Aim: How did the Church counter the Reformation?
I. Effects of the Reformation
V. The Inquisition
1. Loss of religious unity in Europe
i. Established by Pope Paul III in 1542
2. Paved the way for future revolutions
ii. Used to end heresies against the
3. Religious conflicts
Church
4. New denominations: Lutherans, Amish, Quakers. iii. Created the Index of Forbidden
5. Many wars occurred
Books
6. Church lost power
iv. List comprised of books that
go against Church teachings
II. Religious Wars
1. French wars of religion 1562-1598
2. Huguenots (French Protestants) vs. Catholics
3. 1598- Edict of Nantes
4. This allowed Protestants to practice in Catholic France
5. Also granted Protestants certain rights in France
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England
Henry VIII Wanted a male heir
He was denied annulment by the pope
Started the Anglican Protestant Church or Church of England
Elizabeth I (Protestant) vs. Mary I (Catholic) Mary I also known as Bloody Mary
After Mary’s death Elizabeth makes England Protestant again
Anglo-Spanish war 1585-1604
Spanish Armada 1588 (England wins) Phillip II vs. Elizabeth I.
James I declares truce with Spain 1604
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Thirty-Years War
Last religious war
1618-1648
Catholics vs. Protestants in Germany
Ended with the Treaty of Westphalia which allowed princes to choose their religion
III. The Counter Reformation
1. 16th century Church reforms
2. Banned the sale of Indulgences
3. Creation of the Society of Jesuits by Ignatius of Loyola
4. Used to restore faith in the teachings of Christ
5. Catholics should do good works and have faith
IV The Council of Trent
1. Council of religious leaders that met from 1545-1563
2. The Church condemned Protestantism
3. Specified Catholic doctrines on salvation, the sacraments and the Biblical canon.
4. They also set out to reform the abuses of the Church
Aim: How did the Scientific Revolution AND Enlightenment change the world?
I Pre-Revolution
1. Church was still main authority
2. Geocentric universe (earth-centered)
3. Renaissance and Reformation challenge old views
4. Many scientists now challenge theories
II Copernican Theory
1. 16th century Copernicus
2. Mathematician challenged geocentric theory
3. Heliocentric model (sun-centered)
4. Church calls it illogical, unbiblical and un-Christian
5. Publishes book in the year of his death
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VII Church Defends Itself
Church defends on two-fronts
Both challenge the pope
Reformation: Theological
Scientific: Science and Math
Both of these had a Huge
IMPACT on religious change
III Galileo
1. Proves Copernican theory
2. Writes in Italian to reach bigger audience
3. First to use telescope to document the stars
4. Church summoned him to Rome
5. He faced the Inquisition and Forced to recant his theories
6. His writings placed on Index of Forbidden Books
IV Revolutionary Scientists
1. Scientific Method: uses observation, hypothesis, and experimentation
2. Tycho Brahe: built Europe’s most modern astronomical laboratory to gather data
3. Francis Bacon: inductive logic. This method involved experimentation, and the collection
and analysis of data.
4. Johannes Kepler: planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits
5. Rene Descartes: deductive method, whatever could be doubted must be rejected
6. “I think, therefore I am”
7. Isaac Newton: Law of Gravitation, Calculus
V Advances in Inventions and Medicine
1. Zacharias Jansen invented the first microscope.
2. Evangelista Torricelli developed the first mercury barometer
3. Gabriel Fahrenheit developed the first thermometer
4. Anders Celsius developed another thermometer using a different
5. Andreas Vesalius studied human anatomy
6. William Harvey the heart acted like the pump to circulate the blood
7. Edward Jenner introduced the first vaccine to prevent smallpox.
8. Robert Boyle considered modern father of chemistry
VI Deism
1. Many people rejected god, became atheists
2. god who created and presided over an orderly realm
3. did not interfere in its workings.
4. God was a watchmaker, one who set up the world, gave it natural laws by which to operate,
and then let it run itself
I. Enlightenment
1. 16th, 17th and 18th centuries
2. Inspired by the Scientific Revolution
3. Age of Reason
4. People applied Logic and Reason to gov’t
5. During the High M.A, Renaissance most monarchs believed in divine right
6. God ordained their right to rule
7. Ex. James I of England 1603-1624
8. “The king is from god, and law is from king.”
9. Different than the mandate of heaven
II Enlightenment Theory
A. 17th philosophes believe gov’t was made for the people (no divine right)
B.
Philosophe
Book
Theory
Thomas Hobbes
Leviathan
People are evil by nature
Absolute Monarch should rule
John Locke
Two Treatises on Gov’t
People had natural rights
Life, liberty, and property
Gov’t should represent people
If they didn’t people could
overthrow it
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
The Social Contract
All men were equal
Majority rule, Direct democracy
Inspired revolutions (French)
Anti-slavery
Baron de Montesquieu
The Spirit of Laws
Separation of Powers
Checks and balances
Voltaire
Many works
Freedom of speech
Religious toleration
Diderot
Encyclopedia
Helped spread Enlightenment ideas
C. Enlightened Despots
 Frederick II Prussia-religious toleration, provided land and supplies for peasants
 Catherine the Great Russia- improved Russia, education, expansion
 Joseph II Austria- Peasant emperor, religious toleration, free speech
D. Results
o Inspired the French and American revolutions
o Locke inspired Jefferson’s writing
Aim: How did the Age of Exploration begin? What impact did it have on Europe?
I European Exploration and Expansion
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Trade linked through land routes: Persia, Arabia, Asia, Silk Road
Europeans had ships trade in Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean
Wanted direct route to the east, rather than middlemen
Atlantic Ocean was vastly unknown
II Motives for Exploration
o Europeans primary motive was economic
o Desire for wealth and foreign goods
o Wanted to sell foreign goods for profit
III Portugal
o Prince Henry the Navigator supported a navigational and sailing school
o Started conquering small islands in Atlantic and cities on Africa’s west coast
o 1488 Bartolomeu Diaz sails to the southern tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope)
o 1497- Vasco de Gama was first European to reach India by sea
o Profit was 60 times more than the investment
o Ferdinand Magellan-Led the first successful expedition to circumnavigate the globe
IV Spain
o 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella financed Christopher Columbus
o Columbus sailed west and discovered the Americas
o 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas
o Pope granted Spain all of North and South America
o Portugal received Brazil, Africa and India
V The Dutch
o Dutch Gain independence from Spain
o Begin to seize Portuguese lands
o Set up Dutch East India Trading Company
o Also explored and settled North America
o Henry Hudson sailed and claimed what is now New York
o Bought island of Manhattan
VI New Technology
o Late 15th century new maps
o Lateen sails: sail in all directions, good for monsoons
o Astrolabe: Navigational device determines latitude
o Magnetic Compass: Borrowed from China, used to tell direction
o Three-Masted Caravels: large ship, with larger sails
o Gun powder
Aim: How did the Spanish conquests affect the Native Americans?
I. Cortes
o Cortes was a conquistador
o Wanted to conquer Mexico for gold
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Helped by Malinche
Believed to be Quetzalcoatl
Arrived receiving gifts eventually turned on the Aztecs
Captured Montezuma
When Montezuma died, Cortes teamed with other tribes to defeat the Aztecs
He was considered a Hero, became famous and very rich
II. Pizzaro
o Wanted to conquer the Incas
o He also wanted gold and riches
o Captured ruler of Inca
o Atahualpa promised 13,420 pounds of gold and 26,000 pounds of silver
o Pizzaro killed him anyway
o Incan Empire fell
III. Treatment of the Indians
o Bartolomé de Las Casas
o Defended the Indians
o Bartolomé de Las Casas: accounts of the acts that the Spanish colonists inflicted
o This included hanging them, roasting them on spits, hacking their children into pieces
Aim: Did the Spanish conquests of the Americas help or hurt the world?
I. First Encounters
1. Columbus landed in the Caribbean.
2. Conquistadors or conquerors seized gold
3. They enslaved the Indians and made them slaves
4. Forced Indians to convert to Christianity.
II. Columbian Exchange
1. Columbian Exchange as it was known was the exchange of peoples, plants, animals,
technology, and disease between the Eastern and Western hemispheres.
2. New products like corn, potato, sugar, horses, and other animals shifted
3. Disease: yellow fever, malaria, smallpox and the measles to the Americas
4. Syphilis was brought to Europe
5. Over 45 million Indians were killed due to harsh treatment and disease
III. Ruling the new Empire
Government:
1. Created the Council of the Indies to pass laws for the colonies.
2. Viceroys or representatives who ruled in his name in each province.
Religion:
1. Catholic Church converted thousands of Native Americans to Christianity.
Economy:
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New colonies could only export goods to Spain and only import goods from Spain.
Could not trade with any other country or any other colony.
Spanish were granted encomiendas.
This gave the Spanish the right to demand labor or tribute from the natives.
Worker shortages started African slave trade
They were immune to tropical diseases and skilled in farming, mining and
metalworking.
New Social Classes:
1. Peninsulares: people who were born in Spain. Highest positions in gov’t and Church.
2. Creoles, American born descendants of Spanish. Creoles owned ranches, plantations and
mines.
3. Mestizos people of Native American and European descent
4. Mulattoes people of African and European descent.
5. At the bottom of society were the Native Americans and Africans.
Aim: What role did the Ming Dynasty play in Chinese history?
I. Ming Dynasty
o Existed 1368-1644 names means bright or brilliant
o Return to Chinese tradition and strong gov’t
o Capital moved to Beijing
o Founded by Chu Yuanzhang chose the name Hong-wu
o Reinstated civil service exam and Confucianism
o Extended Chinese authority to Mongolia, Korea, and Southeast Asia
o Made the Forbidden City most beautiful through cultural achievements
II Achievements
o Zheng He: 1405-1433 Chinese explorer and navigator
o Sent to establish relations with foreign countries and to expand trade contacts
o Exported porcelain, silk, vases, tea
III Decline
o 16th century internal problems
o famines and peasant revolts cause weakness
o 1644 Ming emperor asked Qing warriors from Manchuria to stop peasant rebellions
o Qing ousted emperor and the Ming ends
o Manchu or Qing dynasty begins
IV Qing or Manchu Dynasty
o China’s last dynasty
o Existed 1644-1911
o Qing from Manchuria
o Expanded Chinese empire to Tibet, Vietnam, Burma, Nepal, Mongolia
o Remained isolated
o No trade with Europeans
o Banned Christianity in 1724
o Canton only trading city used
o Weakened by continuing pressure from the West
o The Opium Wars with the British opened trade with Europe
o Tai-ping Rebellion weakened Qing dynasty
o Fell in 1911 and new democratic China was created
Aim: How did the Ottoman Empire rise and fall?
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I. Rise of the Ottoman Empire
Migrated to Asia Minor (Turkey) late 1200s.
Ottomans were vassals of the Seljuk Turks,
Ottoman state created by Osman I in 1280
GOVERNMENT: run by the sultan.
ministers were viziers, or high ranking officials
Ulema are Muslim scholars of Islamic studies.
II Ottoman Military
o Gunpowder Empire, artillery, or cannons into their armies + ships.
o Janissaries were recruited at childhood from conquered Christian communities.
o Converted to Islam and loyal to the sultan.
o Received training as modern infantry and gunpowder
III Ottoman Military Conquests
o Conquered Balkans late 1300s
o Navies gained hegemony over the eastern Mediterranean.
o Destruction of the Byzantine Empire in 1453.
o New capital, Istanbul.
o Selim I:
1. North Africa +conquered Egypt.
2. Controlled of important coastal ports in Tripoli, Tunis and Algiers.
o Suleiman I:
1. Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566).
2. Attacked territories of Romania, Hungary, and Austria’s Holy Roman Empire.
3. Known as the Lawgiver
4. He also supported religious tolerance
5. Was responsible for a Golden Age
IV. Women in the Ottoman Empire
o Queen mother ran the household and had diplomatic relations with foreign officials.
o Right to own property and retain property after marriage.
o Women also bought and sold real estate
V Religion and Politics
1. Ottomans ruled Sunni + Shiite Muslims
2. Governed Jews, Orthodox Christians, Catholic and Protestants.
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No equal rights
Pay a special head tax.
Millet administrative unit for each religious group
Sultan position was hereditary
Concubines lived in a sacred place known as a harem.
VI Fall of the Empire
o The sultans since Suleiman were men of little ability, and poorly trained.
o Trade routes no longer as important for Europe
o Big population, less controllable
o The sick man of Europe.
WWI Marked the end of the Ottoman Empire
Safavid Empire, watch Kincaid’s YouTube video on the teacher webpage
AIM: Where were they, why were they important?
Aim: How did the Gunpowder Empires come to rule the Middle East and India?
X. India after the Gupta
o Gupta Empire fell in 550
o India then made up of local kingdoms
o Trade linked India to China and Middle East
o Delhi Sultanate ruled from 1206-1526
o Delhi were Muslims who ruled in north India
o Sultan was the ruler, and was religiously tolerant
XI. Mughal
 1526 Babur conquers Delhi
 Set up the Mughal Empire 1526- 1857
 Babur:
 Great military leader
 Weak administrator
 Expanded to the Indus and Ganges plains
 Akbar a.k.a Akbar the Great
 Babur’s grandson
 1556-1605
 Military leader and great administrator
 Blended Hindu and Islamic religions called Divine Faith
 religious toleration
 Opened up all jobs to Hindus
 Ended tax on non-Muslims
 Modernized the army and reforms
 Gave women more rights
XII. Successors of Akbar
o Jahangir weak ruler but loved art and music
o Shah Jahan built Taj Mahal
o He too was weak, hated military. Loved arts and architecture
XIII. Internal revolt
o 1600s Aurangzeb rules
o Persecutes Hindus
o Heavy taxes on non-Muslims
o peasants revolt
o Rulers not focused on internal affairs
o Conquering weakened the treasury
o Refused to compete with European technology
o This ended the Mughal in 1857
Aim: How did Russia rise in power?
I. Russia
 Russia remained isolated during the 14th-16th centuries
 They expanded their territory but technologically and intellectually backwards
II. Mongols in Russia
o 1480s Ivan III of Ivan the Great of Moscow was first new leader
o He refused to pay tribute to the Mongols
o Made Russia independent from Mongol rule
o Claimed that Russia was now the “third Rome”
III. Cossacks
o Peasant soldiers
o Given freedom from land if they conquered other lands
o Captured Siberia to Caspian Sea
IV. Absolute Rulers
A. Ivan IV or Ivan the Terrible 1560s
o Made Russia an absolute monarchy
o United and expanded Russia
o Ruled by using terror
o Used secret police
o Executed opposition
o Killed his own son
o Chaos 1604-1613 no czar “time of troubles”
B. Michael Romanov was elected czar in 1613
o Romanov family ruled until 1917
C. Peter the Great
o 1682-1725
o westernized Russia
o First navy for Russia
o Sent Russians to be educated in the west
o Forced people to shave their beards and wear western dress
o Brought western people to educate
V. Russia under Catherine the Great
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Peter dies in 1724
Peter III rules until 1761
Wife Catherine takes over in 1762
Was a selective Westernizer and an Enlightened despot
Increased power of landlords and nobility over serfs
Expanded Russia into Siberia, Alaska and Poland
VI. Serfdom in Russia
• Peasants were homeless
• Settled on the land of wealthy Russians
• Mid 17th century serfdom becomes hereditary
• Similar to slaves because they bought and sold, traded and gambled
• Serfs were taxed and policed by landlords
• They were illiterate and punished harshly
• Gov’t supported serfdom
VII. Social Unrest in Russia
• Russia lagged behind the West
• Russia also lacked a middle class
• Peasants want reform and an end to serfdom so they protest and rebel
• Pugachev was a Cossack and led a rebellion
• 1770’s Pugachev Rebellion attempted to end serfdom
• It failed and he was drawn and quartered in a public square
VIII. Russia 1800s
o Multinational empire
o Feared by Europeans
o Rigid class structure
o Backward nation, lacked industrialization
IX. Czars of Reform
a. Alexander I- 1801-1825
1. Promoted education
2. Defeated Napoleon
3. Member of the Congress of Vienna
b. Nicholas I 1825- 1855
1. Harsh ruler that used secret police
2. Burned Western books
3. “submit and obey”
4. started Crimean War against Turkey and lost
c. Alexander II 1855-1881
1. Emancipated the serfs in 1861
2. Serfs still had no money or land
3. Assassinated in 1881 by a bomb
d. Alexander III 1881-1894
1. Revived harsh laws of Nicholas I
2. Russification: industrializing Russia
3. Pogroms: persecuted Jews
e. Nicholas II 1894-1917
1. Built trans-Siberian railway
2. Russo-Japanese War 1905
3. Japan defeated Russia
4. Put down Revolution in 1905
5. 1905 Bloody Sunday killed over a thousand people
6. His rule led to the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917