SOL REVIEW
Trading Patterns - Reformation
Major Trading Patterns
 Silk Road – overland trade route
that carried goods from the
Mediterranean cultures across
Mesopotamia, Persia, and
Central Asia to China and back
 Maritime Routes (Indian Ocean)
– brought Chinese products by
sea to destinations around the
Indian Ocean and beyond
Major Trading Patterns
 Trans-Saharan Routes – trade of gold and salt
 Mediterranean Trade Network – linked up
with the Silk Road, Indian Ocean, and TransSaharan Routes to distribute products to
Mediterranean ports (connected Europe to
North Africa, Byzantine Empire, and Muslim
Empires)
TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE
ROUTE
Renaissance
 Definition – period of
rebirth and creativity
 Humanism - Study of
classical culture &
focused on worldly
subjects rather than on
religious issues
(differed from Middle
Ages – focus was on
salvation and the
church)
Renaissance
 Italian Renaissance - stressed education and
revival of classical themes
 Northern Renaissance - stressed education and
the revival of classical themes + religious and
moral reform
World Religions (Judaism)
 Founder – Abraham
 Holy Book – Torah
 Main Beliefs – Ten
Commandments (moral and
religious conduct)
 Location in 1500 – Europe
and Middle East
 Location Today – North
America and Israel
World Religions (Christianity)
 Founder – Jesus
 Holy Book – Bible
 Main Beliefs – Jesus is the Son
of God, life after death, New
Testament (life of Jesus)
 Location in 1500 – Europe and
Middle East
 Location Today – North
America, South America, and
Europe
World Religions (Islam)
 Founder – Muhammad
 Holy Book – Quran
 Main Beliefs – Muhammad (prophet) & Five
Pillars + Mecca & Medina (holy cities)
 Location in 1500 – Southeastern Europe,
North Africa, and Asia
 Location Today – Asia, North Africa, and
Middle East
World Religions (Hinduism)
 Founder – N/A
 Holy Book – Vedas and Upanishads
 Main Beliefs – Caste System,
Reincarnation, Karma, and Dharma
 Location in 1500 – India & Southeast
Asia
 Location Today - India
World Religions (Buddhism)
 Founder – Siddhartha Gautama
 Holy Book – N/A
 Main Beliefs – Four Noble Truths,
Reincarnation, Karma, Dharma,
Eightfold Path
 Location in 1500 – East and
Southeast Asia
 Location Today – East and
Southeast Asia
Reformation (Four Major
Problems)
 Great Schism
 Usury (supported by merchants/opposed by
the Church)
 Italian Domination (German and English
Nationalism)
 Corruption (Indulgences)
Martin Luther
 Major Issue – sale of indulgences
 Actions – created 95 Theses (arguments against
indulgences) and posted them on the door of
Wittenberg’s All Saints Church – believed
indulgences had no basis in the Bible
 Salvation – Faith Alone (only needed to believe
to get to heaven)
 Views about the Bible – only source of religious
truth (do not need a priest to interpret it for you)
Martin Luther
 Luther’s Church
1. Priests and church hierarchy do not
have special power
2. “Priesthood of all Believers” – we all have
equal access to God through faith and the
Bible (do not need priests)
John Calvin
 Bible – only source of religious truth
 Salvation – predestination (god had long ago
determined who would gain salvation – saints
and sinners)
 Church Hierarchy – theocracy (government run
by church leaders)
 Religious Practices – hard work, discipline,
honesty, morality, etc… (want people to believe
that you are among the saints)
English Reformation
 Henry VIII – Defender of the Faith (attacked
Luther for the Catholic Church) + Broke with
Rome (wanted a male heir)  Anglican
Church (Elizabeth I) + Act of Supremacy –
made king or queen of England head of the
Church + took land and wealth from Catholic
Church in England
English Reformation
Queen Elizabeth
 Helped to create the Anglican Church
 Called for the end to persecution of Catholics
so that there was religious tolerance in
England
 Expanded the navy and established colonies
 British navy defeated the Spanish Armada in
1588
Impact of Reformation
 Peace of Augsburg – allowed German princes to
select religion (protestant or catholic)
 Thirty Years’ War – Holy Roman Emperor
wanted to stop the spread of Protestantism (war
between Protestants and Catholics) + Germany
remained divided
 Anglican Church – Church of England
 Edict of Nantes – religious freedom for French
Protestants (Huguenots)
Catholic Reformation
 Jesuits – seek out and punish heretics +
spread Catholic Faith
 Inquisition – enforce Catholic doctrine/punish
heretics
 Successful – stopped spread of Protestantism
and some came back to the Catholic Church
Changing Cultural Values,
Traditions, and Philosophies
 Growth of Secularism (opposite of religious),
individualism (humanism), and religious
tolerance
 No longer a unified Church in Europe
(multiple Christian groups)
Printing Press
 Invented by Guttenberg
 Bible – first book printed
 Books became cheaper/knowledge increased