Latin American
Revolution
Agenda
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Bell Ringer: Questions with Mr. T.
Lecture: Independence in Latin America Part 1
Chart: Latin American Revolutions
Primary Source Analysis: Simon Bolivar
Revolution from three perspectives Discussion
A Symbol of Freedom
Objectives
Bell Ringer
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What was the purpose of the Congress of Vienna?
Who led the meeting? Where was he from?
Identify one outcome of the Congress of Vienna.
What is Conservatism?
What is Liberalism?
What is Nationalism?
How would these political philosophies impact future world
events?
Haiti
• 500,000 Enslaved Africans
• They could easily
overpower masters, who
treated them brutally.
• 1791, Toussaint
L’Ouverture emerges as
leader in the Haitian
Revolution.
• French attempt to
intervene, and L’Ouverture
agrees to stop the revolt if
slavery is outlawed.
• French accuse him of
another uprising and he is
arrested, dies 10 months
later. 1803.
• Dessalines finishes where
Toussaint began, and Haiti
is independent in 1804.
Colonial Society in Latin
America
• Peninsulares
• Men born in Spain, able to
hold high offices.
• Creoles
• Spaniards born in Latin
America, work as officers in
the army.
• Mestizos
• Mixed descent, European
and Indian ancestry
• Mulattos
• Mixed descent, European
and African
• Indians
• Oppressed minority.
Independence Movement by
Creoles
• Least oppressed, best
educated.
• Adopted Enlightenment
ideas from education in
Europe.
• Discontent rises among
Creoles, Spain
suppresses any revolt.
• Napoleon actually starts
the revolt by removing
the Spanish King and
putting his brother on
the throne in the
Peninsular War. 1808.
End of Spanish Rule in South
America
• Two major generals
begin revolt.
• Simon Bolivar
• Venezuela declares
independence from
Spain in 1811.
• Not very successful at
first, went into exile
twice.
• 1819, surprised the
Spanish Army and won,
independence gained by
1821.
Agenda Day 2
• 1. Bell Ringer: Identify and describe the five major social groups
in Latin America during the Independence movement.
• 2. Lecture: Continuation of Independence in Latin America (20)
• 3. Finish Chart: Latin American Revolutions (5)
• 4. Primary Document Interpretation: Miguel Hidalgo (10)
• 5. Map Activity: A Change in Independence (10)
• 6. Miguel Hidalgo Image Interpretation (10)
• 7. Objectives (8)
Generals
• Jose de San Martin
• Argentina declares
independence in 1816.
• Frees Chile by 1817 after
marching through the Andes.
• Peru was the last stronghold,
and Bolivar would combine
his forces with San Martin.
• Bolivar stays with troops, and
in 1824 they declare
independence in Peru.
• San Martin left his forces
with Bolivar and left for
France…
Mexico
• Class system dominates South
America, Mexico has more
ethnic and racial groups.
• Indians and Mestizos play a role
in the independence
movement.
• Miguel Hidalgo makes the first
cry for independence in 1810.
• Priest in Dolores.
• Began a march towards Mexico
City, 60,000 involved. Creoles
and Spanish army didn’t like
this idea of lower class
Revolution so they defeat
Miguel Hidalgo’s army in 1811
• Firing Squad
Mexico gains Independence
• Jose Maria Morelos
attempts to rally rebel forces
after Hidalgo is defeated,
Morelos is defeated by
Creoles in 1815.
• Creole class begin move
towards independence in
1821, fearing a loss of rights.
• Leading creole attempts to
block any independence
movement apart from
Mexico, but he is
overthrown in 1823.
Brazil
• Oddly enough, this was a
peaceful exchange of
power.
• Portuguese King escapes
Napoleon’s army by
going to Brazil.
• Creoles play a major role
again, asking by petition
for independence from
Portugal.
• Dom Pedro takes power,
and the Portuguese king
agreed to independence.
Impact of Revolution
• Independence brought
an increase in poverty.
• Why?
• A united Latin America
collapsed with poverty
and upheaval.
• Bolivar’s territories
would divide as well as
the Provinces of
Central America.
Objective Questions for today
1. Who is the major leader of the independence movement in
Venezuela?
2. Who would identify as a Peninsulares?
3. Who identifies as a Mestizo?
4. Who identifies as a Creole?
5. Where did Miguel Hidalgo lead his Revolution?
6. How does Napoleon inadvertently aid in several
Revolutionary movements in Latin America?
7. Why does Revolution lead to instability in the region?
8. Which independent movement differed from others in the
region? Why?