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Geography
____________________ from the plateau make travel impossible
Coastline has few ports or harbors
Deserts are unlivable (_____________ and _____________); each year the desert
takes over more land (Sahel)
Rainforest canopies allow _________________ to prevail, which prevents farming
near the rainforest because animals can’t live there.
Northern coast and southern tip of Africa are habitable and densely
populated
Geography Continued
Most people live on the _____________(grassy plains)
Early Humans Adapt
Many early humans were nomads (San from ___________ and ___________ from
Congo rf’s) , others learned to domesticate animals for food (____________of
Tanzania)
Transition
__________________began around 6000 BC, after a period of increased rains.
People moved to savannas to grow grain
Farming in the rain forests included root crops that needed little sun such as
________________
Agriculture allowed people to build ____________________________, and allowed for
reliable food supply
Permanent settlements require ___________________bodies (village chief and
councils in some, kingdoms in others)
Early Societies
Societies south of the Sahara are based on the ______________ (clan)
Local religions emerge that include ________________- belief where spirits play
an important role in daily life
Few societies had written language, so _________________ passed stories down
by mouth
Evidence from these civ’s were found in ____________, ______________, and
_____________ (by product of iron making)
Sub-Saharan Africa skipped Bronze and Copper age and go straight to
___________ (MAJOR ACHIEVEMENT around 500 BC)
_______Culture- culture of ppl who live in West Africa (present day Nigeria).
Nok were the first African ppl to know how to smelt iron
Iron used for _______________ and ________________
In the region south of the Sahel, cities develop between _________________
____________________ is located on the Niger River (W. Africa). This is the oldest
known city south of the Sahara
Scientists discover thousands of artifacts (pottery, hair ornaments, clay toys,
knives, jewelry)
Djenne-Djeno was home to _____________ people who lived in mud huts (later
mud brick homes); also become a trading center linked to other African cities
_________________- Permanent move from one country/region to another
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__________________- factors that either push people out of an area or that pull
them into an area
Results of migration:
_______________ may change because of population redistribution
________________ blending
Share of ________________ and _______________
_________________ between newly joined groups
________________________________ conditions may change; causing a 2nd migration
One way that scientists can trace migration is through _________________
_________________ (“the people”) speakers live in S.S Africa (modern Nigeria),
and their language has transformed into more than 900 cousin languages
The Bantu were _______________ and ________________ who developed iron
working. They began moving south and east around 2000 years ago
Needed to migrate because of their agricultural technique (s&b)
They needed to migrate because agriculture raised population in West Africa
When moving into new lands, the Bantu had an advantage in combat because
their weaponry was superior to the local clans