Age of Revolutions
English Civil War
 English kings wanted to be absolute monarchs
 Parliament prevented kings from being absolute
monarchs (Parliament controlled money)
 Charles I forced to sign Petition of Right - king
cannot raise taxes without Parliament’s consent
and king cannot imprison anyone without just
cause
English Civil War
 1642 – Charles I led troops into Parliament – Civil
War
 1649 – Charles I executed
Commonwealth
 Oliver Cromwell ruled England after the execution of
Charles I
Restoration
 Charles II restored the monarchy to England in 1660
(reopened theaters and pubs)
Glorious Revolution
 James II – too Catholic for England
 1688 – Parliament forced James II to flee and invited
William and Mary (James II’s daughter) to rule
England if they accepted the English Bill of Rights
 England – limited monarch and a powerful
Parliament
French Revolution
 Causes – influence of Enlightenment ideas +
American Revolution
 Events – Storming of the Bastille + Reign of Terror
(executed over 40,000 people with the guillotine)
 Outcomes – End of absolute monarchy of Louis XVI +
Rise of Napoleon
Impact
 Independence came to French, Spanish, and
Portuguese colonies in the Americas
 Touissant L’Ouverture – Haiti’s independence
 Simon Bolivar – The Liberator (liberated South
America)
Impact
 Colonies such as Bolivia
, Haiti, Colombia,
gained independence in the
and Argentina
early 1800’s
 The Monroe Doctrine
established by United
States recognized Latin American independence and
stated if Europe interfered
with them. The
United States would consider it an act of war
.
Artists, Philosophers, and Writers + New
Technologies
 Bach – Baroque composer
 Mozart – Classical composer
 Delacroix – romantic painter
 Cervantes – novelist
 New Forms of Art and Literature – paintings
depicted classical subjects, public events, and
living people (portraits) + novel
 Technologies – all-weather roads (year round
transportation) + new farm tools + improved ship
designs
Congress of Vienna – Legacy of Napoleon
 Unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under French
domination
 Napoleonic Code
 Awakened feelings of national pride and growth of
nationalism
Congress of Vienna – Legacy of Congress of
Vienna
 Balance of Power – no country should dominate
Europe
 Restoration of monarchs – legitimacy
 New political map – new boundaries
 New philosophies – conservatives and liberals
Rise of Nationalism
 National pride, economic competition, and
democratic ideals stimulated the growth of
nationalism
 Congress of Vienna – led to discontent in Europe (did
not include nationalists and liberals)
Revolutions of 1830 and 1848
 Liberal – change government
 National – homeland
 France 1830 – constitutional monarch (liberal
revolution)
 Belgium 1830 – gained independence (national)
Italy
 Cavour – prime minister of Sardinia (organized
unification of Italy)
 Garibaldi – leader of the Red Shirts + conquered
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
 Papal States – last to join Italy
Germany
 Bismarck – prime minister of Prussia (responsible for
the unification of Germany)
 Realpolitiks – do whatever it takes to get and hold
power
 Franco-Prussian War led to the unification of
Germany and Italy