Cultural
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Humanism
Secularism
Commercialism
Feudalism to centralization
Urbanization
• Moral supremacy of
priesthood
• Decline of papal authority
• Religious division
• Growth of secularism
"In the authority of all the
saints, and in compassion
towards thee, I absolve thee
from all sins and misdeeds,
and remit all punishment for
ten days."
Catholic Reformation:
Changes in Thinking
• Validity of papal authority
• Admission of guilt
• Persecution/suppression of
heresy
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Pope Paul III
Council of Trent
Jesuits & Ignatius Loyola
Inquisition
• Catholic response
• Able to keep Catholicism solidly in the south and
parts of Eastern Europe
• A church council met and refuted protestant tenets
• A new religious order, the Jesuits, became active
in politics, education, and missionary work
especially in Asia and the Americas
• Catholic and Protestant leaders worried that these
findings would lead people to question the Church’s
authority
• Galileo
• 1616 the Catholic Church warned Galileo not to defend
Copernicus’s ideas
• 1632 Galileo published Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief
World Systems, which clearly supported Copernican theory
• 1633 called to stand trial, confessed that the ideas of
Copernicus were wrong
• Lived under house arrest and died in 1642
• Centralization
• Absolute or Parliamentary Monarchy
• Territorial Expansion
• Denis Diderot —Encyclopedia compiled scientific and
social scientific knowledge
• Human beings are good and improvable
• Blind faith and refusal to tolerate diversity is wrong
• Mary Wollstonecraft —feminism
• Reading clubs and coffee houses
• Scientific revolution Enlighten
• Applying scientific method to the study of human
society
• Rational laws
• Against cruel punishment; decent society could
rehabilitate criminals
• Constitutions to curb privilege
• Adam Smith (Wealth of Nations)—economic behavior
• This idea of buying stuff to have not just to survive
• Rich  more elaborate lifestyle
• created a new rural and urban proletariat that suffered from
increased food prices.
• 1600s led to popular protest and worried peasants
• Also anxiety about witches (60,000 to 100,000 were killed)
• Poverty
• Women
• Tensions in family life