CHAPTERS 9 & 10 Political
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Political CHAPTERS 9 & 10 BYZANTIUM CONSTANTINOPLE Constantine names capital after himself 1453 falls to Turks, renamed Istanbul moves capital there 340 CE Split started as west declined and the east was able to thrive Major event in WH and the impact with be resounding Song One of the most important cities at the time Located on a trading route MEET JUSTINIAN JUSTINIAN (527-565 CE) The “sleepless emperor” Wife Theodora as advisor Background: circus performer Uses army to contain tax riots, ambitious Construction program Hagia Sophia Law Code Codification of Roman Law Body of Civil Law: made Roman law coherent basis for political and economic life MEET THEODORA BYZANTINE CONQUESTS General Belisarius recaptures much of Western Europe Was considered the “Roman Empire” under Justinian Unable to consolidate control of territories At their height the Empire was VERY strong Amazing Bureaucracy Withdrew to defend empire from Sassanids, Slavs THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE AND ITS NEIGHBORS ISLAM AND ARAB PRESSURE Constant vigilance against Muslim Invaders The Byzantine Empire had to focus on protecting the borders This pressure from the Muslim world is going to be one of the issues that brings about the split between east and west DECLINE 1071 Byzantine defeat in Asia 1204 Constantinople sacked by Crusaders 1453 Constantinople taken by Ottoman Turks Ask the west for help but they didn’t get it SPLIT Byzantium believed they were the true heirs of Rome Western believed they were: Charlemagne: Holy Roman Empire Power structure East Emperor Patriarch West Pope Emperor VERY SIMILAR TO CHINA The Byzantine political system had remarkable similarities to China. The emperor was held to be ordained of God. He was head of the church as well as state. Women could and did serve as emperor. They had an elaborate bureaucracy too KIEVAN RUSSIA WHO WERE THE SLAVS? People who migrated from Asia Mix with earlier populations Family tribes, villages Trade with Byzantines Trade with Northerners MEET VLADIMIR I • • (980-1015) Started to send out feelers to find a religion Islam : NO alcohol or pork Jews: NO they had lost favor with their God Christianity: OK Creates a relationship between Kiev and Byzantium MEET YAROSLAV I Issued a unifying code of laws, while not as advanced as Constantinople it still had nobles called Boyars. Boyars: Russian landholding aristocrats Possessed less political power than their western European counterparts (feudalism) THE TATERS The Russian name for the Mongols. The Invasion of Russia by the Mongols and the destruction of Constantinople by Muslims, isolated Russia. The region was cut off from western contacts, stifling economic, political, and cultural sophistication. WESTERN EUROPE Aka the Latin West PROBLEMS IN WESTERN EUROPE Fall of Rome = fragmentation and economic hardships Intellectual life decreased Catholic Church becomes the only true unifying structure Many places like Spain still Muslim Center of Europe shifted from Italy to northern area Area in Northern France, Western Germany, Netherlands Towns declined, only non-German structure was the church Most Germans were Arian Christians but tolerated Catholics QUEST FOR POLITICAL ORDER AFTER 476 CE Germanic kingdoms Visigoths dominated Spain, from 470's to early 8th century Ostrogoths dominated Italy, the 5th century to 530's Lombards invaded, ruled Italy, 550's to the mid-8th century Franks, Burgundians controlled Gaul, Netherlands Angles, Saxons, Jutes established kingdoms in Britain Political Culture Germans organized around tribes, families Personal loyalty to king, local noble not state Warrior aristocracy assisted royalty Masses of Germans were free peasants with duties to king EMPIRELESS Western Europe couldn’t establish a TRUE empire for a few reasons From this point on Regional kingdoms will prevail HOWEVER they will sometimes be under the umbrella of the Holy Roman Empire Cultural unity rater than political unity Roman Catholic RISE OF THE FRANKS The Franks Clovis Settled in Belgium, Northern France, Western Germany Developed group identity during the 3rd century C.E. Politically inexperienced, little exposure to Roman society A strong military and political leader Launched military campaigns against other Germanic peoples The Franks converted to Roman Christianity “In Hoc Signet Vince” – in this sign conquer Alliance with Catholics greatly strengthened the Franks THE RISE OF THE FRANKISH EMPIRE CHARLEMAGNE Carolingians Last phase of the Frankish empire Charles Martel defeated the Muslims at the battle of Tours Charles the Great = Charlemagne Was able to move W. E. toward centralization and unity this brought with it a wave of light Encouraged some church based education OH look another example of a strong leader and stupid succession rules making the developing empire fall 3 grandsons = 3 portions Video CHARLEMAGNE’S EMPIRE AFTER CHARLEMAGNE'S DEATH BREAKUP OF THE FRANKISH EMPIRE Louis the Pious (re. 814-840) Charlemagne's only surviving son, lost control of the counts His three sons divided the empire into three kingdoms, 843 Invasions Muslims raided Mediterranean coasts Magyars invaded from the east Vikings invaded from the north The Vikings Conquered Spain, Sicily, Sardinia Raided coasts of S. France, S. Italy Scandinavian homelands - Norway, Denmark, and Sweden Raided regions from Russia to Spain Conquered parts of England, Ireland, Scotland, France Outstanding seafarers Fleets could go to interior regions via rivers Attacked towns and villages; favorite targets were Christian EUROPE C. 1000 MANORIALISM System of economic and political relationships between landlords and their peasant laborers This became common place as a means of survival Trade decreased Political stability (centralization) decreased These manors were self sufficient THE CHURCH Only real example of government organization based around the Pope in Rome Christendom Age of Faith or The FEUDALISM This is not the same as Manorialism This is a Political and Military Relationship Linked military elites (Landlords with Money) to lesser lords (vassals) They owe military service and some goods They both had serfs to work the considerable amount of land How did this inhibit the development of a strong central state FEUDAL MONARCHIES These Fifes of land can become a Feudal Monarchies The King had to be able to control multiple Feudal kingdoms (Fiefs) Very clear in England William the Conqueror A version of Centralization but not really Feudal politics Multi-layered network of lord-vassal relationships Political stability depended on discipline, control Lords, knights often had conflicting loyalties LORDS AND VASSALS Lord owned land, needs soldiers Trades land for service Grants of land called fiefs Vassal provided defense Received livelihood from land Vassals provided military equipment Vassals owed lord: Loyalty, obedience, respect, counsel Military service when called into service Called sub-division of fief Lowest, service owning noble was a knight Church could hold land as a vassal to a lord Church often held land in own right Lords often made smaller grant to others Church often made vassals of soldiers for defense Women could be vassals, own fiefs but not fight LIMITED GOVERNMENT Very politically divided and diverse area as we have already seen Limited government will begin to development to reduce some of the power of the King and give it to lords 1215 Magna Carta and King John 1255 1st English Parliament THE THREE ESTATES 1. "Those who pray" – clergy, spiritual estate 2. "Those who fight" - feudal nobles, military estate 3. Ruling hierarchy: Popes, bishops, abbots Common clergy: Monks, priests Royalty who ran a state Land owning lords such as dukes, counts, princes Lowest nobility with no land were knights "Those who work" - mostly peasants and serfs Peasants and Serfs Those who lived in Towns (Burg = Burghers) Not an estate in most countries Grew to become middle class People had the rights according to the estate they were born into 100 YEARS WAR FRANCE VS. ENGLAND This is going to be on going (longer than 100 years) Kings had to get over their belief that their purpose is battle and start dealing with the betterment of their countries Major strains BUT new technology Realized they had to replace these noble knights with paid soldiers France wins THE WEST’S EXPANSIONIST IMPULSE This will so clearly define W. E. later and it all starts now They moved to many places often with the call of Christ Eastern Germany and Poland Spain (taking it back from the Muslims) Iceland The Crusades CHANGES TO WESTERN GOVERNMENT Charles Martel (732 CE) Charlemagne (800-814 CE) Fusion of feudalism & centralization in England Magna Carta(1215 CE) Momentary empire William the Conqueror (1066 CE) Battle of Tours & momentary empire Limits central authority in England 100 Years War (14thcentury) Feudalism declines in favor of states CONSEQUENCES OF THE CRUSADES Facilitated exchange of goods between Muslims, Europe Demands for silk, cotton textiles, and spices increased; spread sugar, citrus plants Italian merchants sought opportunities for direct trade in Asian markets European borrowed heavily from Muslim intellectual knowledge Reacquired Aristotle, lost Greek classics Borrowed Muslim science, mathematics, technology, paper skills Borrowed Muslim architectural techniques Helped produce a 12th century European intellectual Renaissance Impact on Muslims Mostly continue to fight with each other General Saladin recovers most Muslim losses Impact on Europeans Full forgiveness of all sins if they die Exposed to new cultural/economic influences New ideas for weapons & castles Recover lost Greek/Roman knowledge Chess, chivalry, ballads, coffee MAP OF THE CRUSADES
