Name: _________________________ Date: ___________ Per: ________
Chapter 14: The Mongol Advance
AP World History I
Origins
• The Mongols (also known as ____________, or Tartars) were a group of
__________________ tribes from the __________________, or open plains, of East Asia.
– They Herded __________________ and were excellent __________________ and
archers.
• Mongols proved to be adept at “cultural __________________.”
– Mongols adopted a __________________ code, a written script, new religious practices,
and better technology through borrowing from other cultures.
• Before 1200 CE, the Mongols number between __________________
– Divided into __________________ warring tribes.
The Khagan
• In 1206, __________________, better known as __________________ Khan (or Chingiz,
Jenghiz, or Chinggis) which means “ruler of limitless strength” was declared
__________________ and __________________ the warring Mongol tribes.
The First Wave
• Mongol conquest begin in __________________
– Targeted Northern __________________ at first
• Breached the Great Wall by __________________
– Targeted the Silk Road trading city of __________________
• Upon Genghis Khan’s death in 1227, the Mongols controlled a huge state encompassing
__________________, Central Asia, Northern, and Western China.
Why were the Mongols so successful?
• Numbers?
– Not really…80,000 – 100,000 troops wouldn’t be enough to automatically overwhelm
such a large __________________.
• Talented Cavalrymen and archers who could fire from __________________, galloping at
full speed, firing forward or __________________.
• Adopted __________________ techniques from neighbors, like __________________
warfare from Chinese and Central Asian states.
Wave #2
• Genghis Khan’s heirs continued the wars of __________________
– Third son, __________, ruled the Mongols as the Great Khan until 1241.
• Greatly expanded the empire and built new capital at __________________.
• Ogodei’s armies moved farther into China threatening the __________________
Empire (which the Mongols defeated in the 1260s)
• Ogodei forced Koryo (or Korea) into __________________ status.
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Ogodei and the West…
1236: He sent a large invasion force to conquer as much of the ____________as possible.
1237-1240: Conquer most of Russia and __________________
1240-1242: Took over parts of __________________, Romania, and __________________
1241: Death of __________________
– They were stretched too thin as evidenced by their failure in __________________ and
the __________________ lands.
– Russia and Ukraine remain under __________________ rule for over 2 centuries.
Mongols in the Middle East
• Commanded by __________________, the Mongols advanced on the Middle East in the
1250s
• Toppled the __________________ Caliphate in 1258 by taking __________________.
– Continued their advance until __________________
– Stopped by a __________________ army at Ain Jalut.
How Big was the Mongolian Empire?
• Ruled an empire from:
– __________________ in the West to Korea in the East.
– Siberia in the __________________ to __________________ in the South.
• Single __________________ authority
• Economic __________________
– Silk Road __________________, especially trading cities like __________________.
– Merchants, __________________, and travelers of all sorts passed through…including
the Venetian merchant, Marco __________________
• Made travel __________________
• Imposed legal __________________
Pax Mongolica
• Pax Mongolica, or Mongol __________________ is used to describe the late 13 th Century
(1200’s CE) as the brief semi-unification of __________________ was realized.
– The Mongols engaged in high level __________________ by borrowing and engaging in
cultural __________________.
• Uighur: A Turkish __________________ dialect
• The yasa, a Chinese __________________ code
• Paper __________________ from China
• Religious beliefs like __________________ and __________________.
– They used their skill with horses to create one of the world’s fastest and most efficient
__________________ systems (the yam)
Breakup of the Mongolian Empire
• “One can conquer an empire on horseback, but one cannot govern it from there.”
– Mongols were much better at conquering, than at __________________.
– As the empire grew, the __________________ became spread too thin, and broke apart.
• 1260: The last Khan of a united Mongolian Empire (__________________) died.
– __________________ War broke out
– The four largest units became independent states, or __________________.
Chinese Yuan Dynasty
• The Chinese Khanate fell to __________________ Khan
– Moved the capital from Mongolia to __________________
– Declared the __________________ Dynasty (1271-1368)
– Conquered the rest of China including the __________________ Song Dynasty in 1279.
– __________________ rule in China
• Mongols adopted __________________
• Mongols adopted __________________ Chinese as the official __________________.
• Kublai Khan is considered to be the unifier of __________________ as a single state.
– Ruled until __________________
– Made China __________________ and powerful
– Unable to conquer __________________ (tried in 1274 and 1281) or
__________________ (tried in 1293)
– Forced neighbors to pay __________________
• Kublai Khan rebuilt China’s __________________ and economy.
– Repaired __________________ and canals
– Built new __________________
– Restored __________________ with the west
– Venetian __________________ Marco Polo visited Kublai Khan’s court in the 1270s.
• After Khan’s death, China did not enjoy such __________________.
China after the Death of Kublai Khan
• Tremendous population loss (30-40%) as a result of the __________________ plague
• __________________ decline
• Civil wars throughout the 1340s and finally, the dynasty was overthrown by Zhu
__________________ in 1368.
– Took the name Hongwu and established the __________________ Dynasty (1368-1644)
• Longest lasting and of the most famous dynasty in Chinese history
The Other Khanates
• The __________________ Horde ruled over Russia and parts of __________________
Europe until the mid-1400s.
• __________________ Mongols converted to Islam and ruled much of the Middle East until
the rise of the __________________ Turks in the late 1300s.
• The __________________ Khanate ruled Central Asia well into the 1400s.
– Also converted to __________________, but struggled with the Il-Khans.
Timur
• Later, from 1370 – 1405 the __________________ Khan, “__________________,” also
known as __________________, rose up and attempted to repeat the military triumph of his
ancestor __________________ Khan.
• Quickly conquered Central Asia, Persia, Northern India (including __________________),
southern __________________, and parts of the Middle East.
– Expansion ended with his death, but relatives ruled over the vast __________________
Empire, including Silk Road cities like Samarkand and __________________ into the
1500s.