Civil War
Fort Sumter- Emancipation
Proclamation
The Outbreak of War
• Confederate soldiers began taking over federal
instillations in their states
– Courthouses, post offices and especially forts
• Only 2 southern forts remained in the Union by
the time Lincoln was inaugurated- Fort Sumter
was the most important
– Located on an island in the Charleston Harbor (SC)
First Shots Fired
• April 12,1861- South Carolina fired on Fort
Sumter, US forces surrender
– Charleston citizen watched and cheered
• Significance: opening confrontation of the
Civil War
– Lincoln called for 75,000 troops to put down the
rebellion and preserve the Union
– Virginia, Arkansas, NC, and Tennessee secede
from the union and join Confederacy
2 Separate Nations
• 4 remaining slave states remained in the Union
– Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri
• MD was placed under martial law to keep the capital
of the Union from being held in enemy territory
Stop and Think!
• What was especially damaging to the Union
about Virginia’s secession?
Advantages
Union
• More resources
(factories, railroads,
food production)
• Larger population
• Patient, decisive leader
(Lincoln)
•
•
•
•
Confederacy
Profits from “king
cotton”
First rate generals
Strong military tradition
High motivationdefending their
homeland
Anaconda Plan
• Union strategy for victory
• 3 part plan:
– Union navy would blockade southern ports to prevent
trade
– Union would take control of the Mississippi River,
cutting CSA into 2 parts (divide and conquer)
– Union armies would capture Confederate capital of
Richmond, VA
Efforts to capture Richmond
• most difficult objective was to take Richmond
due to leadership of Robert E. LeeCommander of Army of Northern Virginia
– Opposed secession but felt loyal to VA
• “On to Richmond”- Union efforts to capture
Richmond early in the war were unsuccessful
– Union losses at Bull Run, Peninsula Campaign, 7
days’ fight, 2nd Bull Run
Bull Run
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bYqrDuV
DtA
Antietam
• Bloodiest single-day battle in American History23,000 casualties
• George McClellan (US) v. Robert E. Lee (CS) in
Maryland
• Significance: Lee’s army retreats to Virginia,
Lincoln take it as a victory and is able to issue the
Emancipation Proclamation
Antietam
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y82uZ7oX
2tE
Emancipation Proclamation
• Issued by Lincoln on January 1, 1863
• Freed slaves located in “rebelling” states (states
that had seceded and were still in rebellion
against the US government)
• Significance:
– Made the end of slavery a Northern war aim/goal
– Discouraged European powers like Great Britain and
France from supporting the Confederacy
– Allowed for the enlistment of African-American
soldiers in the Union Army
Stop and Think!!
• How did the Emancipation Proclamation
change the course of the Civil War?
Happy Tuesday
• Happy New Year! Hope you had a great, restful
break
• It has been a while so take out your notes and
give them a GOOD look to prepare for a daily
quiz (yes, we have a quiz!)
Daily Quiz
1. Where was the opening confrontation of the
Civil War?
2. What was the first battle of the Civil War?
3. What was the Union’s victory plan called?
4. Why is the battle of Antietam important?
5. What did the Emancipation Proclamation do?
Civil War
Life During Wartime
Political Problems
• Neither side was completely unified
– There were Confederate sympathizers in the North
and Union sympathizers in the South
• Created 2 problems:
– How should they handle the critics?
– How do they ensure a steady supply of men?
Dealing with dissent
• Lincoln dealt with disloyalty with force
– Confederate supporters in the North were jailed without a
court hearing
• Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus (court order that
requires that a person be brought before the court to determine
why they are being jailed)
– Others were banished to the South
– Those arrested included “Copperheads” or Northern
Democrats who wanted peace with the South
– Lincoln set a precedence of expanding the powers of the
executive branch during wartime or for “national security”
Conscription
• Drafting certain people in the army-Became
important because of heavy casualties and deserters
among volunteers
• Confederate States drafted men 18-35 (later raised in
1864 to 17-50)
–
–
–
–
Wealthy draftees could hire substitutes to serve for them
Planters that owned 20+ acres were exempt
“rich man’s war, poor man’s fight”
Almost 80% of able-bodied Southern men served
Conscription cont.
• Union men 20-45 years old were drafted for a 3 year
period
– Allowed substitutes
– Could pay $300 to avoid conscription
– Bounties were paid to volunteers-92% of the army (many
African American)
• Draft riots broke out in the North
– Poor white workers believed that if they fought to free
slaves, the slaves would come north and take their jobsprotested the draft
African Americans in the War
• Allowed to enlist after the Emancipation
Proclamation
– Represented 10% of the entire Union army by the
end of the war
– Discrimination was common
• Paid less than white soldiers ($10/month and no
clothing allowance vs. $13/mo +$3.50 for clothing for
whites)
• Segregated units with white officers
• Slaves seized opportunity to escape and
achieve freedom
Slave Resistance in the South
• Union army would liberate the plantations and slaves
sought safety in the North
• Those that stayed on the plantation had little
supervision and didn’t work and even sabotaged the
plantation
• Others would kill the white master’s family
– Led to generalized feeling of fear
• Many white folks began to realize that slavery was doomed
Southern Economy
• Faced shortage of food and men
– Men were fighting and dying
– Yankees were occupying food growing areas
– Had no slaves to work the fields
• Refused to work, fled or been liberated
– Food shortage caused riots
– Union blockade let to shortages of other items and
wouldn’t allow cotton trade
• ECONOMY IS SHATTERED!
Northern Economy
• Woolen mills, steel factories, coal mines and other
industries experienced growth b/c supplies needed
for war were in high demand
• Wages couldn’t keep up with the work and white
men lost their jobs to free blacks, immigrants,
women, and young boys
– Could be paid less
• Congress wanted some of the wealth for the US gov’t
and collected the first income tax in 1863
Life of a Soldier
• Camp life was lonely. Boring and repetitive
– Lack of sanitation, poor quality of food, lack of proper
medical care
• Warfare- brutal battles fought with outdated tactics
and advanced weapons led to high casualties
– many killed, even more wounded
• Many soldiers kept wartime diaries and sent letters
home to record the harsh realities of war
Women during wartime
• Typically managed homes and families with scarce
resources
• Often faced poverty and hunger (especially in the
South)
• Assumed new roles in agriculture, nursing and war
industries
• Clara Barton- served as a nurse-worked on the
frontlines pulling bullets and dressing wounds,
later founded the American Red Cross
– “Angel of the Battlefield”
Civil War and Reconstruction
The Northern Shift and the End of
the War
The North Takes Charge
• Battle of Gettysburg- July 1-3, 1863
(Pennsylvania)
– Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia invaded the
North
– Union Victory- Lee’s army forced to retreat to
Virginia
– 51,000 casualties in 3 days- largest battle of the
Civil War
– SIGNIFICANCE: TURNING POINT OF THE
WAR*******************************
Vicksburg
• July 4, 1863
• Ulysses S. Grant (Union) captured Vicksburg
on the Mississippi River
• Significance- union controlled all of the
Mississippi River- cut the confederacy in half
– Part of Anaconda plan
Gettysburg Address
• National cemetery was built for all Union
soldiers
– Lincoln attended the dedication
– Gave the Gettysburg Address- 2 minutes
• Said that the United States was one nation,
not a federation of independent states
– “United States IS”
Gettysburg Address cont.
• Lincoln identified the reasons for fighting the
Civil War
– To preserve a nation that was dedicated to the
proposition that “all men are created equal”
– To preserve a nation that was dedicated to a
government “of the people, by the people, and for
the people.”
Confederacy wears down
• Lincoln made Grant the commander in
chief on Union forces in 1864
• Grant decided to take on Lee’s army in
Virginia, while William T. Sherman attacked
Atlanta
– Sherman captured Atlanta in Sept. 1864
– Grant captured Richmond in April 1865
– Both were destroyed
Surrender
• Appomattox Court House- April 9,1865
– Lee surrendered his army to Grant- urged
Southerners to accept defeat and unite as
Americans again
• Significance- marked the end of the Civil War
with a Northern victory and an end to the
Confederacy
The War’s Impact
• Long and costly war concluded with:
• Northern victory- preservation of the Union
• Southern defeat- end to states’ rights and
secession arguments
• Emancipation of slaves
• Federal government stronger than individual
state government
• DESTRUCTION OF SOUTHERN ECONOMY*
Happy Wednesday!!
• Pick up an agenda and a warm-up on the
stand in the front.
• Read and answer the questions on the back
Daily Quiz
• Which battle marks the turning point of the
Civil War
• What famous speech was given by Lincoln to
dedicate a battlefield as a cemetery?
• Which battle marked the official split of the
Confederacy down the Mississippi River?
• Where did Lee surrender to Grant?
• What happened to the South as a result of the
war?
Civil War and Reconstruction
Legacy of War and Reconstruction
Post-War changes
• Political changes:
– Federal government is viewed as supreme to state
governments
• Secession no longer an option for states
• Economic changes:
– Northern and Midwestern states had BOOMING
economies
• Based on business, manufacturing and industrial growth
• Railroads increased
– TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD- from East to West completed by 1869
Post-War changes cont.
• Southern economies devastated
– Slavery abolished- wipe out labor source
– Cities were destroyed- Richmond and Atlanta
– Railroads and farms destroyed
– Confederate money was worthless
• Social changes:
– Many veterans on both sides had permanent
disabilities
– 13th Amendment: abolished slavery in the United
States****
War changes lives
• Ulysses S. Grant- urged northerners not to be
harsh to former Confederates
– Elected President of the United States in 1868 and
1872
– Advocated rights for Freedmen- former slaves
• Robert E. Lee- urged Southerners to reconcile
and rejoin union
– Served as President of Washington College (now
Washington and Lee)
– Emphasized importance of education to the nation’s
future
War changes lives
• Frederick Douglass- supported full equality for
African-Americans
– Encouraged federal government to take action that
would protect the rights of Freedmen in the South
– Became ambassador to Haiti
– Advocated for the pass of the 14th and 15th
Amendments
• Abraham Lincoln- Assassinated 5 days after Lee’s
surrender
– Shot by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theatre in
Washington, DC
– Never had a chance to implement his Reconstruction
plan
Reconstruction (1865-1877)
• 2 definitions:
– Period during which the United States began to rebuild
after the Civil War
– Also the process by which the federal government
readmitted former Confederate states
• Have to address 3 issues:
– How to readmit to southern states
– How to deal with newly freed slaves
– How to ensure this never happens again (what to do
about former Confederate leaders)
Lincoln’s Ten-Percent Plan
• Argued that the southern states had never left the
Union because secession was illegal
• When 10% of VOTERS pledged allegiance to the
U.S.- states could be readmitted to the union
• VERY LENIENT PLAN- goal was to readmit states as
quickly as possible- NO PUNISHMENT
– In his 2nd inaugural address (after winning reelection in
1864) he said “ with malice towards none, with charity
for all…to bind up the nation’s wounds”
• Nothing included about African-Americans
Stop and Think
• How does Lincoln’s Plan address the 3 goals of
Reconstruction?
– Readmit states:
– Freed slaves:
– Former Confederates:
Lincoln’s Plan
• Never really got off the ground because of his
assassination
• Was enacted in 3 states however:
– Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee
• Lincoln’s VP, Andrew Johnson takes over after
Lincoln’s assassination
Andrew Johnson’s Plan
• Declared that each remaining Confederate State (AL,
FL, GA, MS, NC, SC, TX,VA) could be readmitted to
the Union under certain conditions:
–
–
–
–
Had to withdraw its secession
Swear allegiance to the Union
Annual war debts
Ratify the 13th Amendment
• Radical Republicans were angry because the plan
failed to address the needs of former slaves in 3
area: land, voting rights and protection under the
law
• Johnson pardoned all the Confederate leadersangered Radicals
Stop and Think
• How does Johnson’s Plan address the 3 goals
of Reconstruction?
– Readmit states:
– Freed slaves:
– Former Confederates:
Congressional Reconstruction
• Radical Republicans in Congress wanted to
punish the southern slave owners and give
African-Americans the right to vote
• They take control of Reconstruction in
1866
Congressional Reconstruction
Achievements
• Freedman’s Bureau- assisted former slaves by
providing food and clothing, hospitals, schools
industrial institutes and teacher training
• Civil Rights Act of 1866- forbid “black codes”discriminatory laws in the South
– Johnson vetos, Congress overrides
• 14th Amendment- states were prohibited from
denying equal rights under the law to any American
– SIGNIFICANCE: granted citizenship rights to AfricanAmericans
C.R. Achievements cont.
• Reconstruction Act of 1867- divided former
Confederacy into 5 military districts (military
occupation), set up new requirements to gain
readmission:
– Didn’t recognize state gov’ts formed under the Lincoln and
Johnson plan
– All had to ratify the 14th Amendment
– Constitutions had to ensure African-Americans the right to vote
– Johnson vetoed the bill, Congress overrode it
– Tennessee was exempt
Stop and Think
• How does the Reconstruction Act of 1867
address the 3 goals of Reconstruction?
– Readmit states:
– Freed slaves:
– Former Confederates:
Johnson’s Impeachment
• Frustrated with Johnson’s refusal to comply
with the Reconstruction Act of 1867,
Radical Republicans Impeach him
– impeachment means: formal charges of
misconduct in office
– JOHNSON WAS NOT REMOVED FROM OFFICE
15th Amendment
• Voting rights guaranteed regardless of “race,
color, or previous condition of servitude”
• Significance: Gave African-Americans the right
to vote
Civil War and Reconstruction
Reconstruction Part 2
Life for Former Slaves
• Took advantage of travel opportunities and moved
from their plantations to towns and cities
• Found lost family members
• Established educational institutes
– Hampton Institute founded in VA
• Founded their own Baptist and Methodist churches
• Held office in local, state and federal government
– Hiram Revels- first African-American Senator
40 Acres and a Mule
• Few former slaves had enough money to buy
their own land
• During the war, Gen. Sherman had promised
the freed slaves who followed his army 40
acres of land per family and 1 army mule
• Johnson evicted these people when he took
over
Sharecropping and Tenant Farming
• Freed African-Americans couldn’t grow or sell crops
– Economic necessities forced many to sign labor contracts
with planters
• Sharecropping- landowners divided their land and
gave each worker (black or white) a few acres, seeds
and tools
– At harvest time each worker gave a share of his crops (1/2)
to the planter
• Tenant farming- workers rent land for cash from the
planters and keep their harvest
– Better chances of becoming outright owners of farms
• Rarely happened
Politics in the South
• 2 groups of people emerged:
– Scalawags-white Southerners who joined
the Republican Party
– Carpetbaggers- Northerners who moved to
the South after the war
• White Southerners believed they wanted
to exploit the South’s postwar turmoil
Collapse of Reconstruction
• Anti-black violence- goal was the prevent African
Americans from voting
– Ku Klux Klan (KKK)- violent terrorist organization devoted
to white supremacy
• Election of 1876- Rutherford B. Hayes ( R) v. Samuel
Tilden (D)
– Tilden wins popular vote, Hayes wins electoral college
– South upset and disputes the election
Compromise of 1877
• Agreement to settle the disputed election
• Hayes ( R) becomes President
• Republicans would end military occupation of the
South
• White Democrats took control of southern state
governments- “REDEMPTION”
• Significance: Reconstruction ends
– White southern Democrats passed “Jim Crow Laws”segregating races throughout South
– African-Americans denied their constitutional rights