Sections/Vocabulary I need to review the
most are….
Unit 1
Geosphere
Review Book
Name: ___________KEY___________
15. Transform Boundary – where two tectonic
plates slide horizontally past each other; form long
faults, shallow earthquakes; conserve Earth’s crust
16. Faults – a fracture in Earth along which
movement has occurred
17. Focus – place along a fault line from which an
earthquake originates
18. Epicenter – the location on Earth’s surface
directly above the focus (origin) of an earthquake
19. Magnitude – a measure of the size of seismic
waves, or the amount of energy released at the
source of an earthquake
20. Magma – a body of molten rock found at a
depth in the Earth; includes any dissolved gases and
crystals
21. Mechanical Weathering – when physical forces
break rock into smaller pieces without changing the
rock’s composition; ice wedging
EEn.1.1.3 – How Stars Produce Energy
1. Burning is a type of combustion where _flames_
can be seen.
- Most of the energy from burning is
converted into ___light____ energy.
- An example of burning is _a candle_____
2. Combustion is a reaction that takes place
without ____flames_______.
- More energy in the form of ___heat_____
is produced.
- An example of combustion is _a lightbulb
Unit 1 Objectives
EEn.1.1.3 – Explain how the Sun produces energy
which is transferred to the Earth by radiation.
EEn.2.1.1 – Explain how the rock cycle, plate
tectonics, volcanoes and earthquakes impact the
lithosphere.
EEn.2.1.2 – Predict the locations of volcanoes,
earthquakes and faults based on information
contained in a variety of maps.
EEn.2.1.3 – Explain how natural actions such as
weathering, erosion (wind, water and gravity),
and soil formation affect Earth’s surface.
EEn.2.1.4 – Explain the probability of and
preparation for geohazards such as landslides,
avalanches, earthquakes and volcanoes in a
particular area based on available data
Nuclear Fission:
23. Erosion – movement of weathered materials
from one location to another
24. Deposition – final stage of erosion process when
sediments are laid down on the ground or settle to
the bottom of a body of water
25. Foliation – a zone of weakness in a sedimentary
rock
26. Mass movement – movement of loose
sediments and weathered rock due to the force of
gravity
27. Soil – a combination of minerals, organic
matter, water and air; produced over long periods
of time by the processes of weathering, erosion and
deposition
8. Igneous Rock – crystallize from magma; examples
are obsidian and basalt
- nuclei are ___split_____
- process used in _nuclear__
22. Chemical Weathering – the process where the
internal structure of a mineral/rock is altered by the
removal/addition of elements; dissolving of
limestone by acid rain
__power__ plants
- Draw a simple picture of nuclear fission:
9. Sedimentary Rock – form from compacted and
cemented sediments; examples are sandstone and
shale
10. Plate Tectonics – theory that explains the
structure of Earth’s crust as rigid plates that move
slowly over the underlying mantle
11. Mantle Convection – transfer of thermal energy
by movement of heated matter; ridge push and slab
pull
Nuclear Fusion :
- nuclei are ___combined______
- the way in which the _Sun___ produces energy
- Draw a simple picture of nuclear fusion:
12. Lithosphere – rigid outer shell of Earth including
the crust and solid uppermost part of the mantle
13. Convergent Boundary – where two tectonic
plates are moving toward each other; form
trenches, island arcs, folded mountains; destroy
Earth’s crust
14. Divergent Boundary – where two tectonic
plates are moving away from each other; form
volcanoes, earthquakes, high heat flow; create
Earth’s crust
Electromagnetic Spectrum/Waves:
Unit 1 Vocabulary:
1. Nuclear Fission – when large nuclei are split into
smaller nuclei; emit neutrons and heat energy;
process used in nuclear power plants
Label the diagram from largest to smallest
2. Nuclear Fusion – when smaller nuclei combine
into larger nuclei; emits massive amounts of energy;
process used by stars to produce energy
3. Radiation – the transfer of heat energy through
space by electromagnetic waves
- Waves with ___small__ wavelengths and
____high____ frequencies have the most energy.
4. Electromagnetic Waves/Spectrum – the
arrangement of electromagnetic radiation according
to wavelengths
- Humans can only see the __visible___ light part
of the spectrum with the naked eye.
5. Cosmic Rays – immensely high energy radiation;
mainly originate outside the Solar System
6. Rock Cycle – the model that illustrates the origin
of the three basic rock types and the relationships
between Earth materials and processes
- On Earth, only some _infrared, some ultraviolet,
some __radio_ and all __visible___ light
wavelengths make it to the surface.
7. Metamorphic Rock – form from changes in
temperature and pressure; examples are slate and
marble
Mass Movement:
It is the _movement__ of rock and soil _down__
__slope__ due to __gravity__ and caused by
_weathering___ and __erosion__ .
Water
Over-steepened
Slopes
Removal of
Saturating surfaces creating
mudflows
Water cuts under the bank of a
river
Taking away plants and roots
Energy Transfer in Stars:
Remember the dance…
#1 _nuclear_ __fusion__ in the Sun’s __core__ .
#2 Energy is passed from one particle to another
through _conduction___.
#3 Energy rises to the surface by __convection__ .
#4 _Radiatioin_ of energy out into space by
electromagnetic waves.
Draw a sketch of this process below:
Vegetation
See diagram on the board
Earthquakes
Shake loose soil creating a
landslide
Energy transfer:
Types of Mass Movement:
Conduction – energy transfer when particles
__touch___ each other.
Based on the kind of __material__, how it _moves__
and _the speed__ of movement.
Example:
The bottom of a pot gets hot when it’s set on the
eye of a stove.
Examples are (list 5):
Rockfall, slides, slumps, creep, flows
Types of Geohazards:
Convection – energy transfer through a _fluid__
( __liquids__ and __gases__)
It is impossible to know exactly when and where
a geohazard will occur, so being __PREPARED__ is
extremely important!
Example:
Water boiling in a pot
Examples of geohazards include: earthquakes,
volcanoes, mudslides, landslides, avalanches,
floods, falling rock
Radiation – energy transfer by _electomagnetic_
_waves___
Example:
Movement of energy from the Sun to Earth
Things that can be done to protect against
geohazards include (list at least 5):
Dams, levees, wire netting, breaks, special
building codes, seismographs, having an
emergency plan
Solar Forces:
Erosion is the __movement___ of __eroded__
MUST be in equilibrium (balance)!
The inward force of __gravity_ of a star must be in
balance with the outward push of _thermal__
_pressure__ from nuclear fusion in the core.
material from _one__ location to __another_ .
Rates of erosion are _slower__ in areas where
there is a lot of vegetation (grass, trees, etc.), but
are _faster____ in areas with sparse vegetation.
Human activities that _remove____ vegetation help
to __increase___ erosion rates.
Examples of human activities that can impact
erosion rates include (list at least 4 of each):
Positive Impact
planting trees
responsible
land use
pasture rotation
contour plowing
Negative Impact
deforestation
poor construction
practices
overgrazing
unsustainable
farming practices
Label the Soil Profile:
O–Organics - layer of organic
material
A–Topsoil – organic & mineral
material mix
EEn.2.1.1
The Rock Cycle, Plate Tectonics,
Volcanoes and Earthquakes
B–Subsoil – parent material in
sediment form
C–Substrate – parent
material in large chunks
R–Bedrock – parent material
in huge slabs
How Soil Forms:
Soil formation requires five things: _parent__
_material____ , _topography__ , __climate___ ,
__organisms___ and ____time______
Soil creates __soil___ ___horizons____
__Energy____ is needed to changes rocks from one
type to the next.
__Sedimentary____ rocks are made from
__sediments____ . The energy for this process is
external and comes from the ___Sun____ .
__Igneous_____ rocks are made from ___magma____.
The energy for this process is internal and comes
from _Earth’s__ __core__ .
__Metamorphic__ rocks are made from other
___rocks________. The energy for this process is
also internal and also comes from _Earth’s___
_core___.
Draw and label the Rock Cycle:
Importance of topography in soil formation:
Because mountain areas tend to have steep
slopes, soil tends to __erode___ __away____
resulting in very ___thin___ soil.
See diagram on board
__Valleys___ tend to collect the sediments washed
away from mountainsides often resulting in very
__thick____ , ____rich____ soil.
Importance of climate in soil formation:
Areas that are cool and dry with very little
_vegetation_ tend to have mostly __physical___
weathering.
Areas that are warm and moist with _abundant___
vegetation tend to have mostly __chemical___
weathering.
Label the Earth’s main layers:
Soil:
Is an _important__ product of __weathering___ .
Support __plant___ growth.
CRUST
Oceanic = younger rocks
Continental = older rocks
MANTLE
Contains ____82_____%
of Earth’s total
volume
OUTER CORE
_____liquid___ due to extreme heat
INNER CORE
___solid___ due to extreme pressure
There are four major components:
1. __mineral__ matter
2. __organic__ matter (decayed things)
3. _water__
4. __air_____
Different ratios of these components contribute
to the creation of different types of soil.
Rate of Weathering:
Continental Drift:
Rates of weathering are dependent on three
factors:
Theory proposed by __Alfred__ __Wegener__ in
1915 (over 100 years ago!)
1. Rock characteristics – what does the rock look
like (is it big, does it have a smooth surface or are
there a lot of cracks and pits, etc.).
This was the accepted theory before __plate__
_tectonics__ .
2. Climate – what is the average _temperature__
and _moisture_ levels where the rock is found.
This theory states that continents had once been
joined together into a super-continent called
_Pangaea___.
3. _differential__ ___weathering__ - different parts
of a rock may weather at different rates
depending on the rock’s composition
EEn.2.1.2 – Predicting Earthquakes and
Volcanoes from Maps
In the 1950s/1960s, continental drift was
replaced by the theory of _plate__ _tectonics__.
In the _short__ term, it is very difficult to predict
exactly when and where a volcano or earthquake
will happen.
This new theory took into account the motion of
the continents by __tectonic___ activity and
_mantle__ __convection__ .
In the __long___ term, however, it is possible to
predict if an earthquake or volcanic activity is
likely in an area over the next 30 – 100 years.
Plate tectonics is caused by mantle convection.
The _Ring__ of __Fire__ is an area along plate
boundaries around the rim of the _Pacific__ Ocean
where earthquakes and volcanoes are most likely
to occur.
Earthquakes and volcanoes are possible
anywhere two __tectonic__ _plates__ meet.
_rising_ mantle = __divergent__ boundary
= __ridge___ push
__falling__ mantle = _convergent___ boundary
= __slab___ pull
Evidence for Continental Drift Theory:
1. continental _jigsaw_ __puzzle___
2. _matching__ __fossils___
3. similar _rock__ __types__ and __structures__
EEn.2.1.3 – Weathering, Erosion & Soil
Mechanical weathering – when _physical_ _forces_
break down rocks (_temperature_ & _pressure_)
1. _frost_ _wedging__
2. _unloading____
3. __biological___ _activity_
4. similar _ancient__ climates
Chemical weathering - _transformation__ of a rock
from one form to _another___
1. water ( _hydrolysis_ )
2. oxygen ( _oxidation__ )
3. carbon dioxide ( _carbonic_ acid )
4. _acid__ rain
Types of Boundaries:
Where volcanoes form:
Convergent Boundary:
Divergent Boundaries:
- Where two tectonic plates move _together__.
- _destroy___ the Earth’s crust.
- Land formations found at these boundaries are:
- The magma chamber is _close_ to the surface.
- Form __shield___ volcanoes.
- This type of volcano looks like:
SEE DIAGRAM ON BOARD
trenches, island arcs, folded mountains
Convergent Boundaries:
- Examples of places where this boundary type is
found include (list at least 5):
Cascade Mountain Range, Himalayas, Mariana
Trench, Japan, Aleutian Islands
Draw a sketch of this type of boundary:
SEE DIAGRAM ON BOARD
- The magma chamber is formed from a melted
__subducted__ plate.
- Form _cinder____ _cone___ volcanoes.
- This type of volcano looks like:
SEE DIAGRAM ON BOARD
Volcanoes:
Divergent Boundary:
There are three factors that affect the force of a
volcanic eruption…
- Where two tectonic plates move __apart__.
1. magma _composition___
- _create____ the Earth’s crust.
- Land formations found at these boundaries are:
more _silica___ = __thicker__ lava
more iron/magnesium = __thinner_ lava
2. magma __temperature_____
hotter magma = a more forceful explosion
3. amount of _dissolved___ gasses
upwelling, rift valleys, shallow seas, ocean ridges
(seafloor spreading)
- Examples of places where this boundary type is
found include (list at least 5):
Black Hills, SD; East African Rift Valley; Red Sea;
Mid-Atlantic Ocean Ridge;
Draw a sketch of this type of boundary:
the higher the gas content the more
explosive the eruption
SEE DIAGRAM ON BOARD
_viscosity___ is a substance’s resistance to flow.
Triangulation of an Earthquake’s Epicenter:
Earthquakes:
Must use the data from a minimum of _three___
seismographic stations.
Occur at _faults__ between tectonic plates.
The data is used with a time-distance__ graph to
plot a distance from the seismograph station.
Draw an example of a triangulation given the
stations below:
Focus = point _inside_ the Earth where an
earthquake occurs.
Epicenter = point on Earth’s _surface__ directly
above the _focus___ .
Label the focus and epicenter on the diagram
A
below:
B
EEpicenter
C
FFocus
Transform Boundary:
Destructive Earthquake Forces:
- Where two tectonic plates move _past___ each
other.
Magnitude – a measure of the amount of energy
released at the __focus____ .
- __conserve____ the Earth’s crust.
- can ONLY be measured at the
earthquake’s __location__
- Land formations found at these boundaries are:
long, shallow faults
- Examples of places where this boundary type is
found include (list at least 5):
San Andreas, Alpine (New Zealand), Chaman
(Pakistan), North Anatolian (Turkey), Dead Sea
Draw a sketch of this type of boundary:
SEE DIAGRAM ON BOARD
Intensity – a measure of the amount of
__shaking__ that occurs during an earthquake.
- can be measured _anywhere__ on Earth.
- Generally, the deeper the focus and lower the
magnitude, the less damage and earthquake does.
- Circle the scenario that would do the MOST
damage…
A – shallow focus, 3.6 magnitude
B – shallow focus, 7.1 magnitude
Types of Faults:
__foreshocks happen before an earthquake.
Convergent Boundary = __reverse__ fault
Color the picture of this fault type
___aftershocks happen after an earthquake.
A __seismograph__ is an instrument used to
record the vibrations of an earthquake.
Wave Types:
1. Surface waves – travel along Earth’s _surface__
Divergent Boundary = __normal____ fault
Color the picture of this fault type
- They are the _slowest__ moving, so they are
the _last__ to arrive at a seismograph station.
2. Body waves – travel through the Earth
- P-waves: _fastest_ moving; arrive at a station
_first__ ; __push_-_pull__ through the Earth’s layers
Transform Boundary = _strike-slip___ fault
Color the picture of this fault type
- S-waves: arrive at a station _second__; move at
right angles (cause particles to _shake___).