The Implementation
of
Integrated Pest Management
on
Flue Cured Tobacco Cultivation
in
South Africa
Lowveld Tobacco Growers Association
Nelspruit, South Africa
INTRODUCTION
To develop and implement
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
as an approach to crop protection
of flue cured tobacco in South
Africa
INTRODUCTION
IPM programme of the LTGA:
 Seedbed implementation
 Field applications
Development and Implementation
of an
IPM Seedling Spray Programme
PHASING-OUT METHYL BROMIDE
Conventional seedbeds
PERMANENT SEEDBEDS
Trichoderma harzianum strains
 Chemical
compatibility
studies
 Effect on growth
stimulation
 Disease control
Fungicides
Specific
√
Broad spectrum
Broad spectrum
COMPATIBILITY STUDIES
Trichoderma - Control
Trichoderma - oxamyl
Trichoderma - imidacloprid
Trichoderma - metalaxyl
Isolation of Trichoderma from roots
Roots
untreated
Roots
treated with
Trichoderma
IPM Seedbed:
(imidacloprid)
healthy and stronger
Chemical programme
(acephate)
IPM SEEDLING SPRAY PROGRAMME
(permanent seedbeds)
GROWTH STIMULATION: LEAF DISEASES:
ROOT DISEASES:
pyraclostrobin
Trichoderma
•W 7
•With sow
•W 10
•W 2, W 5, W 8, W12
APHIDS:
imidacloprid
•W 4
•W 11
INSECTS:
acephate - (scouting)
POTATO TUBER MOTH:
lufenuron - (scouting)
Evaluation of seedlings
Programme 1
Programme 2
Week 14 post emergence
Chemical
programme
Evaluation of seedlings
Rhizoctonia
Damping off
Sclerotinia
Anthracnose
Results
Root mass of seedlings treated
with Trichoderma spp.
Romulus
T-gro
Trykocide
Tricho-plus
Untreated
AVERAGE
F....TREATMENTS
SIGNIFICANCE
KBV Tuckey
Locality 1
1.10
1.41
0.68
1.06
0.83
1.02
1.09
NS
1.16
Root mass (g)
Locality 2 Locality 1 Locality 2
1.19
1.29
0.76
1.38
2.22
0.71
0.83
0.89
1.55
0.96
1.14
1.89
0.00
3.25
2.95
NS
*
*
0.84
0.90
* Values that differ, differ statistical according to Tuckey’s comparison of averages.
NS = not significant
Average root mass (gram) of 10 seedlings per IPM programme
compared with seedling root mass from the chemical programme
Localities
Programme
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
IPM 1
1.49
2.34 AB
2.00
0.94
1.86
1.68 D
3.11
2.66
0.59
IPM 2
1.07
2.95 B
2.05
0.51
2.58
-
-
-
-
Chemical
0.71
1.27 A
1.79
0.53
-
0.67 C
3.02
2.59
0.87
F....Treatments
0.94
9.25
0.49
0.00
4.89
55.29
0.02
0.01
0.00
-
**
-
NS
NS
**
-
-
NS
1.62
1.54
1.31
1.66
0.69
3.15
3.71
SIGNIFICANCE
KBV Tuckey
•Values that differ, differ statistical according to Tuckey’s comparison of averages.
•NS = not significant
Week 10
Field: Week 14 after planting
IPM vs PERMANENT vs CONVENTIONAL
Kg a.i. PER Ha TOBACCO PLANTED FROM
SEEDBEDS
PERMANENT
IPM
CHEMICAL
0.21Kg
0.44Kg
CONVENTIONAL
CHEMICAL
10.61Kg
Production of
25 hectares flue cured tobacco
according to
IPM principles
Date:……………………
Land:…….……………..
Scouter:…….………….
Weekly Scouting Table for Tobacco
(Number of infested plants / locality)
BOLWURM
LARWES
BOLWURM
EIERS
PLANTLUIS
BLAARMYNER
TABAKSLAK
KEWERS
5
10
2
10
-
TABAKSLAK
LARWES
LACEWORM
PLANT
SIEKTES
Powdery Mildew
20 localities x 5 plants
= 100 plants
PLAAG
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Total
Thresh.
5
10
5
SCOUTING OF 100 PLANTS
AT FIXED POINTS
Potato tuber moth pheromone traps
“African” bollworm traps
Week 14 after planting
Insect damage less than economic
threshold
Weekly scouting and
pest control actions
Standard
Programme
W0
W 1 lufenuron/
cypermetrin
W2
W 3 aldicarb/
lufenuron
W4
W5
W6
W7
W8
W9
Date
Potato tuber moth
traps
Average # moths / 4 Traps
American bollworm moth
traps
Average # moths / 6 Traps
Scouting
12/12/03
23,0
0.3
1
18/12/03
23/12/03
30/12/03
5/1/04
12/1/04
20/1/04
17.8
16.5
47.3
12.5
32,0
45.5
Threshold
20
0.7
1,0
0.5
0.2
0.5
0.2
Threshold
0.5
10
38
23
19
0
20
Threshold
10
Bollworm Action
Larves /
100 plants
None
Bacillus sp.
methomyl
methomyl
indoxacarb
None
methomyl
Control of Potato tuber moth with
“attrack-and-kill” pheromone
Potato tuber moth control
Chemical
standard
Last Call PTM
Application of LastCall PTM
Potato tuber moth control with
LastCall PTM
2002
W1
W2
W3
W4
W5
W6
W7
W8
W9
W 10
W 11
W 12
W 13
2003
LastCall PTM
lufenuron
LastCall PTM
Treatment
Ave
Treatment
Ave
Treatment
Ave
(2 traps)
(2 traps)
(5 traps)
lufenuron
Last Call
37
PTM
16,4
lufenuron
5,4
89
60,5
4,6
Last Call
16
34,5
16,8
PTM
33,5
39
22,5
22,5
16
15
Last Call
8,5
45,5
11.6
PTM
6,5
24
53
10
27,5
4,5
13,5
53
3,5
20
20,8
1,5
26
lufenuron
Treatment
Ave
(5 traps)
lufenuron
42
lufenuron
17
16,4
39,4
42,2
35,6
19,4
9,8
157
60,4
12,8
Week 10