Population II:
Migration
Types of migration
• Emigration (from) or immigration (to)
• Voluntary or involuntary (forced)
• International (between countries)
or internal (within a country).
• Documented or undocumented
Migration flows
Push factors
• Violence (war or high crime)
• Poor economy
• Ethnic or religious persecution
• Degraded resources or poor weather
Pull factors
• Peace (or more security)
• Economic opportunities/ good services
• Freedom of expression
• Better sense of place or weather
Intervening obstacles
• Restrictions on immigration
• Bias against immigrants
• Distance and lack of money
• Cultural unfamiliarity
VOLUNTARY MIGRATION
• Gross migration
– Total number of
migrants
• Net migration
– Gain or loss as
result of migration
Chain migration
• Family/friends write
home, attract new
immigrants
• Family reunifications
• “Secondary migration”
to new home in
adopted country
Mexican
“braceros”
in U.S.,
1950s
“Guest workers”
• Temporary employment
• Send money home
Turks in Germany, 1980s
• Kids become citizens?
Filipina domestic workers
in Hong Kong, 1990s
“Brain Drain”
• Educated, skilled
migrate for better jobs
• Wealthy, educated
country gains
• Poor country loses
skilled people
REFUGEES
(involuntary)
• Flee war or persecution
– International or internal
• Many move to temporary camps
• Apply for “asylum” (safe haven)
Main sources of refugees
Highlands in Laos
Laos
Thailand
Hmong
refugees
from Laos
Mekong
River
(border)
Refugee camp
in Thailand
Hmong
refugees
from
Laos
Many now
in Calif.,
Minn., Wis.
“Ethnic cleansing”
Forced removal of
an ethnic group
Term from breakup
of Yugoslavia, 1990s
Serbs expelled
from Krajina
(Croatia), 1995
Albanians
expelled
from Kosovo
(Serbia), 1999
Afghan refugees
Migration
and the U.S.
International / Involuntary : Transatlantic Slave Trade
Diaspora
A group scattered
globally by largescale migration
African Diaspora
Chinese Diaspora
Palestinian Diaspora
Jewish Diaspora
Internal /
Involuntary:
Indian Removal west
of Mississippi River
Waves of immigration, 1840s-1930s
Annual Immigration to the U.S. by Region of Origin
Origins and Destinations of Recent Immigrants
Immigration Patterns from Asia
Anti-immigrant
movements
Signs against
Japanese in
California, 1930s
Riot against
Chinese in
Denver, 1880
Anti-immigrant arguments
• Immigrants “take jobs” and drain services
– Yet mainly “low-end” jobs
• Immigrants “threaten” culture/language
– Argument sees diversity as negative
• Anti-immigrant movements affect elections
–Austria, France, Denmark, California, etc.
Undocumented immigrants
more likely than U.S. citizens to…
• Be employed
– Work longer hours
• Be free from assistance
– Contribute to federal taxes through payroll
•Drain state social services
–Federal gov’t should compensate states?
Immigration Patterns from Latin America
Economic migrants
or refugees?
Cubans had preferred
status because they left a
Communist country
Mariel Boatlift
from Cuba, 1980s
Boat people from
Haiti, 1990s
Who came to whom?
U.S. annexed
northern
Mexico
in 1848
Internal migration within U.S.
Shifting Center of U.S. Population,
1790 - 1990
Rural-to-urban shift (Voluntary/internal)
The Great Migration
African Americans
moving from South
to North to work
in war industries
Shift to Sunbelt and West, late 20th century
U.S. Interregional Migration
(annual average in 1000s during 1990s)
Residential
Rakings
ResidentialPreferece
Preference
Rankings
Geography
Students
Geography
111111
students,
Fall 2002
Fall 2002
Low
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
High
Wisconsin’s Past and Present:
A Historical Atlas
by the Wisconsin Cartographer’s Guild.
University of Wisconsin Press, 1998
(Third printing, 2002).
Wisconsin Ancestry
Germany
British Isles
Scandinavia
Poland
Other Euro.
Africa
Latin Amer.
Asia
Native
Other
Wisconsin
Indian
Lands,
1832
Ho-Chunk
(Winnebago)
Removals,
1830s-70s
Potawatomi
Removals,
1830s-60s
British
Isles
Immigrants
(England, Wales,
Scotland, Ireland)
Anglo-Americans (Yankees)
Germans
Changes in
German
Population
Turners, 1875
Milwaukee
“The German
Athens”
Milwaukee ethnic groups
and occupations
Scandinavians
Norwegians, Danes,
Swedes, Finns,
Icelanders
Other
Europeans
Unique Mixture
African-Americans in Wisconsin
Milwaukee
AfricanAmericans
Latino
(Hispanic)
Arrivals
Mexicans, Puerto Ricans,
other Latin Americans
Mexican-American
migrant worker
routes, 1970s
Asian
Arrivals
Hmong, Laotians,
Vietnamese, Chinese,
Indians, Koreans,
Filipinos, etc.
Hmong tribal region
in Laos (yellow)
Hmong veterans
of Vietnam War