1 CHAPTER 26 17) What caused the 1908 coup in the Ottoman Empire? 1) List the weaknesses of the Ottoman Empire in the 18th century 18) Who challenged the Ottomans for control of Libya during WW I? 2) What was the Muslim economy like in the early 18th century? 19)What was the relationship between the Young Turks and the Arabs after the coup of 1908? 3) Which European power took Muslim territories in the early 18th century? 20) Whose invasion of Egypt in 1798 signaled the beginning of Europe’s colonization of the Islamic heartland? 4) In the later 1700s what power became the major threat to Ottoman survival? 21) What Islamic group was deposed by this invasion? 5) What was the first Balkan region to achieve independence from the Ottoman Empire? 22) What person had established dominance over Egypt by 1801? 6) By what decade had the Ottoman’s been driven from virtually all of the Balkans? 23) List the reforms introduced to Egypt after 1801 7) What European nation supported the Ottoman Empire to keep a balance of power in the Mediterranean? 8) What were Sultan Selim IIIs reforms? What was the result of these reforms? 24) Why could Muhammad Ali not overthrow the Ottoman Empire? 25)Which reforms of Muhammad Ali failed? Why? 26) Who were the Ayan? 27) Who were the Khedives? 9) What Ottoman Sultan eliminated the influence of the Janissary corp? 10) What were the reforms of Mahmud II? What was the result of these reforms? 11) What were the Tanzimat reforms? What was the result of these reforms? 12) What happened in 1876 that was associated with the Tanzimat reforms? 13) How did the Tanzimat reforms relate to women? 14) How does Abdul Hamid relate to the Tanzimat reforms? 15) In what ways did Abdul Hamid press for Westernization? 16) What group overthrew the Ottoman Sultanate in 1908? 28) What motivated Europeans to lend money to Muhammad Ali’s successors? 29) What happened in Egypt in 1882 that allowed Britain to become politically involved in the country? 30) What was the center of Egyptian administration in the Sudan? 31) Why did Achmad claim leadership of Sudanic resistance to Egyptian rule? 32) Who was Mahdi? Who was Khalifa Abdallahi? 33) Who was Nurhaci? What did he do? 34) What did the Manchu dynasty of China call itself? 35) How did the Manchus implement the imperial bureaucracy? 36) In what areas did the Manchus attempt reform? 37) Why did Manchu reforms fail? 2 38) Who were the compradors? How did they rise in influence? 39) What were all of the causes of Qing decline in the early 19th century? 40) How large was the Chinese population in 1850? 41) Describe the relationship between opium, economics, and colonialism in China 42) Who was Lin Zexu? What was his role in the 1830s? 43) What was the outcome of the opium war? 44) Describe the Taiping Rebellion. What caused it? What was the outcome? 45) How did the Manchus respond to external pressure by the end of the 19th century? 46) When was the last Chinese emperor deposed? 3 19) Who was Count Witte? What did he do? CHAPTER 27 20) What was the relationship between Russian industry and foreign capital by 1900? 1) How did Russia and Japan defy the common pattern of Western domination? 2) Characterize Russia’s and Japan’s development economically and militarily by the early 20th century 3) How did Russia and Japan approach the west differently? 21) Rank Russian industrialization by 1900 22) What local advantages did Russia have in terms of industrialization? 23) List the causes of Russian unrest during the second half of the 19th century 24) What was the role of the Russian intelligentsia? 4) How were Russia and Japan similar in terms of industrialization prior to 1914? 25) Who were the anarchists? What did they want? How did they operate to achieve their goals? 5) What caused Russia to fear too much westernization? 26) What were the characteristics of Russian Marxism? 6) What were the characteristics of the Holy Alliance? 27) Who were the Bolsheviks? How did they relate to Lenin’s ideas? 7) What was the Decembrist ring? What did they do in 1825? 28) What contributed to working class radicalism in Russia in the late 19th century? 8) How did Russia avoid revolutions in the 1830s and in 1848? 29) Failure in what war led to the Russian revolution of 1905? 9) Describe Russian territorial expansion 30) What happened in the revolution of 1905? 10)Describe the Russian economy at the beginning of the 19th century 31) What reforms stemmed from the revolution of 1905? What was the role of the liberals? 11) How does the Crimean war relate to Russia’s widening gap with the west? 32) Who was Stolypin? 12) Why did the west win the Crimean war? th 13) What czar started reforms in the 19 century? What were those reforms? 14) In what ways was serfdom reformed? 33) What was the Duma? 34) Who were the Kulaks? What did they achieve after 1905? 35) Who were the great 19th century Russian novelists? 15) When were serfs emancipated? 36) How did the Tokugawa Shogunate deal with a central bureaucracy and regional diamyos? 16) What came with serf emancipation? 37) Describe Tokugawa intellectual and cultural life 17) What were Russian reforms in the 1860s and 1870s? 38) What was the Dutch studies group? What did they advocate? 18) What was the first step toward industrialization in Russia? 39) Who forced the opening of Japan in 1853? 4 40) When did Mutsuhito take the throne? What did he implement? 41) What advantages did Japan have over China in terms of industrialization? 42) What were the political reforms of the Meji era? 45) What were zaibatsus? 46) How did imports and exports impact Japans industrialization? 47) What did the Japanese adopt culturally from the west? 48) How did Shinto impact industrialization in Japan? 43) How did these reforms compare with those of Russia? 44) How was Japanese and Russian industrialization similar and different? 49) What were the social stresses associated with Japanese industrialization?