Modern
1750-1900
Industrialization & Global Integration
Summary
The Industrial Revolution changed that way that everything is made
& leads to European domination of the world.
Using their new industrial powers, Europe went out & conquered
everywhere they had not gotten to in the last era (Central Africa,
Asia, Australia).
European Enlightenment ideas spread & led to revolutions in the
New World (& in Europe).
Traditional world powers from the last era weakened (Spain,
Ottomans, Mughals, Qing China) while new world powers rose
(USA, Germany, Japan).
Huge empires + Booming industrial economies = Global migrations
(people moving for work).
Geography
Key Concept 5.1: Industrialization
& Global Capitalism
The Industrial Revolution is the most important
thing that happened ever…
Pretty much anything after this point can be
directly tied back to it.
The College Board breaks it down into six
categories.
Key Concept 5.1: Industrialization & Global Capitalism
PRODUCTION
Nine Factors (why the Industrial Rev began in Europe):
• Europe’s location
• Availability of raw materials
• European population growth
• Urbanization
• Agricultural growth
• Private property rights
• Plenty of rivers/canals
• Access to foreign resources
• Capital
Key Concept 5.1: Industrialization & Global Capitalism
PRODUCTION
Technological Advances:
• Steam engines brought new forms of energy from fossil
fuels
• Factory system led to specialization of labor
• Eventually spread to Europe, US, Russia, Japan
• 2nd Industrial Revolution led to steel production in the
later 19th Century
Key Concept 5.1: Industrialization & Global Capitalism
Global Trade
By 1900, Europe controlled 80% of Earth’s surface. Why?
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• The factory system required raw materials- Europe
went around the world to acquire them.
• Export Economics- emerged in Africa & Asia- focused
on producing one single crop for export to Europe
• Agricultural economies around the world declines
• Latin America was used as a mining center
Key Concept 5.1: Industrialization & Global Capitalism
Global Trade
Europe was not content with raw materials
They acquired territory to use as markets for finished
goods
Markets + Materials
Key Concept 5.1: Industrialization & Global Capitalism
ECON
Industrialization is NOT free.
Financiers developed new ways to facilitate the industrial
revolution.
Key Philosophers
Adam Smith -> Capitalism
• The Wealth of Nations
• Laid the foundations of classical free market economic theory
• Rational self-interest & competition can lead to economic prosperity
John Stuart Mill -> Liberalism
• Linked freedom & self-improvement
• Concept of liberty justified the freedom of the individual in opposition to
unlimited state control
Key Concept 5.1: Industrialization & Global Capitalism
ECON
Instruments
• Stock Markets
• Insurance Companies
• Gold Standard
Transnational Businesses
Today = Transnational Corporations
Key Concept 5.1: Industrialization & Global Capitalism
TRANSPORTATION/COMMUNICATION
Railroads
Steamships
Telegraphs
Canals
• Erie (1825)
• Suez (1869)
• Panama (1914)
Key Concept 5.1: Industrialization & Global Capitalism
RESPONSE TO THE SPREAD
Workers organized into unions.
• Demanded better wages, hours, conditions.
Alternative visions of the future emerge.
• Marxism (1848) & Anarchism (1800s)
Some states resisted change.
• Quing & Ottoman
Some states tried industrialization.
• Meiji Japan & Tsarist Russia
Government reforms.
• Vote for women (GB) & public education
Key Concept 5.1: Industrialization & Global Capitalism
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
The industrial revolution was such a huge shift
that it even created entirely new social classes:
Middle Class
Industrial Working Class
Urbanization led to poor living conditions.
Key Concept 5.2: Imperialism &
Nation-State Formation
The Industrial Revolution was a domestic
phenomenon that had international consequences.
The most visible of these is the growth of
European empires in the search for markets &
materials.
Key Concept 5.2: Imperialism & Nation-State Formation
Many states from the previous era doubled down on
existing colonies:
• British India & Dutch Indonesia
Methods used by the “West”
• Diplomacy- land acquired by treaty
• Berlin Conference 1884
• Warfare- land acquired & maintained via
technological advantages
• Belgians in the Congo
Key Concept 5.2: Imperialism & Nation-State Formation
Settler Colony
• Foreign family units “settle” in new colony
• As local population decreases, foreigners take that land
• Generally seen as racially superior to indigenous
• Examples:
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•
•
•
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Kenya
South Africa
Mozambique
Zimbabwe
Algeria
American Frontier
Australia
Key Concept 5.2: Imperialism & Nation-State Formation
Economic Imperialism
Not all acts of imperialism required a total takeover of
pre-existing political structures.
Often it was more lucrative to dominate economically.
Examples:
Opium War
Monroe Doctrine
Key Concept 5.2: Imperialism & Nation-State Formation
Europe (later USA, Japan) used their
industrial advantage to build empire
throughout Asia, Pacific, & Africa.
Key Concept 5.2: Imperialism & Nation-State Formation
Western arrival influenced both the
FORMATION & CONTRACTION of states
around the world:
Formation:
•American Manifest
Destiny
•Russian Expansion
•Meiji Japan
Contraction:
The AP focuses here on the
dissolution of the Ottoman
Empire
•Balkan Independence
•Egyptian Semi-Independence
•Europeans North Africa
Development of new states: Cherokee, Siam, Zulu, Hawaii
Rise of Nationalism: Germany, Liberian
Key Concept 5.2: Imperialism & Nation-State Formation
The whole enterprise was facilitated by RACIAL
POLICIES.
Europeans justified their actions in numerous
ways.
Social Darwinism
• “We are better because of science.”
“White Man’s Burden”
• “We are doing this because we care.”
Competition
• “If we weren’t here, some other white guys
would be.”
Key Concept 5.2: Imperialism & Nation-State Formation
Imperialism takes place during the golden age
of political cartoons
Key Concept 5.3: Nationalism,
Revolution, & Reform
This era is dedicated to change.
Key Concepts 5.1 & 5.2 looked at the effects of the
Industrial Revolution.
This concept has a catalyst: The Enlightenment.
18th – 19th Century reform movements reshaped the
earth’s status quo & can be divided into four key
areas of focus:
Nationalism, Revolution, Political Ideology,
Feminism
Key Concept 5.3: Nationalism, Revolution, & Reform
The Catalyst: The Enlightenment
An intellectual movement beginning in Europe
that attempted to reform society using
REASON
LOGIC
SCIENCE
Key Concept 5.3: Nationalism, Revolution, & Reform
The Catalyst: The Enlightenment
THINKERS
Voltaire- Religious Toleration
Rousseau- Social Contract
Locke- Natural Rights
Montesquieu- Separation of Powers
Challenge religion, class, politics, superstition
Key Concept 5.3: Nationalism, Revolution, & Reform
The Catalyst: The Enlightenment
DOCUMENTS
U.S. Declaration of Independence (Jefferson,
1776)
Declaration of the Rights of Man (National
Assembly, 1789)
The Jamaica Letter (Simon Bolivar, 1815)
Key Concept 5.3: Nationalism, Revolution, & Reform
The Catalyst: The Enlightenment
Not only did the Enlightenment lead to political
change, it also sparked drastic social changes:
Women’s Suffrage
End of Slavery
End of Serfdom
Key Concept 5.3: Nationalism, Revolution, & Reform
NATIONALISM
People began to see beyond their village, to see
commonalities between themselves & those
around them.
This new national identity was linked to the
national borders of the nation.
Leaders used this to unite the people.
Key Concept 5.3: Nationalism, Revolution, & Reform
REVOLUTION
Called to action by the Enlightenment thinkers,
many groups pushed for reforms, rights, or allout revolution.
Key Concept 5.3: Nationalism, Revolution, & Reform
REVOLUTION
Independence
Murathan
U.S.A.
France
Haiti
Latin
America
Over Whom
Mughals
British
Louis XVI
France
Spain
Year
1707
1776
1789
1791
Early 1800s
New Nation
Murathan
Empire
U.S.A.
Republic of
France
Haiti
Many
Key Concept 5.3: Nationalism, Revolution, & Reform
REVOLUTION
Other movements against authority:
Slave Rebellion
• Haiti Revolution, Maroon Societies
Anti-Imperialism
• 1857 Sepoy Rebellion, Boxer Rebellion
Religion
• Taiping, Ghost Dance, Xhosa Cattle
Key Concept 5.3: Nationalism, Revolution, & Reform
REVOLUTION
These revolts led to some imperial changes:
Tanzimat Reforms
(Ottoman Empire)
Self-Strengthening
(Qing Empire)
Key Concept 5.3: Nationalism, Revolution, & Reform
POLITICAL IDEOLOGY
These movements transcended national borders:
Liberalism- a political philosophy or worldview
founded on ideas of liberty & equality
Socialism- a range of economic & social systems
characterized by social ownership & democratic
control of means of production
Communism- ultimate goal is the establishment of
a socioeconomic order structured upon common
ownership of the means of production & absences
of social classes, money, & the state
Key Concept 5.3: Nationalism, Revolution, & Reform
FEMINISM
Wollstonecraft- (English) argues that women are not
naturally inferior to men, but appear to be only because
they lack education
• Argues that both men & women should be treated as
rational beings & imagines a social order founded on
reason
De Gouges- (French) demanded that French women be
given the same rights as men
• Challenged practice of male authority (guillotined
during Reign of Terror)
Seneca Falls Convention- 1st Women’s Rights Convention
(US)
Key Concept 5.4: Global
Migrations
Industrialization, Imperialism, & the rise
of global capitalist economy increased the
amount of migration in this era.
Key Concept 5.4: Global Migrations
Causes:
Population Growth:
• Improved Food Production
• Improved Medicine
Improved Transport:
• Trains
• Autos
• Steamboat
Key Concept 5.4: Global Migrations
Migrants:
Manual laborers & skilled professionals who migrate in search of
work
Why Relocate?
• Free will (choice)
• Coerced Labor
• Slavery
• Indentured servitude
• Convict labor
• Temporary
• Seasonal (crops)
• Return home after
Key Concept 5.4: Global Migrations
Outcomes:
Gender
• Migrants tended to be male
• Women remained home filling in for absent males
Ethnic Enclaves
• Areas where migrants grouped in new areas
• Transplant their culture to the enclave (“Little Italy,” “Chinatown”)
Anti-Immigrant Policies
• Governmental prejudice against the migrants
• Tried to regulate # of immigrants
• Ex: Chinese Exclusion, White Austrailian