FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
STRUCTURE
Non-ionized
Ionized
EXAMPLE
ETHANOL
HYDROXYL
• Polar
• Hydrophilic
• Found in SUGARS
CLASS NAME
GLYCEROL
ALCOHOLS,
X
SUGARS
Few AMINO ACIDS
CARBOXYL
• Polar
• weak acid
• hydrophilic
AMINO ACIDS
SUGARS
FATTY ACIDS
ACETIC ACID
UREA
AMINO
• Polar
• Weak base
• hydrophilic
CARBOXYLIC
ACIDS.
FATTY ACIDS,
AMINO ACIDS
AMINO ACIDS
AMINES
AMINO ACIDS
SULFHYDRYL
• Form disulfide
bridges
• Help stabilize
tertiary structure
of proteins
THIOLS,
DISULFIDE BONDS
X
Cysteine
PHOSPHATE
• Polar
• Acid
• hydrophilic
• Important in
energy transfer
NUCLEOTIDES,
PHOSPHOLIPIDS,
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
PHOSPHOLIPIDS & DNA
FORMALDEHYDE
SUGARS
ALDEHYDE
X
CARBONYL
• Polar
• Hydrophilic
at end of C chain
ACETONE
SUGARS
KETONE
X
in middle of C
chain
METHYL
• Non-polar
• Hydrophobic
FATTY ACIDS
OILS
WAXES
X
MEHYLATION
OF DNA
turns “turns
genes off”
· Each functional group behaves consistently from one organic molecule to another.
· Number and arrangement of functional groups help give molecules their unique properties
EX: TESTOSTERONE (a male sex hormone) and ESTRADIOL (a female sex hormone) are both steroids with same fused
four ring structure but different functional groups attached to the rings result in different functions