Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0
RFID Tutorial for 802
Enterprise use of RFID
Ongoing Activities
Challenges
Radio Standards Issues
Submission
Slide 1
Richard Paine, Boeing
Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0
RFID
•
•
•
•
•
•
What is it?
Where is it in technology life cycle?
Challenges
Issues
Radio Issues
What can IEEE and 802 do?
Submission
Slide 2
Richard Paine, Boeing
Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0
“Simple” passive RFID tag
•
Low cost tag with pre-defined id
–
•
Radio Field Excites Tag
–
–
•
Last known Location
Benefits:
–
–
•
4W Burst
EPCGlobal Frequencies
• 857MHz Europe (3MHz wide)
• 915MHz US (26MHz wide)
• 960MHz Japan (3MHz wide)
Location
–
•
Logically mapped to tracked asset
Reusable (can be re-assigned)
Zero production costs (purchased ready-to-use from vendor)
Boeing examples:
–
–
–
–
Employee badge
• proximity chip id  bemsid
Wichita
• Passive tag id  order number
Philadelphia
• Passive tag id  part number
Auburn pilot
• Passive tag id  cart  electronic manifest
Submission
Slide 3
Richard Paine, Boeing
Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0
Active Tag RFID
• Battery
– Last 3-5 years
– Motion activated tags
• 802.11 Versions
• Real Time Location Services (using WLAN
Access Points)
Submission
Slide 4
Richard Paine, Boeing
Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0
Passive Tag RFID Life Cycle
• Promotion by Wal-Mart and DoD
– Consumer product emphasis
– 2 cent tags
• Valley of Despair
– Been through the hype
– Been through the heights
– Radio issues put it in the valley of despair
Submission
Slide 5
Richard Paine, Boeing
Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0
Active Tag RFID Life Cycle
• Valley of Despair
– Little hype
– Expensive tags ($50)
– Radio advantages over passive (no burst of
power)
– RSSI issues put it in the valley of despair for
factory applications
– Minimally requires TDOA to be usable
Submission
Slide 6
Richard Paine, Boeing
Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0
“Simple” RFID Architecture
Asset
Mapping
(Pre-defined RFID tag)
Tag
Business
Rules
•Tag Id
Reader/
Antenna
•Tag Id
•Antenna
Vendor
s/w
XML message:
•Tag Id
•Antenna
•Date/Time
Message
Parser
(variation 2)
RFID
“application”
“RFID Application” can be
used to determine what
needs to be delivered
where and how
(variation 1)
Business Application(s)
Vendor
Submission
Enterprise
Slide 7
Richard Paine, Boeing
Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0
Badge
Access Management System (AMS)
AMS Application
Verification
request
Proximity
Reader
Local Control Panel
(upon verification, opens door)
BIT
Badging Application
Bems ID
Translator
The proximity (badge) reader communicates with a control panel that resides locally. The panel keeps a local
copy of badges that have previously accessed the building along with some other data. If the badge being
scanned is not in the panel, a request is sent to the AMS host to validate the badge. The AMS host executes the
proximity chip id  employee BEMSID “look-up” as appropriate.
Submission
Slide 8
Richard Paine, Boeing
Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
RFID Architecture Logical View
Tag ID
Assigned by
Matrics
Shop
Orders
Matrics
Tag ID
Unprocessed
Tag Data
Antenna
Reader
Matrics
Visibility
Manager
(MVM)
RFID Tag
(Matrics format)
Tag data in
XML Files
Web based
Management
Visibility screen
XML
Parser
RFID
Oracle
Database
Tag Data
Database
Loader
Parsed
Tag Data
DC/MRC
I/F to ERP
Parsed
Tag Data
HEI
Submission
VAX
User
Screens
Slide 9
Temporary
Flat Files
Richard Paine, Boeing
ve Blackwell/Joe Fletcher
J. Bentley
a Havasreti/Tim Burke
Brown
ricia Ray
in Ward
ly Booth
Monsipapa
bie Leiker
Slide 10
Daley
Submission
h Baya
of interest
under investigation
in development
in shop trial
being implemented
implemented
ve Georgevitch
Legend
Part/Assembly Tooling
Calibrated Tools / Gages (Certified)
Computing Assets & Security
Cranes (Overhead) Utilization-Scheduling
Consumables
Documents
Fleet Maintenance (flight hardware)
Foreign Object Detection
HazMat / Time&Temp SensMaterials
Hardware Health Monitoring
Material "out-life" (e.g. composites)
Panstock(Standards)
Parts / Assemblies - Work-in-Progress
Parts / Assembly Shipments
Personnel / Security (Boeing external)
Personnel / Security (Boeing internal)
Portable / Hand Tools @ tool crib level
Portable / Hand Tools @ toolbox level
Ramp / Flight Test Equipment
Raw material / Parts Receiving
Stores Inventory
Rotables
Transport Equip (Slings, Dollies, etc)
Serialized Parts (flight hardware)
Vehicles (e.g. fork lifts, scooters)
Waste Containers (Trash)
nis Mathis/David Reid
7E7, data TBD
SSG Security
BCA, CAS
IDS, HLSS
Application
St. Louis
Philadelphia
Wichita (Military)
Wichita (Commercial)
Mesa
Tulsa
San Antonio
Anaheim/El Paso/Heath
Canoga Park
Decatur
Huntington Beach
Huntsville
Seal Beach
Long Beach
Macon
Anaheim
Auburn
Everett
Puget Sound
Renton
RFID Across an Enterprise
Airbus
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
SSG US Customs, Contracts
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, Boeing
Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Challenges
• Establishing “standards” within an evolving industry for a
multi-dimensional systems (passive, active, semipassive, etc)
– Retail versus Manufacturing “requirements” (EPC??)
– Minimize proprietary if/when possible
• Successful implementations of suitable RFID product to
business application
– Defining data/tag and collection requirements
– Security issues
– Satisfying frequency management, etc. (avoiding conflicts, redundancy)
• Providing enterprise-wide resources for:
– Current & past RFID “lessons learned”
– Technical expertise
– Common approach for evaluation, implementation, etc.
Submission
Slide 11
Richard Paine, Boeing
Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Electronic Product Code (EPC)
Submission
Slide 12
Richard Paine, Boeing
Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
“Finding the ROI in RFID”
From an AMR Research, Inc publication ( Report #16660, October 2003):
• RFID must be business case/business process driven:
•“The Bottom Line: In order for companies to find value in RFID, it needs to be
viewed as more than a bar code replacement; successful companies have
overhauled their business processes to take advantage of the process
automation capabilities it offers”
• “RFID will not cure a bad business process. Achieving the transformational
potential of this technology requires creative thinking, often from cross-functional
areas of your enterprise.”
• Infrastructure is a major consideration in RFID implementations
• “The back end is the key; there is too much focus on tags and readers and not
enough on the impact on the software infrastructure and systems integration
required to support RFID. Our research shows that this is the area that present
the most risk of unexpected cost and project overrun.”
Submission
Slide 13
Richard Paine, Boeing
Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Contract Tools
Hazardous Material
How
We
Got
Started
How can we use RFID?
What Problem(s) are we
Trying
to
Solve?
Technical Documents
Large Assemblies
Receipts
Submission
Slide 14
Richard Paine, Boeing
Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
RFID Project Approval Process
Use Case
Definition
Lean
Assessment
IT
Interfaces
Network
Support
(Local)
Frequency
Management
Council
(Local)
Process
Identification
Approval
Safety
Health
Environmental
Affairs
(Local)
Common
Use
Cases
RFID
Technology
Standards
Business
Case
(TCO)
Approved
Hardware/Software
Non
Standard
Justification
Submission
Slide 15
Richard Paine, Boeing
Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Value Proposition and Customers
•
•
•
•
•
Tooling tracking
Inventory tracking
Government property
Shipping Labels
Part tracking and reliability
• Life Cycle Data
Management
• Emergency
Equipment
Operations
Flow
Inventory
Velocity & Idle Time
Where, How Much
Sustainment
Legacy
OEM, Birth record,
Certs/Specs
Supply Chain
In-Transit Visibility
Logistics
Demand Planning
Chain of custody,
Movement history
Inventory Behavior,
Consumption History
Asset Management
Property, Equipment
Visibility
Submission
Unstructured Data
Transportation
Visibility from
Partner to Partner
Collaboration on
Business Value
BCA
estimates
$1M value
increase of
RFID enabled
A/C
OEM feedback,
Helpful observations
Reliability
Recurring Maintenance
Actions,
Failure Patterns
Authenticity
Validation of authenticity &
Authorizations for
Repair and custody
Logistics
Maintenance
Chain of custody,
Movement history
Task manning/tooling/
requred certs)
OSD Spend
is over
Curious, life limited or
$250M/year
Unique repair
Control documents
on RFID
technology
Richard Paine, Boeing
Engineering
Slide 16
Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
RFID at the RF Layer
RFID is a user of the unlicensed RF
spectrum resource. Due to current and
legacy technology and licensing
constraints, this is a limited resource.
802.11. D Usage Standards
Other Boeing ISM & UNII
The Boeing RF resource must be used in accordance with
established company RF management processes and priorities.
The priorities for the use of the unlicensed spectrum resource
were established at a company-wide wireless summit in St. Louis
in May, 2001.
Processes
Submission
Priorities
Slide 17
Richard Paine, Boeing
Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Boeing’s Wireless Priorities
1. Product
2. Process that support product
3. General purpose WLAN
4. Single purpose
• Try to satisfy priority 2 and 4 requirements with services added to the
general purpose wireless service.
• CNO should team with Engineering to maximize compatibility and synergy
between “e-enabled” products and facilities.
Submission
Slide 18
Richard Paine, Boeing
Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Standards Required
•
•
•
•
•
Tag data standards (EPCGlobal)
–
Schema Form factor
Air-interface protocols
–
Encryption (IEEE 802.11)
–
Re-broadcast
–
Location (IEEE 802.11k, 802.11y)
Waveform
–
Frequency (expanding with 802.11y)
–
Reflection (i.e.: backscatter)
Reader Protocol
–
Content of Reader/Host
• Exchanges (abstract syntax)
–
Message formatting
• Message framing
• Message syntax
• Error information
–
O/S-provided network facility
Network/application integration
Submission
Slide 19
Richard Paine, Boeing
Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
RFID Boeing RF Priorities
Passive Tag RFID:
Passive tag RFID systems will in most cases
be priority 4, single purpose users of the RF
spectrum. Proposed applications must be
reviewed with Boeing Frequency
Management for compatibility with existing
uses of the Boeing RF spectrum resource.
Active Tag RFID (RTLS): Requirements for active tag RFID systems in
most cases will be satisfied by a Boeing
Network Location Service (BNLS) and its
WLAN coverage. Requirements for a
standalone non-standard RTLS are by
definition priority 4, single purpose users of
the RF spectrum. Proposed applications
must be reviewed with Boeing Frequency
Management for compatibility with existing
uses of the Boeing RF spectrum resource.
Submission
Slide 20
Richard Paine, Boeing
Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
RFID Standards Big Picture
•
•
•
•
•
Tag data standards – Boeing Standards (Kathryn Chalfan/Susan Jordan/Ken Porad/Steve Georgevitch/Dave
McCoy/Craig Dupler)
–
Form factor
–
Schema (maybe more than one)
Air-interface protocols – EPCGlobal/ETSI/IEEE?
–
Encryption
–
Re-broadcast
–
Etc.
Waveform – EPCGlobal/ETSI/IEEE?
–
Frequency
–
Reflection (i.e.: backscatter)
Reader Protocol – EPCGlobal/ETSI/IEEE?
–
Content of Reader/Host
•
Exchanges (abstract syntax)
–
Message formatting
•
Message framing
•
Message syntax
•
Error information
–
O/S-provided network facility
Network/application integration – Boeing Network/Applications
–
Location
–
Schema
Submission
Slide 21
Richard Paine, Boeing
Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
RF Perspectives
• Bar Coding – anywhere using IEEE 802.11 for
communication to network (relatively close range laser bar
code range at 10s of feet)
• RFID Passive Tag – gates and docks (receiving and
transportation)
– Away from other RF at same frequency (902-928MHz)
– Confined RF location
– Work on “Good Neighbor” protocols at PHY/MAC
• RFID Active Tag – anywhere using the existing
infrastructure (IEEE 802.11)
Submission
Slide 22
Richard Paine, Boeing
Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Security Requirements for RFID Tag
Data
Data collected from RFID tags, including
either the tag’s or tagged item’s identifier
may be subject to rules for both
“sensitive data” and “data integrity.”
Sensitive
Data
• Data that is sensitive to disclosure (e.g. proprietary)
should not be stored on tags.
• Any sensitive data to be stored on tags must be
encrypted using an approved standard before being
transmitted and written to the tag.
Integrity
Submission
• Tag writing and storage must use measures to
detect tampering and provide non-repudiation of the
originator commensurate with the value of the data
(e.g. HMAC or digital signature).
Slide 23
Richard Paine, Boeing
Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
125KHz and 2.4GHz Analysis
134.2 kHz
Tire Pressure Indication
On-Ground in Factory
System (TPIS)
2.4 GHz
Analysis IV
WELS, IFE-Open, CIS,
Onboard Microwave Oven,
BEN, RTLS, Factory
Microwave Oven, Zigbee?
Analysis V
On-Ground on Flightline
TPIS
WELS, IFE-Open, CIS,
Onboard Microwave Oven,
BEN, Wireless Test
Sensors
Analysis VI
On-Ground at Airport
TPIS
WELS, CIS, Onboard
Microwave Oven,
Gatelink, Adjacent
Airplane Wireless Systems
Analysis VII
In-Air
(Above 10,000 Feet)
Submission
TPIS
Slide 24
WELS, IFE-Open, CISCWLU, Onboard
Microwave Oven, Wireless
Test Sensors (for flight test
only)
Richard Paine, Boeing
Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Zigbee Coexistence Map
Zigbee & 802.11b/g Frequency Space
Channel
27
Channel
26
Channel
25
2465 2470 2475 2480 2485
2450
2442 2447 2452 2457
Channel
11
2417 2422 2427 2432
Channel
24
2425
Channel 6
Channel 1
802.11a/b
Channels
2462
2437
2412
2405
Channel
23
Channel
20
Channel
15
Channel
11
Zigbee
Channels
2490
2485
2480
2475
2470
2465
2460
2455
2450
2445
2440
2435
2430
2425
2420
2415
2410
2405
2400
Frequency in MHz
In Use
Submission
Tested
Slide 25
Possible
Richard Paine, Boeing
Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
2005 Wireless Application (WAG)
• RFID Active Tags
WLANs can handle the
application classes in
“black”:
• RFID Passive Tags
• Asset Tracking (Location)
• Supply Chain
Red applications not able
to use WLANs
• Cable Replacement
Green can use either
WLAN (SMA) or Zigbee
• VoWLAN and Data
• Sensors
• Line-of-Sight (LOS) Directional Delivery of Communications
• Emergency Lighting
Submission
Slide 26
Richard Paine, Boeing
Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Network Principles
• Leverage what is Intranet equipment (almost ubiquitous
802.11 WLANs)
• Do not interfere with 802.11 WLAN installed network
2.4GHz (ISM) and 5GHz (UNII+EU+WRC+Japan)
deployments
• Standardize unlicensed frequencies within the enterprise
to optimize unlicensed wireless usage
Submission
Slide 27
Richard Paine, Boeing
Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
WAG Principles
• Principle 1: Underlying Wireless Communications Used by Wireless Applications
Must be Secure
• Principle 2: Information on the Tags and Sensors Must be Capable of Being Secure
• Principle 3: Use Standards-Based specifications [IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15.4
(Zigbee), etc] for Data Backhaul in Sensor Applications
• Principle 4: Use IEEE 802.11 Active Tags for RFID
• Principle 5: Develop a 850-960MHz Passive Tag Standard for Portal or Reader
Point Passive Tag RFID
RED – Work in Progress; BLACK – Work Accomplished
Submission
Slide 28
Richard Paine, Boeing
Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
WAG Principles (Contd)
• Principle 6: Frequency Management/ Wireless Network Operations will do a
baseline scan before a wireless application deployment.
• Principle 7: Allow for Confinement of the Passive Tag Reader Energies to Confined
Handheld Readers, Portals, Faraday Cages, and Gateways
• Principle 8: Transition of 915MHz Serial Cable Replacements to Zigbee or 802.11.
•
Principle 9: Use of IEEE 802.11a/b Ethernet Extensions for Autonomous Wireless
Devices [AWDs or Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV)] Using Secure Mobile
Communications Methods
RED – Work in Progress; BLACK – Work Accomplished
Submission
Slide 29
Richard Paine, Boeing
Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
WAG Principles (Contd)
• Principle 10: An Enterprise Wireless Management Council be Established to
Determine Spectrum Policy
• Principle 11: An Enterprise Wireless Technical Council be Established to Advise the
Spectrum Management Council
• Principle 12: Maintain Railroad Charts for Wireless Technologies Futures
RED – Work in Progress; BLACK – Work Accomplished
Submission
Slide 30
Richard Paine, Boeing
Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
WAG 2007 UNLICENSED WIRELESS
STANDARDS EFFORT
(RFID + Other Wireless Applications)
Submission
Slide 31
Richard Paine, Boeing
Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Boeing Directions
• Active Tags
• Real Time Location Service (RTLS)
– Active Tags
– Network Connected Devices
• Passive tag for airplane Line Replaceable Units (LRUs)
• Passive tag for receiving supply chain parts
• Boeing Worldwide Wireless Requirements
– 2.4GHz
– 5GHz
– EPCGlobal (Japan, Europe, US)
Submission
Slide 32
Richard Paine, Boeing
Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Traditional Active and Passive Tag Roles
Manufacturers/
Suppliers
PASSIVE
Submission
Distribution
Centers/Depots
POEs/PODs
ACTIVE
Slide 33
Transportation/
Supply/
Theater
Depots/TDCs
Customers
PASSIVE
Richard Paine, Boeing
Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Actual Active and Passive Tag Roles
Manufacturers/
Suppliers
PASSIVE
Submission
Distribution
Centers/Depots
POEs/PODs
ACTIVE
Slide 34
Transportation/
Supply/
Theater
Depots/TDCs
Customers
PASSIVE
Richard Paine, Boeing
Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Boeing’s Wireless Applications Group (WAG)
• Principles and Architecture Published in 2005
– Preserve 2.4GHz for WLANs
– Preserve 5.15GHz for WLANs
• Late 2006 to Present – Standards for Other Unlicensed Frequencies
– 125KHz
– 13.56MHz
Candidates for Global Passive
– 433MHz
Tag RFID
Standards Development
– *860MHz (Europe)
Organization (SDO)
– *902MHz (US and others)
– *960MHz (Japan)
– 1.9GHz
– 3.1-10.6GHz (UWB)
– 3.65GHz
– 2.4GHz (other than WLAN)
– 5.15GHz (other than WLAN)
Submission
Slide 35
Richard Paine, Boeing
Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
902-928MHz Testing in the Boeing Facilities
CLEAN ROOM TESTING
OF 902-928MHz
FACTORY TESTING
OF 902-928MHz
Submission
Slide 36
Richard Paine, Boeing
Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
902-928MHz Testing Conclusions
• Devices interfere with each other (8 different devices tested)
• Need for 902-928MHz radio and media access standards
• Need for global radio and media access standards for passive tag
RFID
• Need for Boeing global access of all unlicensed frequencies
– Aircraft move worldwide
– Boeing military products move worldwide
• Need standards for all unlicensed radios and
media access
Submission
Slide 37
Richard Paine, Boeing
Nov 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
IEEE Possibilities
• Do nothing for a many billion $ industry
• IEEE 802.15.4 for Passive Tag RFID
– Mike McInnis from Boeing leading RFID Study Group in 802.15
• IEEE 802 for 902-928MHz
– Contention-Based Protocol
• IEEE 802 for all unlicensed frequencies
– Contention-Based Protocol
• IEEE 19XX for all unlicensed frequencies
Submission
Slide 38
Richard Paine, Boeing