HAPPY FRIDAY!!
• Turn in your vocab
• We will take a Test Review Quiz after
announcements
Creating a New Nation
Articles of Confederation
Become 1 country or 13
little countries?
• Why not unify?
– Strong loyalty to the individual states
• Individual governments
– Communication
– Not economically interdependent
• Traded more with England than with each other
• Why unify?
– Common language, culture
– No tradition of hostility to each other
– Had a common effort to beat England
State Constitutions
• Continental Congress in 1776 called upon the
states to draft new state constitutions where
authority rests with the people
– Theory of Republicanism
• Most of these constitutions had:
– Bill of Rights
– Annual elections of legislatures
– Weak executive and judicial branches
• Still need a central government to work with
the states
Articles of Confederation
• First framework for US government
• Established a Confederation- loose
alliance of states with a weak central
gov’t and strong state gov’ts
• State gov’ts were supreme and national
gov’t existed with Congress only
What it did:
• Each state had 1 vote in Congress
• Gave Congress the power to:
– declare war
– make peace
– sign treaties
– borrow money
– set standards for coins
– establish a postal service
– deal with Native Americans
What it didn’t do
• Did not create a separate executive
department to carry out and enforce the
acts of Congress
• No national court system to interpret the
meaning of laws
• Could not collect taxes
• All other powers belonged to individual
states
Conflicts over Western
Land
• By 1779, 12 states agreed to accept the
new gov’t (all but Maryland)
• MD feared that states with land claims
west of the Appalachian Mtns would
overpower smaller states and refused to
ratify (accept).
• Extra land forfeited to national gov’t
– Jefferson comes up with 2 land plans
Land Ordinance of 1785
• Established a procedure for surveying
the land
• Established a grid system
– Divided land into townships of 36 square
miles, then divided into 36 sections of 1
square mile
• One section set aside for public
education
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
• Established a procedure for dividing the
land into 5 territories:
– Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin
• Established a system for those
territories to become states
– Territory could apply for statehood when
population reached 60,000
– Banned slavery from Northwest Territory
• SIG: Western Lands- 1 of the few
successes of AoC
Articles of Confederation
Ratified!
• Went into effect in March 1781
• Big question is, Will it work?
– No!
– 2 big problems show how Articles of
Confederation cannot control the new
country
Shays’ Rebellion
• Winter 1786- Taxes very high, farmers
can’t pay-losing their farms
• Springfield, Massachusetts- Daniel
Shays leads rebellion
– Put down but scared people
– Questions over whether the central gov’t
can step in.
Interstate Commerce
• Trade between states
• New York was taxing New Jersey goods
high
• Virginia and Maryland were fighting over
the Potomac River
• Can central gov’t do anything?
Political Problems of the AoC
• Lacked national unity- each state
considered completely independent
• Each state had 1 vote- regardless of
population
• 2/3 majority needed (9/13 states) to pass
a law
• Unanimous vote needed to amend
• No executive branch to enforce laws
• No court system to interpret the laws
Economic Problems
• Huge debt from Revolutionary War
owed to foreign nations (France)
• Congress had no power to tax
• Congress printed it’s own money“Continentals”=worthless
• No power to regulate interstate
commerce
Foreign Policy Problems
• With debts unpaid, GB refused to
evacuate soldiers from forts around the
Great Lakes
• Congress had no power to regulate
foreign trade
– Spain closed the Mississippi River to
American trade- hurt western farmers
Need to Revise
• Decided to meet May 25, 1787 in
Philadelphia
• 55 delegates from 12 states (RI didn’t
make it)
• George Washington Elected chairmanno outsiders allowed
• Decided to scrap the Articles of
Confederation and begin anew
Happy Monday!!
• Turn in your packet
• take your notes from the other day
out to study for the daily quiz
– The quiz will be on SOCRATIVE so take
out your mobile devise and join the
following room:
•JIYWKLAU
Creating a New Nation
Constitutional Convention and Bill of
Rights
Words of George
Washington
• “The consequences of.. [an] inefficient
government are too obvious to be dwelt
upon. Thirteen sovereignties pulling
against each other, and all tugging at the
federal head will soon bring ruin on the
whole… Let us have [government] by
which our lives, liberty, and property will be
secured or let us know the worst at once.”
• Need to revise Articles of Confederation
Constitutional
Convention
• Held in Philadelphia, May 1787- State House
(Independence Hall)
– Window shut tight to prevent eaves droppers
• Purpose was to revise the Articles of
Confederation
• 12/13 States (all but Rhode Island) represented
• Key Players: Ben Franklin, Alexander Hamilton,
George Washington, James Madison
Key Conflicts and
Compromises of the
Convention:
Strong central gov’t v.
strong state gov’ts
• Strong Central: Authority from the
people; central/national/federal
government should have more power
• Strong state: Authority derives from the
state; States should remain stronger
than nat’l gov’t.
• Compromise: Federalism- divide power
between the states and central gov’t
Federalism
• Enumerated Powers (Federal):
– Foreign Affairs
– Providing national defense
– Regulating trade between states (INTERstate
commerce)
– Coining money
– Implied Powers: Article 1, Section 8- necessary and
proper clause, aka the elastic clause
• Congress can stretch the powers of federal gov’t whenever its
necessary and proper
• Reserved Powers (States)
– Education
– Marriage Laws
– Regulating trade within the state (INTRAstate
commerce)
Stop and Think!
• How is this different from the Articles of
Confederation?
Separation of Powers
• 3 Branches of government created to protect
against an abuse of power
– Legislative Branch- makes laws
• Congress
– Executive Branch- enforces the laws
• President, VP, Cabinet
– Judicial Branch- interpret laws
• Courts
• Checks and Balances- in order to ensure that 1
branch doesn’t get too powerful, each branch
“looks over the shoulder” of the others
Large States v. Small States
• Deals with representation in Congress- how is it
going to be determined?
• Large States (VA PLAN)-James Madison
– Congress should be split into 2 houses (bicameral)
– Delegates assigned based on population
• Small States (NJ PLAN)- William Patterson
– 1 house for Congress (unicameral)
– Each state gets 1 vote
• Compromise: “The Great Compromise”
– Bicameral Leglislature
• Senate (Upper House)- equal representation (2 per state)
• House of Representatives (lower House)- based on
population
Northern States v.
Southern States
• Dealing with how slaves should be counted in
regards to population and taxes
• North: slaves should not be counted for
population but should be when levying taxes
• South: slaves should be counted for population
but should not be when levying taxes
• Compromise: “3/5 Compromise”
– Each slave counted 3/5 of a person for both
taxation and representation
Southern Plantation Owners
v. Northern Businessmen
• Tariff: Tax imposed on goods (imported
or exported
• Northerners wanted tariffs to protect
their industries from foreign competition
• Southerners opposed b/c they felt it
would hurt their trade
• Compromise: tax imports not exports
Electing the PresidentUpper class v. lower class
• Upper class people worry that lower
class could out vote them in an election
• Solution- Electoral College
– Each state chooses a number of electors
(# of Senators + # of Congressmen)
– Electors cast presidential votes for the
people
The Constitution
• George Washington presided over the
convention- didn’t really do much
• James Madison- “Father of the
Constitution”- kept detailed notes, authors
plans, led debates
• After 4 months the convention created a
constitution with an amendment process
• Needed 9 states to ratify- approve it
• Issue is no “Bill of Rights”
Document
• Consists of the Preamble: “We the People of the United States, in
Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure
domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the
general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves
and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the
United States of America.”
• Article I- Legislative Branch
• Article II-Executive Branch
• Article III- Judicial Branch
• Article IV- Relations among states
• Article V:Provisions for Amendments
• Article VI:Public Debts, Supremacy of Nat’l Law, Oath
• Article VII: Ratification of the Constitution
Ratifying the
Constitution
• Each state met to decide to ratify or not
• Framers had an opportunity to
campaign for ratification
• People are unsure of whether the
Constitution will protect their individual
rights
– Does not specifically do that
Federalists v. Anti-Federalists
• Federalist- Supported new Constitution
– Believed checks and balances would protect
American’s rights
– Believed a strong gov’t was needed
– Support from urban area
– Wrote the Federalist Papers- essays
defending the Constitution AS IS
• Anti-Federalists- did not support
Constitution as is
– Opposed strong central gov’t, felt the need for
a Bill of Rights
Important Federalists
and Anti-Federalists
• Federalists- George Washington,
James Madison, Alexander Hamilton
• Anti-Federalists- Patrick Henry, Samuel
Adams, Thomas Jefferson
Documents that influenced
the Bill of Rights
• Virginia Declaration of Rights ( George
Mason)
– Reiterated the notion that basic human rights
should not be violated by governments
• Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom
– By Thomas Jefferson
– Outlawed the established church- that is, the
practice of government support for one favored
church
Ratification of the
Constitution
• Virginia and New York refused to
sign the new constitution
• In September 1789 congress
submitted 12 amendments
– Key Person- James Madison
• By December 1791, 10 had been
passed
U.S. Bill of Rights
First 10 Amendments to the
Constitution
1st Amendment
• Religious and Political freedom
– Press
– Speech
– Religion
– Assembly
– Petition
2nd Amendment
• Right to bear arms
3rd Amendment
• Freedom from quartering troops
4th Amendment
• Freedom against unreasonable search
and seizure
5th Amendment
• Rights of the accused
6th Amendment
• Right to a speedy and public trial
7th Amendment
• Right to trial by jury
8th Amendment
• Limits on fines and punishments
9th Amendment
• Rights of the people
10th Amendment
• Power of the States and the people
Happy Wednesday!!
• Take out your notes and look them over
for the daily quiz
• It will be on SOCRATIVE so log on to
socrative student
– I changed the room name to:
• CHRISTIANSEN15
Creating a New Nation
Washington and Adams
Administrations
A New Government
• President: George Washington
– Unanimous choice for the first president
• Strong national leader
• Hero of the Revolution
• Encouraged nationalism- pride in one’s country
– Washington created executive
departments which became his first cabinet
Washington’s Cabinet
• Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson
– Dealt with foreign affairs
• Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton
– Managed finance
• Secretary of War: Henry Knox
– Handled military matters
• Attorney General: Edmund Randolph
– Chief lawyer of the federal government
Judiciary Act of 1789
• The Constitution had authorized Congress to
set up a federal court system but didn’t say
exactly how
• Set up a Supreme Court (Chief Justice and 5
associate justices), 3 federal courts and 13
federal district courts
Domestic Issues
• Next order of business was to repay the war debt
• Hamilton pushes through an excise tax- a tax on
product’s manufacture, sale or distribution- will be
charged on whiskey
– Angered frontier farmers-whiskey main source of cash
• Hamilton proposed to pay off foreign debt 1st
– Nation couldn’t truly be independent as long as they owe
other nations
• Also proposed that the fed. gov’t assume the debts
of the states
– Thought it would give states incentive to support the gov’t
– Angered Southerners b/c they had already paid off most of
their debts-would be taxed to pay off Northern debts
Hamilton’s National Bank
• Hamilton proposed the creation of the
National Bank
– Funded by both the fed. gov’t & wealthy private
investors
– The Bank of the United States would issue
paper money and handle tax receipts and other
gov’t funds
• Hamilton favored a “loose” interpretation of
the Constitution and the “elastic clause”
(Article 1 Section 8, Number 18)- “necessary
and proper”
Opposition to Hamilton’s
Plan
• James Madison claimed the bank would
form an unhealthy alliance between the
gov’t and wealthy business interest
• Thomas Jefferson and Madison favored
a “strict” interpretation of the
Constitution- if it doesn’t say it in the
document, you cant do it
– Constitution doesn’t say anything about the
National Bank
Hamilton, Jefferson and
Madison Compromise
• Hamilton proposes that the nation’s capital
be moved from NYC to Virginia
– Pleased southerners, particularly Virginians
such as Jefferson and Madison
• Southern site for the capital would make the gov’t
more responsive to their interests
• 1790, the debt bill is passed
– National Bank is created
– Capital moved to Virginia- Washington D.C
• Planned by Pierre L’Enfant and later Andrew Ellicott
Whiskey Rebellion
• Frontier Farmers were furious over the excise
tax (a.k.a the whiskey tax)
• 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania refused to pay
the tax
• Farmers beat up federal marshals in Pittsburgh
and even threatened to secede from the Union
• 15,000 militiamen along with Washington and
Hamilton hiked over the Allegheny Mtns and
scattered the rebels without a single loss of life
Political Parties
• Form at the end of Washington’s presidency
– Formed around the issue of the power and size of the
fed gov’t in relation to the state and local gov’ts
• Federalists led by Alexander Hamilton and
John Adams
– Believed a strong national gov’t and industrial economy
• Democratic-Republicans led by Thomas
Jefferson
– Believed in a weak national gov’t and agricultural
economy
Foreign Issues
• France Revolution going on- Americans
support until France declared war on
Britain
• Jefferson and Democratic- Republicans
supported France, Hamilton and
Federalists supported the British
– Washington’s Neutrality Act 1793-US staying
out of it!
Pinckney Treaty
• Thomas Pinckney
• Spain controlled Florida and land west of the
Mississippi River and New Orleans
• makes a treaty with Spain which owned Florida and the
Louisiana Territory
• US gains navigation rights of the Mississippi River
• Use of the port of New Orleans
• Allows US to trade a lot easier and a lot more
– Shorter trade routes and more efficient
Jay’s Treaty
• John Jay
• Great Britain still controlled several forts in the
American Northwest
• 1794- Britain agreed to remove troops from US
soil, but were allowed to maintain fur trading
ties with Native Americans on US soil
• Angered Democratic-Republicans (especially
western farmers)
Washington Bids
Farewell
• Washington set a MAJOR Precedent
(an example, or guide)
– Left the office after serving 2 terms
• Not a law yet
• Washington’s Farewell Address- warns
of 2 major things:
– Getting involved in foreign issues
– Party Politics
President John Adams
• Election of 1796
– John Adams (federalist) v. Jefferson (D-R)
– North for Adams, South for Jeffersonleads to sectionalism
• Loser of the election becomes Vice President
– Federalist President, Democratic-Republican VP
– Administration begins with problems
• Possible war with France
XYZ Affair
• French thought US was making an alliance with
the British and began seizing US ships
• Adams sent 3 envoys to work things out with
French foreign minister Talleyrand
– Not allowed to meet with him unless pay $250,000REALLY high bribe- Adams doesn’t pay
• creates Navy and authorizes US ships to seize
French ones (undeclared war)
– Many want war to expand but Adams doesn’t
– Tries to negotiate: no more treaty, pay for damages, no
more seizing ships
• Adams gets peace but ruins his political career
Legislation to hurt Dem.Reps.
• Congress passes 3 laws:
– Naturalization Act- increased the amount of time
necessary for immigrants to become citizens from 5 to 14
years
– Alien Act- Immigrants had to register with gov’t and made
it easy for them to be deported if Pres. Felt they were a
danger to the US
– Sedition Act- crime to criticize the gov’t
• Passed because immigrants tended to gravitate to
D-R
• Federalists felt that they cannot trust foreigners
• Actually made D-R stronger
The States Respond
• Jefferson and Madison see the Alien and Sedition
acts as misuse of power by the fed gov’t
• Virginia/ Kentucky Resolution
– Stressed the compact theory- states entered into
a compact when they agreed to the Constitution
– Fed gov’t was created by the states to serve as
their agent
– State legislatures could therefore declare laws of
Congress unconstitutional and consider them void
(nullification)
• Cant really do this but it was used as a campaign ploy
for the election of 1800