Name: _________________________ Date: __________________
Per: _________
AP WORLD HISTORY II
Chapter 23
Industrialization and Western Global Hegemony, 1750-1914
Forces of Change
• Cultural:
• Enlightenment thinkers challenged regimes that did not grant ______________ freedom
• Call for ____________ government
• Jean-Jacques _____________ calls for government based on ______________ will
• Economic:
• ______________, not just ________________ gain new wealth
• New techniques to spur _______________ clashes with old _________________ values
Forces of Change
• Social:
• _________________ Revolution• Growing use of ___________ leads to better nutrition, which reduced ________ rate, and thus
increased _________ rate
• Population pressure pushes a lot of people into the _________ class (motive for protest)
• Proto-industrialization: full or part-time industrial workers working from ________, but in a capitalist
system (putting out system)
• Defiance of _____________ by youth, population upheaval and the spread of a __________-less
class fuels rebellion
The American Revolution
• “No ______________ without ___________________!”
• Declaration of Independence-______________
• 1789: new constitutional structure based on _________________ principles
• Checks and _________________
•Formal guarantees of ___________ Liberties
The French Revolution
• Causes-typical example of causative change…
• Impact of __________________ thinkers on swaying ideological change
• Emerging middle-class desires greater ___________________ role
• Peasants want increased _________________
• Government unable to reform, tightens grip on _________________
• 1787-88: sharp economic slump from bad ___________________
The French Revolution
• Louis XVI summons the ________________ General for tax-reform…
• Middle-class representatives (enlightenment ideals) want to turn body into a modern _______________.
• Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen: enacted natural rights to “_______, property, _______,
and resistance to _______________”
• July 14th, 1789: Storming of the _____________-popular riot which becomes the symbol of the revolution
• Constitution of ________________
• Sets up a _______________ monarchy
• Proclaims individual rights-freedoms of religion, press, and ________________
• Places the ______________ under state power
• Establishes a POWERFUL _________________ Assembly (parliamentary body)
• A moderate victory…the revolution could be over here, ______…
The French Revolution-Radical
• 1792: ____________ and other middle-class ___________________ push the revolution more towards
radical change
• ______________ war in France
• Intense opposition from _________, Prussia, Austria-France moves towards war with ______________
• Radicals abolish the ________________
• The _________________ decapitates Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette
The French Revolution-Reign of Terror
• Maximilien Robespierre-”the _____________________”
• Leader of the radical days of revolution
• Worked to centralize the government by ________________ non-revolutionaries
• New constitution (not really practiced) proclaimed ________________ male suffrage
• The metric system
• Universal _______________________
• A ____________________
The French Revolution-Reign of Terror
• Popular spirit of ______________________ spread throughout the radical days of the revolution.
• First national anthem
• Nationalism could replace older loyalties to the __________________ or locality
• _______________________ is beheaded himself when he calls for another round-up of moderate leaders.
Arrested, guillotined on the same day by the very people he carried to revolution.
The French Revolution-backswing
• The Directory: ________-man governing council, more _________________ than Radical Days
• 1799-victory of ____________________ Bonaparte: a leading general who converted the revolutionary
republic into an _____________________ empire.
The French Revolution: Napoleon
• Reduces role of ________________________
• Police force limits freedom of expression
• Liberal gains:
• Religious freedom
• ____________________________ Code of Law enacts equality of all men before the law
• Centralized _______________________ and universities
The French Revolution: Napoleon and the French Empire
• Insatiable ambition draws his attention to _____________________ expansion. France ends up at war with
almost all of Europe, and Russia
• 1812: French Empire controls most of __________________ Europe
• The Russian campaign was a __________________
• ____________________ system organized by Britain in 1814-1815
• Napoleon’s Empire spread key revolutionary ___________________…the idea of ________________
under law, and the attack on established institutions
The French Revolution: The French Empire
• The Revolution encourages widespread popular _______________________
• French invasion made more people conscious of national __________________…resistance to Napoleon
caused final French defeat
Congress of Vienna
• Vienna, __________:
• European _________________________________ should be restored
• __________________ France with stronger nations
• Gains for Prussia, Britain, and Russia controlled ________________
The Liberals
• Look for ways to _______________ state interference in individual lives
• Urged representation of ________________ people in government
• Importance of constitutional rule, protection of _________________.
• Represent the growing _________________ class
The Radicals
• Wanted wider __________________ rights
• Urge social reforms to benefit the ________________ classes.
• __________________ launch political attack on private property in the name of equality…and end to
___________________ exploitation of workers.
• Nationalists urge the importance of national ________________ and glory.
Greek Revolution (and others)
• 1820 ___________ revolt against Ottoman Rule-the beginning of the Ottoman End on the Balkan Peninsula.
• 1830 French Revolution II: more _________________ monarchy
• 1830 Belgian Revolution: ________________ regime
Other reforms/revolutions
• US elects ______________________________ president in 1828
• Britain Reform Bill of 1832 gives ________________________ vote to most middle-class men
1848
• Most European nations and the US were fully invested in their __________________ Revolutions
• Unrest among ____________________ workers
• Worry among ___________________ for the future of their craft
• _________________ Movement: attempted to use the democratic process to regulate new technologies and
promote popular education.
• France, 1848-___________________ is expelled, and ____________________ republic is established
• ______________________ spread to Germany, Austria, Hungary.
• Revolutions end quickly…
• Democracy in France for a little while, then _____________________ nephew replaces it.
• Failures of _________________ revolutions draw the revolutionary age to a close
Industrialization-1850
• Railroads and ________________ link cities across Europe encouraging industrialization
• _____________________ continues
• ______________________ improves
• Death rates fall below ______________ rates.
• More efficient ______________ forces
Industrialization-1850
• 2/3 Europeans lived above the _____________________ level
• Germ-Theory discovery by Louis ____________________ in 1880’s.
• ______________________ in Europe doubled between 1860-1873
• Labor movements take shape amongst urban ____________________ workers
Political/social issues post-1848
• Benjamin ________________: British conservative leader grants vote to working class men in 1867
• Count Camillo di Cavour: Italian state of Piedmont, supported ______________ development and extended
parliamentary powers to satisfy liberals
• Otto Von Bismarck: _______________ Prime Minister who worked to extend right to vote to all men.
• Conservatives use ______________________ to promote active _____________________ policy.
Italy and Germany
• Cavour orchestrates a series of battles to _____________________ an organized Italian state by 1861
• Bismarck follows the example of Italy and uses his ______________________ policies and “blood and iron”
to transform Prussian lands into a unified German _____________________.
America and France…
• American ________________ War: 1861-1865; brought an end to the ______________________
differences between the north and south.
• France overthrows the ________________________ Echo Empire and establishes a
________________________ republic with universal male suffrage
Governmental Trends
• Most western states had _________________________ governments by the 1870’s.
• Civil Service Examinations were the standard
• Government regulation __________________
• _____________________ is expanded
• Welfare measures _____________________
• Constitutional crises are replaced by __________________ issues