Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0 RFID Tutorial for 802 Enterprise use of RFID Ongoing Activities Challenges Radio Standards Issues Submission Slide 1 Richard Paine, Boeing Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0 RFID • • • • • • What is it? Where is it in technology life cycle? Challenges Issues Radio Issues What can IEEE and 802 do? Submission Slide 2 Richard Paine, Boeing Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0 “Simple” passive RFID tag • Low cost tag with pre-defined id – • Radio Field Excites Tag – – • Last known Location Benefits: – – • 4W Burst EPCGlobal Frequencies • 857MHz Europe (3MHz wide) • 915MHz US (26MHz wide) • 960MHz Japan (3MHz wide) Location – • Logically mapped to tracked asset Reusable (can be re-assigned) Zero production costs (purchased ready-to-use from vendor) Boeing examples: – – – – Employee badge • proximity chip id bemsid Wichita • Passive tag id order number Philadelphia • Passive tag id part number Auburn pilot • Passive tag id cart electronic manifest Submission Slide 3 Richard Paine, Boeing Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0 Active Tag RFID • Battery – Last 3-5 years – Motion activated tags • 802.11 Versions • Real Time Location Services (using WLAN Access Points) Submission Slide 4 Richard Paine, Boeing Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0 Passive Tag RFID Life Cycle • Promotion by Wal-Mart and DoD – Consumer product emphasis – 2 cent tags • Valley of Despair – Been through the hype – Been through the heights – Radio issues put it in the valley of despair Submission Slide 5 Richard Paine, Boeing Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0 Active Tag RFID Life Cycle • Valley of Despair – Little hype – Expensive tags ($50) – Radio advantages over passive (no burst of power) – RSSI issues put it in the valley of despair for factory applications – Minimally requires TDOA to be usable Submission Slide 6 Richard Paine, Boeing Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0 “Simple” RFID Architecture Asset Mapping (Pre-defined RFID tag) Tag Business Rules •Tag Id Reader/ Antenna •Tag Id •Antenna Vendor s/w XML message: •Tag Id •Antenna •Date/Time Message Parser (variation 2) RFID “application” “RFID Application” can be used to determine what needs to be delivered where and how (variation 1) Business Application(s) Vendor Submission Enterprise Slide 7 Richard Paine, Boeing Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0 Badge Access Management System (AMS) AMS Application Verification request Proximity Reader Local Control Panel (upon verification, opens door) BIT Badging Application Bems ID Translator The proximity (badge) reader communicates with a control panel that resides locally. The panel keeps a local copy of badges that have previously accessed the building along with some other data. If the badge being scanned is not in the panel, a request is sent to the AMS host to validate the badge. The AMS host executes the proximity chip id employee BEMSID “look-up” as appropriate. Submission Slide 8 Richard Paine, Boeing Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0 RFID Architecture Logical View Tag ID Assigned by Matrics Shop Orders Matrics Tag ID Unprocessed Tag Data Antenna Reader Matrics Visibility Manager (MVM) RFID Tag (Matrics format) Tag data in XML Files Web based Management Visibility screen XML Parser RFID Oracle Database Tag Data Database Loader Parsed Tag Data DC/MRC I/F to ERP Parsed Tag Data HEI Submission VAX User Screens Slide 9 Temporary Flat Files Richard Paine, Boeing ve Blackwell/Joe Fletcher J. Bentley a Havasreti/Tim Burke Brown ricia Ray in Ward ly Booth Monsipapa bie Leiker Slide 10 Daley Submission h Baya of interest under investigation in development in shop trial being implemented implemented ve Georgevitch Legend Part/Assembly Tooling Calibrated Tools / Gages (Certified) Computing Assets & Security Cranes (Overhead) Utilization-Scheduling Consumables Documents Fleet Maintenance (flight hardware) Foreign Object Detection HazMat / Time&Temp SensMaterials Hardware Health Monitoring Material "out-life" (e.g. composites) Panstock(Standards) Parts / Assemblies - Work-in-Progress Parts / Assembly Shipments Personnel / Security (Boeing external) Personnel / Security (Boeing internal) Portable / Hand Tools @ tool crib level Portable / Hand Tools @ toolbox level Ramp / Flight Test Equipment Raw material / Parts Receiving Stores Inventory Rotables Transport Equip (Slings, Dollies, etc) Serialized Parts (flight hardware) Vehicles (e.g. fork lifts, scooters) Waste Containers (Trash) nis Mathis/David Reid 7E7, data TBD SSG Security BCA, CAS IDS, HLSS Application St. Louis Philadelphia Wichita (Military) Wichita (Commercial) Mesa Tulsa San Antonio Anaheim/El Paso/Heath Canoga Park Decatur Huntington Beach Huntsville Seal Beach Long Beach Macon Anaheim Auburn Everett Puget Sound Renton RFID Across an Enterprise Airbus doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0 SSG US Customs, Contracts Nov 2007 Richard Paine, Boeing Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0 Challenges • Establishing “standards” within an evolving industry for a multi-dimensional systems (passive, active, semipassive, etc) – Retail versus Manufacturing “requirements” (EPC??) – Minimize proprietary if/when possible • Successful implementations of suitable RFID product to business application – Defining data/tag and collection requirements – Security issues – Satisfying frequency management, etc. (avoiding conflicts, redundancy) • Providing enterprise-wide resources for: – Current & past RFID “lessons learned” – Technical expertise – Common approach for evaluation, implementation, etc. Submission Slide 11 Richard Paine, Boeing Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0 Electronic Product Code (EPC) Submission Slide 12 Richard Paine, Boeing Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0 “Finding the ROI in RFID” From an AMR Research, Inc publication ( Report #16660, October 2003): • RFID must be business case/business process driven: •“The Bottom Line: In order for companies to find value in RFID, it needs to be viewed as more than a bar code replacement; successful companies have overhauled their business processes to take advantage of the process automation capabilities it offers” • “RFID will not cure a bad business process. Achieving the transformational potential of this technology requires creative thinking, often from cross-functional areas of your enterprise.” • Infrastructure is a major consideration in RFID implementations • “The back end is the key; there is too much focus on tags and readers and not enough on the impact on the software infrastructure and systems integration required to support RFID. Our research shows that this is the area that present the most risk of unexpected cost and project overrun.” Submission Slide 13 Richard Paine, Boeing Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0 Contract Tools Hazardous Material How We Got Started How can we use RFID? What Problem(s) are we Trying to Solve? Technical Documents Large Assemblies Receipts Submission Slide 14 Richard Paine, Boeing Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0 RFID Project Approval Process Use Case Definition Lean Assessment IT Interfaces Network Support (Local) Frequency Management Council (Local) Process Identification Approval Safety Health Environmental Affairs (Local) Common Use Cases RFID Technology Standards Business Case (TCO) Approved Hardware/Software Non Standard Justification Submission Slide 15 Richard Paine, Boeing Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0 Value Proposition and Customers • • • • • Tooling tracking Inventory tracking Government property Shipping Labels Part tracking and reliability • Life Cycle Data Management • Emergency Equipment Operations Flow Inventory Velocity & Idle Time Where, How Much Sustainment Legacy OEM, Birth record, Certs/Specs Supply Chain In-Transit Visibility Logistics Demand Planning Chain of custody, Movement history Inventory Behavior, Consumption History Asset Management Property, Equipment Visibility Submission Unstructured Data Transportation Visibility from Partner to Partner Collaboration on Business Value BCA estimates $1M value increase of RFID enabled A/C OEM feedback, Helpful observations Reliability Recurring Maintenance Actions, Failure Patterns Authenticity Validation of authenticity & Authorizations for Repair and custody Logistics Maintenance Chain of custody, Movement history Task manning/tooling/ requred certs) OSD Spend is over Curious, life limited or $250M/year Unique repair Control documents on RFID technology Richard Paine, Boeing Engineering Slide 16 Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0 RFID at the RF Layer RFID is a user of the unlicensed RF spectrum resource. Due to current and legacy technology and licensing constraints, this is a limited resource. 802.11. D Usage Standards Other Boeing ISM & UNII The Boeing RF resource must be used in accordance with established company RF management processes and priorities. The priorities for the use of the unlicensed spectrum resource were established at a company-wide wireless summit in St. Louis in May, 2001. Processes Submission Priorities Slide 17 Richard Paine, Boeing Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0 Boeing’s Wireless Priorities 1. Product 2. Process that support product 3. General purpose WLAN 4. Single purpose • Try to satisfy priority 2 and 4 requirements with services added to the general purpose wireless service. • CNO should team with Engineering to maximize compatibility and synergy between “e-enabled” products and facilities. Submission Slide 18 Richard Paine, Boeing Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0 Standards Required • • • • • Tag data standards (EPCGlobal) – Schema Form factor Air-interface protocols – Encryption (IEEE 802.11) – Re-broadcast – Location (IEEE 802.11k, 802.11y) Waveform – Frequency (expanding with 802.11y) – Reflection (i.e.: backscatter) Reader Protocol – Content of Reader/Host • Exchanges (abstract syntax) – Message formatting • Message framing • Message syntax • Error information – O/S-provided network facility Network/application integration Submission Slide 19 Richard Paine, Boeing Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0 RFID Boeing RF Priorities Passive Tag RFID: Passive tag RFID systems will in most cases be priority 4, single purpose users of the RF spectrum. Proposed applications must be reviewed with Boeing Frequency Management for compatibility with existing uses of the Boeing RF spectrum resource. Active Tag RFID (RTLS): Requirements for active tag RFID systems in most cases will be satisfied by a Boeing Network Location Service (BNLS) and its WLAN coverage. Requirements for a standalone non-standard RTLS are by definition priority 4, single purpose users of the RF spectrum. Proposed applications must be reviewed with Boeing Frequency Management for compatibility with existing uses of the Boeing RF spectrum resource. Submission Slide 20 Richard Paine, Boeing Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0 RFID Standards Big Picture • • • • • Tag data standards – Boeing Standards (Kathryn Chalfan/Susan Jordan/Ken Porad/Steve Georgevitch/Dave McCoy/Craig Dupler) – Form factor – Schema (maybe more than one) Air-interface protocols – EPCGlobal/ETSI/IEEE? – Encryption – Re-broadcast – Etc. Waveform – EPCGlobal/ETSI/IEEE? – Frequency – Reflection (i.e.: backscatter) Reader Protocol – EPCGlobal/ETSI/IEEE? – Content of Reader/Host • Exchanges (abstract syntax) – Message formatting • Message framing • Message syntax • Error information – O/S-provided network facility Network/application integration – Boeing Network/Applications – Location – Schema Submission Slide 21 Richard Paine, Boeing Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0 RF Perspectives • Bar Coding – anywhere using IEEE 802.11 for communication to network (relatively close range laser bar code range at 10s of feet) • RFID Passive Tag – gates and docks (receiving and transportation) – Away from other RF at same frequency (902-928MHz) – Confined RF location – Work on “Good Neighbor” protocols at PHY/MAC • RFID Active Tag – anywhere using the existing infrastructure (IEEE 802.11) Submission Slide 22 Richard Paine, Boeing Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0 Security Requirements for RFID Tag Data Data collected from RFID tags, including either the tag’s or tagged item’s identifier may be subject to rules for both “sensitive data” and “data integrity.” Sensitive Data • Data that is sensitive to disclosure (e.g. proprietary) should not be stored on tags. • Any sensitive data to be stored on tags must be encrypted using an approved standard before being transmitted and written to the tag. Integrity Submission • Tag writing and storage must use measures to detect tampering and provide non-repudiation of the originator commensurate with the value of the data (e.g. HMAC or digital signature). Slide 23 Richard Paine, Boeing Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0 125KHz and 2.4GHz Analysis 134.2 kHz Tire Pressure Indication On-Ground in Factory System (TPIS) 2.4 GHz Analysis IV WELS, IFE-Open, CIS, Onboard Microwave Oven, BEN, RTLS, Factory Microwave Oven, Zigbee? Analysis V On-Ground on Flightline TPIS WELS, IFE-Open, CIS, Onboard Microwave Oven, BEN, Wireless Test Sensors Analysis VI On-Ground at Airport TPIS WELS, CIS, Onboard Microwave Oven, Gatelink, Adjacent Airplane Wireless Systems Analysis VII In-Air (Above 10,000 Feet) Submission TPIS Slide 24 WELS, IFE-Open, CISCWLU, Onboard Microwave Oven, Wireless Test Sensors (for flight test only) Richard Paine, Boeing Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0 Zigbee Coexistence Map Zigbee & 802.11b/g Frequency Space Channel 27 Channel 26 Channel 25 2465 2470 2475 2480 2485 2450 2442 2447 2452 2457 Channel 11 2417 2422 2427 2432 Channel 24 2425 Channel 6 Channel 1 802.11a/b Channels 2462 2437 2412 2405 Channel 23 Channel 20 Channel 15 Channel 11 Zigbee Channels 2490 2485 2480 2475 2470 2465 2460 2455 2450 2445 2440 2435 2430 2425 2420 2415 2410 2405 2400 Frequency in MHz In Use Submission Tested Slide 25 Possible Richard Paine, Boeing Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0 2005 Wireless Application (WAG) • RFID Active Tags WLANs can handle the application classes in “black”: • RFID Passive Tags • Asset Tracking (Location) • Supply Chain Red applications not able to use WLANs • Cable Replacement Green can use either WLAN (SMA) or Zigbee • VoWLAN and Data • Sensors • Line-of-Sight (LOS) Directional Delivery of Communications • Emergency Lighting Submission Slide 26 Richard Paine, Boeing Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0 Network Principles • Leverage what is Intranet equipment (almost ubiquitous 802.11 WLANs) • Do not interfere with 802.11 WLAN installed network 2.4GHz (ISM) and 5GHz (UNII+EU+WRC+Japan) deployments • Standardize unlicensed frequencies within the enterprise to optimize unlicensed wireless usage Submission Slide 27 Richard Paine, Boeing Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0 WAG Principles • Principle 1: Underlying Wireless Communications Used by Wireless Applications Must be Secure • Principle 2: Information on the Tags and Sensors Must be Capable of Being Secure • Principle 3: Use Standards-Based specifications [IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15.4 (Zigbee), etc] for Data Backhaul in Sensor Applications • Principle 4: Use IEEE 802.11 Active Tags for RFID • Principle 5: Develop a 850-960MHz Passive Tag Standard for Portal or Reader Point Passive Tag RFID RED – Work in Progress; BLACK – Work Accomplished Submission Slide 28 Richard Paine, Boeing Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0 WAG Principles (Contd) • Principle 6: Frequency Management/ Wireless Network Operations will do a baseline scan before a wireless application deployment. • Principle 7: Allow for Confinement of the Passive Tag Reader Energies to Confined Handheld Readers, Portals, Faraday Cages, and Gateways • Principle 8: Transition of 915MHz Serial Cable Replacements to Zigbee or 802.11. • Principle 9: Use of IEEE 802.11a/b Ethernet Extensions for Autonomous Wireless Devices [AWDs or Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV)] Using Secure Mobile Communications Methods RED – Work in Progress; BLACK – Work Accomplished Submission Slide 29 Richard Paine, Boeing Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0 WAG Principles (Contd) • Principle 10: An Enterprise Wireless Management Council be Established to Determine Spectrum Policy • Principle 11: An Enterprise Wireless Technical Council be Established to Advise the Spectrum Management Council • Principle 12: Maintain Railroad Charts for Wireless Technologies Futures RED – Work in Progress; BLACK – Work Accomplished Submission Slide 30 Richard Paine, Boeing Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0 WAG 2007 UNLICENSED WIRELESS STANDARDS EFFORT (RFID + Other Wireless Applications) Submission Slide 31 Richard Paine, Boeing Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0 Boeing Directions • Active Tags • Real Time Location Service (RTLS) – Active Tags – Network Connected Devices • Passive tag for airplane Line Replaceable Units (LRUs) • Passive tag for receiving supply chain parts • Boeing Worldwide Wireless Requirements – 2.4GHz – 5GHz – EPCGlobal (Japan, Europe, US) Submission Slide 32 Richard Paine, Boeing Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0 Traditional Active and Passive Tag Roles Manufacturers/ Suppliers PASSIVE Submission Distribution Centers/Depots POEs/PODs ACTIVE Slide 33 Transportation/ Supply/ Theater Depots/TDCs Customers PASSIVE Richard Paine, Boeing Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0 Actual Active and Passive Tag Roles Manufacturers/ Suppliers PASSIVE Submission Distribution Centers/Depots POEs/PODs ACTIVE Slide 34 Transportation/ Supply/ Theater Depots/TDCs Customers PASSIVE Richard Paine, Boeing Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0 Boeing’s Wireless Applications Group (WAG) • Principles and Architecture Published in 2005 – Preserve 2.4GHz for WLANs – Preserve 5.15GHz for WLANs • Late 2006 to Present – Standards for Other Unlicensed Frequencies – 125KHz – 13.56MHz Candidates for Global Passive – 433MHz Tag RFID Standards Development – *860MHz (Europe) Organization (SDO) – *902MHz (US and others) – *960MHz (Japan) – 1.9GHz – 3.1-10.6GHz (UWB) – 3.65GHz – 2.4GHz (other than WLAN) – 5.15GHz (other than WLAN) Submission Slide 35 Richard Paine, Boeing Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0 902-928MHz Testing in the Boeing Facilities CLEAN ROOM TESTING OF 902-928MHz FACTORY TESTING OF 902-928MHz Submission Slide 36 Richard Paine, Boeing Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0 902-928MHz Testing Conclusions • Devices interfere with each other (8 different devices tested) • Need for 902-928MHz radio and media access standards • Need for global radio and media access standards for passive tag RFID • Need for Boeing global access of all unlicensed frequencies – Aircraft move worldwide – Boeing military products move worldwide • Need standards for all unlicensed radios and media access Submission Slide 37 Richard Paine, Boeing Nov 2007 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0 IEEE Possibilities • Do nothing for a many billion $ industry • IEEE 802.15.4 for Passive Tag RFID – Mike McInnis from Boeing leading RFID Study Group in 802.15 • IEEE 802 for 902-928MHz – Contention-Based Protocol • IEEE 802 for all unlicensed frequencies – Contention-Based Protocol • IEEE 19XX for all unlicensed frequencies Submission Slide 38 Richard Paine, Boeing