matter, not energy.
H oxygen
J carbon dioxide
So our answer should
be:
F
Energy Diagrams
At one end of the diagram are plants.
They are called producers since they
are capable of turning sunlight into
food by photosynthesis. They pass
10% of the energy they absorb to
animals that eat them.
Consumers
1st Order Consumers eat
only plants and are also
called herbivores.
2nd Order Consumers eat
only animals and are
called carnivores.
3rd Order Consumers
animals that eat other
animals, they are also
known as carnivores
39 Wolves and hawks are at the same Trophic
trophic level
level
because they —
Means 1st ,
A both live on land
2nd or 3rd
B are both large mammals
Order
C both eat primary consumers
Consumer
D have similar hunting patterns
10% Energy Rule –
Only 10% of the energy moves up to
the next trophic level.
Decomposers
If we apply the 10% rule, 10% of
43 Approximately how much
the 1000 kcal of the plant is
of the energy available in the
consumed or 100 kcal, and 10%
tissues of the producer is
of that is 10 kcal which is 1% of
eventually incorporated into
the original 1000kcal, but only 3
the tissues of a secondary
kcal is available to the tissues so
consumer?
it is A.
A Less than 1%
B Between 20% and 30%
C Approximately 50%
D More than 50%
Food Chain – One of many
feeding relationships in a
community
• Arrows in a food chain
show the direction of
energy flow.
• This is not the only
feeding relationship
for these organisms.
• When several or all of
the food relationships
are shown it’s a . . .
Food Web
Food Webs
• Food webs attempt to show all the feeding
relationships in a community.
• The direction of the arrows shows the
direction of energy flow.
• At the bottom of every web and every chain
is a plant. These are the only things that can
turn sunshine into food.
Since the Gulls are at the
top of the food web, they
would have the highest
accumulation of everything
but energy.
37 Which of these groups of
organisms would most likely
have accumulated the largest
concentration of a long-lasting
chemical pollutant in their
bodies?
A Phytoplankton
B Zooplankton
C Lake trout
D Gulls
• Prey are the animals
that are eaten as a food
source for the . . .
• Predator This is the
hunter animal. The
population of the
predator must be less
than the prey or they
do not have enough
food.
Population (100s)
Predator and Prey
Time (months)
Prey
Predator
To increase the predator
population you could do what?
24 Which of the following is most likely
to cause increases in a predator
population?
F Fewer prey Reduces available food – Nope!
G A reduction in competition
Less predators, they
H More parasites would
Less
and prey,
bepredators
sick or dying!
J A period of drought they’d be gone looking for
water!
Population (100s)
Carrying Capacity
Time (months)
P rey
P redat or
• This is the maximum number of a specific
population that an area can support with enough
food and living requirements. It is shown by a
line on population graphs for a specific species.
2 Because of this animal’s adaptations, it
would be most successful at —
F competing with
birds
G making its own
food
H hiding from
predators
J running very
rapidly
And the answer is?
• H hiding from predators.
• Its not a plant, so it can’t
make food.
• It has no wings, so it can
not compete with birds.
• Although it has long
legs, it doesn’t seem
balanced for running.
Water Cycle
• Precipitation (rain
and snow) fall on
plants and ground.
• Plants respire and
evaporate water
back into clouds.
• The ground filters
the water run-off
into the lakes
where it
evaporates again.
21 The diagram
shows physical
changes that
occur in the water
cycle. Which of
these shows
condensation?
A Q Precipitation
B R Run Off of
ground water
C S Evaporation
DT
Carbon Cycle
• Glucose C6H12O6 is
produced by plants,
eaten by animals.
Photosynthesis
• Animals and plants
exhale CO2 which is
taken in by plants to
make glucose
Cellular Respiration
Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
• Lightening and bacteria in the ground “fix”
Nitrogen into a form usable by plants.
• It is absorbed by plants, through their roots
as nitrates, so they can be used to build
amino acids essential for building proteins,
enzymes and the nitrogen bases of DNA.
Rock Cycle
Man’s Effects on the Environment
• Ozone O3 is a protective layer at the top of the
atmosphere.
• However, when it occurs near the ground, it is
very harmful to all living things, it is SMOG
Man’s Effects on the Environment
• More than 90% of
fresh water is locked
in ice at the polar
caps and in glaciers.
• Much of the fresh
water is polluted by
land run-off, dumping
of wastes and excess
heat directly into
lakes, oceans and
rivers.
Man’s Effects on the Environment
Global warming, also
called the Greenhouse
Effect is caused by
excess burning of fossil
fuels and destruction of
our oxygen producing
protista in the oceans,
and deforestation on
land. Less plants
means less oxygen and
more CO2.
54 Which of these activities can help
conserve natural resources?
What is the phrase for ecology?
F Recycling cardboard
boxes
G Washing small loads of
laundry
H Driving large cars
J Building wooden fences
Yes! Recycle!
Not saving water!
Wasting fuel!
Cutting down trees
that give oxygen and
clean air!
Evolution:
The process of change over time.
• There are natural variations in all populations.
• As climate changes occur, and as pressures in
terms of food, space, shelter and predation
occur, some variations allow a species to
survive.
• The members who survive, reproduce causing
the change to become a characteristic of the
species.
Speciation:
Separation into new species.
• Geographic isolation
can cause two
different natural
variations to become
prominent causing 2
separate species.
• Reproductive isolation
can have the same
effect.
What is extinction and what causes it?
• A population is extinct when the last of that species is
dead.
• Example: There are no more dinosaurs.
• What happened? Their habitat was destroyed. When
they no longer have what they need to live, they die.
Fossils
• These are imprints or
remains of living things.
• In undisturbed layers of
sedimentary rock, the
deeper it is, the older it
is.
• Give us information
about extinct species.
Homologous vs. Analogous Structures
• Homologous means they • Analogous means they
have the same origin, but
have the same function but
may be different now.
come from different
origins.
• Example, the upper arm
bones in dogs, cows, cats • Example, bird wings and
and monkeys.
wings of bats.
Viruses
• Viruses are not alive
because they can not
reproduce on their
own, and
• They do not grow and
develop and
• They do not exchange
with their environment
Viral Illnesses
• Measles, mumps, colds,
influenza, Cold Sores,
mononucleosis, Epstein-Barr
virus are all illnesses that are
caused by a virus.
• A Virus is has a coat, a strand
inside of DNA or RNA, and some
type of attachment appendage.
Bacteria
• Bacteria can cause illnesses too, however 90%
of all bacteria is helpful, NOT harmful.
• Without bacteria, you would not be able to make
or eat cheese or ice cream. Without them, you
would be ill most of the time.
• Strep Throat and Staph infections are examples
of bacterial infections.